THE AMERICAN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

What What doesdoes this mean? this mean?

Opposing SidesOpposing Sides

Loyalist (or Torries) stayed loyal for several Loyalist (or Torries) stayed loyal for several reasons:reasons:

1. Members of the Anglican Church of 1. Members of the Anglican Church of EnglandEngland

2. Depended on England for jobs2. Depended on England for jobs

3. Feared changes in government3. Feared changes in government

Located mainly in the SouthLocated mainly in the South 20-30% of the population20-30% of the population

PatriotsPatriots Strongest support for war was in Virginia Strongest support for war was in Virginia

and New Englandand New England 45-50% of population were Patriots45-50% of population were Patriots

Battle of Long IslandBattle of Long Island

In Aug. 1776 Gen Howe vs WashingtonIn Aug. 1776 Gen Howe vs Washington The British attacked the Patriots at Long The British attacked the Patriots at Long

Island New YorkIsland New York The Patriots were outnumbered and the The Patriots were outnumbered and the

Continental army suffered a huge defeatContinental army suffered a huge defeat Nathan Hale became a hero. He was Nathan Hale became a hero. He was

discovered a spy and hanged. “I only regret discovered a spy and hanged. “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my that I have but one life to lose for my country”.country”.

http://totallyhistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Battle_of_Long_Island_Map.jpg

What does this mean????What does this mean???? THESE are the times that try men's souls. THESE are the times that try men's souls.

The summer soldier and the sunshine The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. and woman.

Dec 1776 “The Crisis” by Thomas PaineDec 1776 “The Crisis” by Thomas Paine

Women on the battle frontWomen on the battle front

Women such as Margaret Corbin and Mary Women such as Margaret Corbin and Mary Ludwig Hays (Molly Pitcher) helped out Ludwig Hays (Molly Pitcher) helped out husbands and other soldiers in the battle husbands and other soldiers in the battle camps.camps.

Deborah Sampson disguised herself as a Deborah Sampson disguised herself as a boy and enlisted to fightboy and enlisted to fight

1. Training Lever 9. Quoie2. Sponge 10. Linstock3. Rammer 11. Iron Shot4. Worm 12. Wadding5. Powder Ladle 13. Cartridge6. Truck Carriage 14. Knife7. Tackle Ring 15. Touchhole Pricker8. Touchhole 16. Priming Flask

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9Artillery

Weapons of the RevolutionWeapons of the Revolution

British Flintlock Musket

“Brown Bess”Kentucky/Pennsylvania Long Rifle

Grape Shot

Small lead balls packed into a bag and fired at the enemy.

Solid Shot (Cannonball)

Used to roll through ranks of soldiers killing and maiming as it went.

Hollow Shot (Cannonball)

Filled with gunpowder, a fuse was cut depending on the distance to target.

Tri-Corner Bayonet

The shape of the blade made the wound harder to repair.

Grenade

A smaller version of the hollow shot cannonball

Cavalry Sword

Used primarily by officers and cavalry

Linear vs. Guerrilla WarfareLinear vs. Guerrilla Warfare

The European style of fighting in lines was used because the guns were so inaccurate. In order to inflict casualties, soldiers had to fire at the same time.

The bayonet played an important role in linear warfare. After the soldier fired 4 or 5 shots, he was expected to fix his bayonet and fight hand to hand. By this time his barrel was so hot that it was almost impossible to reload his weapon anyway.

While the Americans did, for the most part, fight a European style war, they had learned the skulking way of war, or guerrilla warfare from Native Americans during the French and Indian War. They employed ambushes and sneak attacks to inflict damage on the British. These tactics were seen by the British as dishonorable. One of the most famous Americans to employ these tactics was Francis Marion, the “Swamp Fox”, who got his nickname because he led hit and run raids against the British and retreated to the swamps of South Carolina where his base was located.

