the analysis of the tense choices in the jakarta post

THE ANALYSIS OF THE TENSE CHOICES IN THE JAKARTA POST HEADLINES NEWS

ON NOVEMBER 1 - 30, 2007

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

SUSTIANI

Student Number: 034214047

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2008

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

THE ANALYSIS OF THE TENSE CHOICES IN THE JAKARTA POST HEADLINES NEWS

ON NOVEMBER 1 - 30, 2007

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

SUSTIANI

Student Number: 034214047

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2008

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The Road Not Taken Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth; Then took the other . . . --Robert Frost (1961)—

To believe in your own thought, to believe that what is

true for you in your private heart is true for all men

--Ralph Waldo Emerson (1841)--

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This undergraduate thesis is dedicated to

My Beloved Parents, My Brother and Sisters,

and also The one who I Love and Loves me more

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Alhamdulillah, Ya Allah,Ya Rabbi, finally I could finish my undergraduate

thesis. My deepest gratitude goes to Allah SWT for the wonderful grace upon my

life and for guiding me in writing my undergraduate thesis.

I would like, to thank Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M. Pd., M.A., my advisor, for his

guidance, incredible patience, suggestions, and the time that he has spent to

correct this thesis. I also would like to thank my co-advisor, Dra. Bernadine Ria

Lestari, M.S., for reading my undergraduate thesis and for the suggestions in order

to make it better.

I dedicate this thesis for my beloved parents. I highly thank them for their

prayers and their patience in supporting my study (Thanks Mom and Dad, your

strict ways make me learn a lot of things). I thank my sisters for their prayers,

supports, and helps, and also for my brother who teaches me how to “fight” in my

life. Many thanks also go to all my families, my grandmother, my uncles, my

aunts, my cousins, my nieces and my nephew. I thank them for the happiness,

love and laugh. I am very grateful that I can be the part of the family.

I dedicate special thanks to “Hun”diarto Kurniawan who always supports

me and helps me stand up when I fell down. You are the one who I love and loves

me more, thanks for your love and your patience, you are a good listener who

gives me good advice too.

Lots of gratitude go to Anna Fitrianti, S.S., M.Hum., who has become the

“third advisor” of this thesis writing process. My sincere appreciation is also

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expressed to all of lecturers for their guidance and their time to share their

knowledge during my study and to all Sanata Dharma University’s staffs and

librarians, especially mbak Ninik in the secretariat of English Letters Department.

I would like to express high appreciations to my best friends Maxi_Boim,

Yerry, Mbendol, Nyit-Nyit, dJatep, SuperBay, Bagor, Tyok, Ryan and also my

Lil_sister Woelan for their helps, their supports, and becoming my real friends

during my happiest and roughest days (From you all, I know that friends indeed

are friends in need, together in laugh and cry). For We Won’t Pay crew, Prita,

Chubby, Wayan, Novi, Widhi, Ella, Dodik, Bhayank, Vallone and Rensi and the

others friends in ’03 class of English Letters, I thank them for giving me such a

beautiful friendship.

Last but not least, I would like to thank Rinta Aribawa for the time that we

shared within last few years, thanks for the prayers and for everything.

Sustiani

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ............................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGE ..................................................................................... ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ................................................................................ iii MOTTO PAGE ............................................................................................ iv DEDICATION PAGE ................................................................................. v ACKNOWLEGEMENTS ........................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................ viii LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................... x ABSTRACT ................................................................................................. xi ABSTRAK ................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 1 A. Background of the Study ................................................................. 1 B. Problem Formulation ...................................................................... 3 C. Objectives of the Study .................................................................... 4 D. Benefits of the Study ........................................................................ 4 E. Definition of Terms .......................................................................... 5 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW .............................................. 7 A. Review of Related Studies ............................................................... 7 B. Review of Related Theories ............................................................ 9 1. Theory of Sentence Elements ........................................................ 9 a. Subject ..................................................................................... 9 b. Verb ......................................................................................... 10 c. Object ....................................................................................... 11 d. Complement ............................................................................. 11 e. Adverbial .................................................................................. 12 2. Theory on Sentence Structure ........................................................ 12 3. Theory on Tenses, Aspect and Mood ............................................ 17 a. Present Tense ........................................................................... 19 b. Past Tense ................................................................................ 24 4. Theory on News ............................................................................. 28 a. The News Story Elements ........................................................ 28 i. The Lead .......................................................................... 28 ii. The Time Element ............................................................ 29 iii. Specific Information ........................................................ 29 iv. Sources ............................................................................. 29 v. Attribution ........................................................................ 30 b. The Characteristic of News ...................................................... 31 c. Headline ................................................................................... 32 d. Headline News ......................................................................... 33 C. Theoretical Framework ................................................................... 36