The Need for more SoldiersThe Need for more Soldiers

Approx 5,000 African Americans fought.Approx 5,000 African Americans fought. South Carolina- the only state not to enlist South Carolina- the only state not to enlist

AAAA The British hired soldiers from other The British hired soldiers from other

countries to help fight called mercenaries. countries to help fight called mercenaries. The mercenaries from Germany were The mercenaries from Germany were HessiansHessians

Trenton and PrincetonTrenton and Princeton

Two victories for the Patriots. Two victories for the Patriots. Washington caught the British troops off Washington caught the British troops off

guard when he surprised them at Trenton on guard when he surprised them at Trenton on Christmas night 1776. Christmas night 1776.

The next day he led his troops on into The next day he led his troops on into Princeton and attacked and won.Princeton and attacked and won.

Britain's StrategyBritain's Strategy

Britain's strategy in early 1777 was to Britain's strategy in early 1777 was to separate New England from the Middle separate New England from the Middle colonies by controlling the Hudson Rivercolonies by controlling the Hudson River

The plan involved three armies to meet and The plan involved three armies to meet and take over Albany, New Yorktake over Albany, New York

One group from the northOne group from the north One group from the eastOne group from the east One group from the southOne group from the south

1. General Burgoyne would 1. General Burgoyne would lead his troops from Northlead his troops from North 2. Colonel Leger would2. Colonel Leger would lead his troops from westlead his troops from west 3. General Howe would3. General Howe would move from New York northmove from New York north

General Howe from the south never made itGeneral Howe from the south never made it Benedict Arnold and his Benedict Arnold and his troops forced troops from the east to retreattroops forced troops from the east to retreat General Burgoyne’s troops moved so slow and General Burgoyne’s troops moved so slow and

only made it to Saratogaonly made it to Saratoga

Battle of SaratogaBattle of Saratoga

When Burgoyne got to Saratoga he was When Burgoyne got to Saratoga he was surrounded and the battle begansurrounded and the battle began

He surrendered on October 17,1777 to the He surrendered on October 17,1777 to the Continental ArmyContinental Army

Help from EuropeHelp from Europe

Battle of Saratoga-turning point because Battle of Saratoga-turning point because now France and Spain realize that now France and Spain realize that Americans could win.Americans could win.

By Feb 1778 France openly declared war on By Feb 1778 France openly declared war on Britain and gave Americans money, Britain and gave Americans money, equipment, and troops.equipment, and troops.

Spain declared war on Britain in 1779 and Spain declared war on Britain in 1779 and helped the Americans as well.helped the Americans as well.

Winter at Valley ForgeWinter at Valley Forge Word of the alliance with Word of the alliance with

France did not reach the France did not reach the soldiers until the Spring soldiers until the Spring of 1778. of 1778. Washington Washington and his soldiers spent the and his soldiers spent the winter (1778)in Valley winter (1778)in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.Forge, Pennsylvania.

Winter of horrible Winter of horrible suffering; lacking food, suffering; lacking food, shelter and clothes. Many shelter and clothes. Many deserted.deserted.

Help at Valley ForgeHelp at Valley Forge Marquois de Lafayette –French officer who Marquois de Lafayette –French officer who

helped train the armyhelped train the army ““The moment I heard of America I lov’d her… The The moment I heard of America I lov’d her… The

moment I knew she was fighting for freedom, I moment I knew she was fighting for freedom, I burnt with the desire of bleeding for her” Lafayetteburnt with the desire of bleeding for her” Lafayette

““The future of America is bound by the future of all The future of America is bound by the future of all mankind” Lafayettemankind” Lafayette

Casimire Polaski- Calvary officer from Casimire Polaski- Calvary officer from PolandPoland

Frederick Von Stueban- German taught Frederick Von Stueban- German taught them military discipline them military discipline

Glory at SeaGlory at Sea

Britain set up Britain set up blockadesblockades to keep supplies to keep supplies from coming in to America.from coming in to America.

Congress ordered the use of Congress ordered the use of privateers-privateers-privately owned war shipsprivately owned war ships to attack enemy to attack enemy ships.ships.

John Paul Jones – naval privateer John Paul Jones – naval privateer commander who said “I have not yet begun commander who said “I have not yet begun to fightto fight. Fought and beat “The Serapis”. Fought and beat “The Serapis”

Brits went south and took over port cities, then Brits went south and took over port cities, then turned inland. (Savannah, Charleston)turned inland. (Savannah, Charleston)

South began to fight back using guerilla warfare – South began to fight back using guerilla warfare – Francis Marion (swamp fox)Francis Marion (swamp fox)

This led to new victories for Patriots inThis led to new victories for Patriots in NC and SC. NC and SC.

After facing great loses Cornwallis -British After facing great loses Cornwallis -British commander- retreated to Yorktown, Virginia 1781commander- retreated to Yorktown, Virginia 1781

Help from SpainHelp from Spain

Spanish Governor Galvez helped by Spanish Governor Galvez helped by opening up the Mississippi River for Patriotsopening up the Mississippi River for Patriots. .

He also organized his own troops (Spanish, He also organized his own troops (Spanish, Creoles, and Native Americans) and raided Creoles, and Native Americans) and raided British forts and towns. – Mobile, Baton British forts and towns. – Mobile, Baton Rouge, and PensacolaRouge, and Pensacola

Last major battle of the warLast major battle of the war GW’s army marched 200 miles in 15 days to GW’s army marched 200 miles in 15 days to

surprise Brits at Yorktown, VA.surprise Brits at Yorktown, VA. Brit Gen. Cornwallis was trapped on a Brit Gen. Cornwallis was trapped on a

peninsula between French naval fleet and peninsula between French naval fleet and GW’s armyGW’s army

Brits surrendered 7,500 men- convinced Brits surrendered 7,500 men- convinced them the war was too costly. Oct. 19, 1781them the war was too costly. Oct. 19, 1781

Victory at YorktownVictory at Yorktown

Washington planned a secretive takeover at Washington planned a secretive takeover at Yorktown, Virginia to surprise CornwallisYorktown, Virginia to surprise Cornwallis

Originally he was going to attack NY City, Originally he was going to attack NY City, but changed his mind and didn’t tell but changed his mind and didn’t tell anybody, not even his troopsanybody, not even his troops

B. B. On his way to Yorktown he found out that On his way to Yorktown he found out that the French fleet would meet him there.the French fleet would meet him there.

Three groups secretly planned to meetThree groups secretly planned to meet 1. George Washington's 1. George Washington's

French/AmericagroupFrench/Americagroup 2. Lafayette group2. Lafayette group 3. The French fleet(ships)3. The French fleet(ships)

B. B. The plan worked and in September of The plan worked and in September of 1781 all three groups (totaling 14,000 1781 all three groups (totaling 14,000 troops) circled around the British at troops) circled around the British at Yorktown. On October 19, Cornwallis Yorktown. On October 19, Cornwallis surrendered to the Patriotssurrendered to the Patriots..

INDEPENDENCEINDEPENDENCE

A. Fighting continued, but the British A. Fighting continued, but the British realized that it was to costly to continue.realized that it was to costly to continue.

In April of 1783 delegates met in Paris and In April of 1783 delegates met in Paris and the Treaty of Paris was signed to officially the Treaty of Paris was signed to officially end the war. end the war.

In it Britain had to recognize the US as an In it Britain had to recognize the US as an independent nation and they had to independent nation and they had to withdraw all troops.withdraw all troops.

Pop QuizPop Quiz

1. What is a blockade?1. What is a blockade? 2. Who was a famous naval war hero?2. Who was a famous naval war hero? 3. Why did the British move the fighting to the South?3. Why did the British move the fighting to the South? 4. Name two British victories in the South4. Name two British victories in the South 5. Name one American victory in the South5. Name one American victory in the South 6. Who was a leader fighting guerrilla warfare style?6. Who was a leader fighting guerrilla warfare style? 7. How many troops planned to meet secretly at 7. How many troops planned to meet secretly at

Yorktown?Yorktown? 8. What was the name of the treaty that ended the War?8. What was the name of the treaty that ended the War?