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CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ........................................................... 39 A. Object of the Study ........................................................................... 39 B. Method of the Study ........................................................................ 41

1. Data Collection ..... ........................................................................ 43 2. Data Analysis ........ ........................................................................ 44 a. Identifying the Types of Tense .............................................. 44 b. Identifying the Grammatical Reasons of Choosing the Tense 45

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULT ...................................................... 46

A. The Type of Tenses in The Jakarta Post Headline News .............. 49 1. Simple Present ............................................................................... 51 2. Present Progressive ........................................................................ 60 3. Present Perfect ............................................................................... 62 4. Simple Past .................................................................................... 65 5. Past Perfect .................................................................................... 72 6. Past Progressive ............................................................................. 75

B. The Grammatical Reasons of the Tense Choices ......................... 76 1. Simple Present ............................................................................... 77 2. Present Progressive ........................................................................ 89 3. Present Perfect ............................................................................... 92 4. Simple Past .................................................................................... 95 5. Past Perfect .................................................................................... 100 6. Past Progressive ............................................................................. 102

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ................................................................... 103

BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................ 107 APPENDIX .............................................................................................. 110 List of Simple Present Tense Clauses in the Headlines ........................... 110 List of Simple Present Tense Clauses in the Articles .............................. 110 List of Present Progressive Tense Clauses in the Articles ....................... 126 List of Present Perfect Tense Clauses in the Articles ............................... 128 List of Simple Past Tense Clauses in the Headlines ................................. 132 List of Simple Past Tense Clauses in the Articles .................................... 132 List of Past Progressive Tense Clauses in the Articles ............................. 167 List of Past Perfect Tense Clauses in the Articles .................................... 168

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. The Types of Tense and Their Occurences in the Headlines.. 49

Table 2. The Types of Tense and Their Occurences in the Articles

of the Headline News ................................................................. 49

Table 3. The Variants of Present Tense and the Distributions

in the Headline ........................................................................... 50

Table 4. The Variants of Present Tense and the Distributions

in the Articles of Headline News .............................................. 51

Table 5. The Types of Finite Verbs in the Simple Present Tense

Clauses in the Headlines ........................................................... 56

Table 6. The Types of Finite Verbs in the Simple Present Tense

Clauses in the Articles ............................................................... 57

Table 7. The Variants of Past Tense and the Distributions in the

Articlesof the Headline News .................................................... 65

Table 8. The types of Finite Verbs in the Simple Past Tense Clauses

in the Articles ............................................................................. 69

Table 9. The Grammatical Reasons of the Choosing Simple Present

Tense in the Clauses of the Whole Samples ............................ 77

Table 10. The Grammatical Meanings of the Simple Present Tense

In the Present Speech Acts ........................................................ 78

Table 11. The Grammatical Meanings of the Simple Present Tense

Which Indicate Past Speech Acts ............................................. 85

Table 12. The Grammatical Meanings of the Present Progressive Tense 90

Table 13. The Grammatical Meanings of the Present Perfect Tense

in the Clauses .............................................................................. 93

Table 14. The Grammatical Meanings of the Simple Past Tense

in the Clauses .............................................................................. 96

Table 15. The Grammatical Meanings of the Past Perfect Tense

in the Clauses .............................................................................. 102

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ABSTRACT

SUSTIANI. The Analysis of the Tense Choices in The Jakarta Post Headlines News on November 1 - 30, 2007. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2008. As the basic knowledge in English language, tenses has an important role because by learning tenses, we could understand the correspondence between the form of verb and our concept of time. That is why the choosing of tense in news writing is also important. Basically there are only two kinds of tense, present and past, but each tense can be in the simple form or can be combined with either progressive aspect or perfective aspect. Related with the statements above, the analysis will be focused on the types of tense and also the grammatical meanings of the chosen tense in The Jakarta Post Headlines News on November 1 – 30, 2007. In this research, there are two problems which are formulated to guide the study. The first problem deals with the tense choices that are used in The Jakarta Post Headlines news on November 1 – 30, 2007. And the second problem deals with the grammatical reasons for choosing those tenses. This study is a descriptive one, and the method employed in this study covered two stages. First, the data collections, the writer identified and made a list of finite clauses and divided them based on the type of tenses then calculated the distributions. Second, the data analysis, the writer did the analysis in line with the problems stated in chapter I. Answering the first problem, the writer identified the types of tense and described them. Answering the second problem, the writer analyzed the grammatical meanings of the chosen tense. Through this study, the writer discovers some findings that can be stated as follow; firstly, the past tense forms are used more frequently with 59.82% of the occurrence than the present tense with 40.18%. The past tense clauses are dominated by the simple past form 92.94%, the past perfect form is 5.33% and the past progressive is 1.74%. While the present tense clauses are also dominated by the simple present 79.70%, the present perfect is 14.76% and the present progressive is 5.54%.

The second finding is that these types of tense may indicate some grammatical reasons. Predominantly, the simple past tense form is used to convey actions that take place at particular point of time in the past, the past perfect form is used to convey an action which extends in the past and seen from the past current relevance and the past progressive tense is used to show the limited duration of actions in the past. While the present tense form, predominantly, is used to indicate present actions/ present statements, present perfect form is used to indicate actions that went over time in the past and that is completed with the moment of speaking, and the present progressive is used to indicate actions which are in process/ in progress.

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ABSTRAK

SUSTIANI. The Analysis of the Tense Choices in The Jakarta Post Headlines News on November 1 – 30, 2007. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2008. Dalam bahasa Inggris, tenses berperan sangat penting, karena dengan mempelajari tenses, kita dapat mengetahui hubungan antara bentuk kata kerja dan konsep waktu dari kegiatan tersebut. Oleh karena itu, pemilihan tenses (penunjuk waktu) dalam berita juga sangat penting. Pada dasarnya hanya ada dua tenses, past (lampau) dan present (sekarang), tapi tenses tersebut dapat berbentuk sederhana ataupun dikombinasikan dengan aspek perfektif dan progresif. Berhubungan dengan pernyataan di atas, analisis ini berfokus pada jenis-jenis tenses dan juga arti-arti gramatikal dari tenses yang digunakan dalam berita utama harian The Jakara Post di bulan November 2007 dari tanggal 1 sampai tanggal 30. Dalam penelitian ini ada dua masalah yang dirumuskan untuk memandu pembelajaran. Permasalahan pertama berkenaan dengan pemilihan tenses di berita utama harian The Jakarta Post di bulan November 2007 dari tanggal 1 sampai tanggal 30. Permasalahan yang kedua berkenan dengan alasan gramatikal dari pemilihan tenses tersebut. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif. Penulis melakukan dua tahap dalam penelitian ini. Pertama pengumpulan data, penulis mengidentifikasi dan membuat daftar klausa-klausa dengan kata kerja finite dan membaginya berdasarkan jenis tenses lalu menghitung jumlahnya. Kedua, analisis data, penulis melakukan analisis sesuai dengan rumusan masalah yang terdapat di bab I. Untuk menjawab permasalahan pertama, penulis mengidentifikasi jenis dari tenses dan menjelaskannya. Untuk menjawab permasalahan kedua, penulis menganalisa arti gramatikal dari jenis-jenis tenses yang digunakan. Hasil penelitian menujukan bahwa (1) past tense (lampau) lebih banyak digunakan dengan prosentase 59.82% dari pada present tense (sekarang) 40.18%. Bentuk lampau didominasi oleh bentuk simple (sederhana) 92.94%, past perfect 5.33%, dan past progressive 1.74%. Sedangkan present tense (sekarang) juga didominasi oleh bentuk simple (sederhana) 79.70%, present perfect 14.76% dan present progressive 5.54%. (2) Jenis-jenis tense dapat menunjukan beberapa alasan gramatikal. Secara garis besar, bentuk simple past tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian yang yang berlangsung di satu waktu di masa lalu , past perfect digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian yang berlangsung pada suatu periode di masa lalu dan dan dilihat dari saat itu juga, dan past progressive digunakan untuk menunjukan kejadian yang berlangsung pada dalam waktu yang terbatas di masa lalu. Sedangkan bentuk present tense secara umum digunakan untuk mengindikasikan kejadian ataupun pernyataan di masa sekarang, present perfect digunakan untuk mengindikasikan kejadian yang berlangsung dimasa lalu dan selesai saat waktu pembicaraan, dan present progressive digunakan untuk menunjukan kejadian yang sedang berlangsung.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

According to Bloomfield (1962: 3) language plays an important role in our

life because we need language to communicate with other. Language has been

studied in a scientific way since the ancient times by careful and comprehensive

observation. There are many kinds of language that people use in this world. All

of them have their own characteristics which differentiate one from the other. One

of those languages, that become an international language, is English. This

language has commonly used including in Indonesia. Now days, English has

become the second language in Indonesia after Indonesian. People use English not

only for spoken language but also as written language. The using of English as

written language can be seen in the application letters and in mass media such as

magazines and also newspapers.

Both of the English spoken and written languages must follow the rule of

grammar in order to avoid the grammatical mistakes. In constructing and

analyzing a sentence, we should concern about the verb. Based on Explaining

English Grammar, the most basic element in an English sentence is the verb

(Yule, 1998: 54). The verb is the word that indicates action, state or condition,

existence, or what is perceived by senses – touch, taste, hearing, seeing, and

smelling (Young, 1958: 29). It generally refers to actions, events, and processes.

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The verbs have some different forms. If we want to describe the different

forms of the verb, we need to talk about tense. Tense is a verb form that expresses

actions which occur on certain time in the past, present and future (Curme, 1931:

354). In other words, tense often has to do with the position of a situation in the

relation with the time of the speech. For example, in the sentence, When I met

him, John had lived in Paris for 10 years, the past perfect form indicates that the

speech is in the present time but the situation of When I met him relevant to a

point in the past.

In English, the using of tenses is very important. As the basic knowledge

in English language, tenses has an important role because by learning tenses, we

could understand the correspondence between the form of verb and our concept of

time (Quirk et al, 1985: 40). There were two main tenses in English-present and

past. Each tense can have a simple form: and each can be combined with either

progressive aspect or perfective aspect, or both (Close, 1977: 241). From those

combinations, English has many kinds of tense variants.

The using of tense variants can be seen in the written language such as a

news report. A news report is a right and objective announcement from facts that

have values and have just happened that can attract readers of certain newspapers

(Maulsby as cites in Sam Abede Pareno, 2003: 6). This news report is usually

found in a newspaper and magazines. In a newspaper, the chosen of tenses is also

an important thing because the typical news report is designed to focus on recent

changes and the current situation (Yule, 1998: 71). From the choices of tense we

could know the location of the actions/events of the news in time.


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Many kinds of tense variants are used in writing a news report. Even

though the news commonly happens in the past time, sometimes in a news report,

the report is written in a present tense and not always in past tense. The tense

choices do not always follow the formal English rule. According to Berner R.

Thomas,

The formal rule on sequence of tenses states that when a direct quotation is paraphrased, verbs are changed one degree that is from present to past. Journalists live by the paraphrase, and if they were to follow this rule, they would create inaccurate news stories, for by shifting tense, the journalist would be changing fact. (1992: 84)

Knowing that the tense choices are very important in a news report, the

writer would like to analyze about the tense choices from The Jakarta Post. The

Jakarta Post is a daily English-language newspaper in Indonesia. It was first

published in 1983 and becomes the largest English-Language newspaper in

Indonesia. The writer focused in analyzing the headlines news because the

headline news is the most important story of today’s newspaper (Reddick, 1941:

250). And the writer takes the headlines news which were published on November

1 – 30, 2007 as the sample of the data.

B. Problem Formulation

From the background of the study and also the problem limitation above,

the problem of this research can be stated as follows;

1. What tenses are used in The Jakarta Post headlines news on November 1

– 30, 2007?

2. What are the grammatical reasons of choosing those tenses?


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C. Objective of the Study

As the arrangement of the problem formulations, the goal of this research

can be formulated as follows; the first is to find what kinds of tenses that

commonly appear in The Jakarta Post headlines news. Basically there are only

two kinds of tense, past and present, but when the tenses are combined with the

progressive aspect or perfective aspect there will be 12 combinations of English

tenses. In here the writer would mention the tense variants which are found in The

Jakarta Post headlines news and give the examples which are taken from the

headlines news. The writer also mentions the percentage distribution of each tense

variant which appear in the headlines news.

The second objective is to identify the reason of using those tenses in

referring the meaning of the sentence and also to show the occurrence of each

grammatical meaning. A tense variant conveys a different grammatical meaning

from the others and sometimes a tense variant may refer to 2 or 3 meanings. For

example a simple past tense can be used to give description about a definite single

completed event/action in the past, an event with duration that applied in the past

and no longer applies in the present, habitual or repeated action/ event in the past,

and etc.

D. Benefits of the Study

Some of the benefits of this study are to give knowledge to the readers

about the kinds of tenses. Through the analysis and the examples which are given,

the readers are able to identify the tense variants in the sentences especially in the


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news report and the reader will know what kind of tenses which frequently

appears in the news writing. As the other advantages, the reader can also know

about the grammatical meanings of each tense which are usually used in the news

writing.

E. The Definition Terms

The terms that are used in this research are verbs, tense and news.

1. Verb

Asher and Simpson (1994: 5186) describe a verb as a member of the

word class traditionally defined as a ‘doing’ word, denoting an action or

states, for example knows, give, and broke. There are two classes of verbs

forms. They are finite verb and non-finite verb. A finite verb contains a

finite form of the verb, showing tense distinction between past and

present, and being associated with particular subject (first, second, third

person, singular or plural). A non-finite verb consists non-finite forms of

the verb i.e. the infinitive form (usually with to), the present participle, or

the past participle (Jackson, 1982: 72).

2. Tense

According to Curme tense is a verb form that expresses actions which

occur on certain time in the past, present and future. Each tense can have

a simple form and can be combined with more complex forms. Tenses

express time from the standpoint of the moment in which the speaker is

speaking without reference to some other fact (1931: 354). Tense is any


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of the form of a verb that may be used to indicate the time of the action or

stated, expressed by the verb (Hornby, 1995: 1231).

3. News

As cited in New Survey of Journalism (Mott, 1969: 49), M. Lyle Spencer

states that news can be defined as any accurate fact or idea that will

interest a large numbers of readers. William S. Maulsby (as cited in Sam

Abede Pareno, 2003: 6) also states that news may be defined as an

accurate, unbiased account of the significant facts of a timely happening

that is of the interest to the readers of the newspaper that prints the

account. And according to Erie C. Hepwood (as cited in Sam Abede

Pareno, 2003: 6) news is the first report of significant events which have

interest for the public.


CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In this chapter, the writer takes three studies which are related to the

analysis of this study. There are also some theories that are essential to answer the

problem formulations. The theoretical framework shows the relation among those

related theories that will help the writer to analyze the tense choices in the Jakarta

Post headlines news on November 1 – 30, 2007.

A. Review of Related Studies

There are three studies which are taken as related studies. Three of them

are the undergraduate theses of the students from Sanata Dharma University. The

first related study is “A Study of –ly Adverb in Washington Post and The Jakarta

Post Articles”. This study was written by Dionisius Pimarianto in 2005. This

undergraduate thesis focused in analyzing the kinds of –ly adverbs and the

positions of the adverb in a clause. From the analysis we may conclude that there

are 5 kinds of adverb which are used in the articles, and by looking at the

distributions, the adverbs always occur in the middle position and in the final

position. The adverbs never occur in the initial position.

The second study is “A Study on English Preposition in in Newsweek

Headline News Issued from May 2005 – October 2005”. Elisa Widyastuti wrote

this undergraduate thesis in 2006. The aim of this study is to know the

construction and the meanings of English preposition in in Newsweek headline

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news. In here, the most frequent construction which appears in the headline news

as in + NP and most of the prepositions in show the meaning of denoting spatial

rather than denoting time.

The third study was “A Study on Grammatical Meanings of Finite Verb

Phrases in The Jakarta Post Headline News Issued in January 2007” written by

Skolastika Pritania Nirwesti in 2007. Her undergraduate thesis focused on the

finite verb phrases in the headline news. The writer analyzed the finite verb

phrases and found the grammatical meanings to discuss their importance in the

news writing. In her study, she found that the finite verb phrases were more

frequently used than the non-finite ones. Those finite verb phrases indicated some

grammatical meanings such as aspects (terminate, perfective, progressive), moods

(indicative, subjunctive, imperative), voices (active and passive) and tenses (past,

present, future). In here, the aspects were dominated by the terminate aspect, the

moods were dominated by indicative mood. The voices were dominated by

passive voice, while the tenses were dominated by past tense.

The writer takes “A Study of –ly Adverb in Washington Post and The

Jakarta Post Articles” and “A Study on English Preposition in in Newsweek

Headline News Issued from May 2005 – October 2005” as related studies because

both of them take the data from headlines news and also the articles from news

report such as magazine and newspaper. The writer also takes the third study “A

Study on Grammatical Meanings of Finite Verb Phrases in The Jakarta Post

Headline News Issued in January 2007” because this undergraduate thesis

analyzes the finite verb phrases and almost similar with the writer’s main focus to


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analyze the tense choices in the verb phrases. From the studies, the writer knows

that the news report has the terms which are different from the other kinds of

writing. That is why the writer tries to analyze the significance of the tense

choices in the headlines news which are taken from the Jakarta Post issued on

November 1 – 30, 2007.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theory of Sentence Elements

Tenses are the characteristics of finite verbs, which are parts of a clause in

a sentence. According to Warriner (1958: 27) a sentence is a group of words

containing a verb and its subject and expressing a completed thought. Quirk et al

(1972: 34) explain that a sentence generally can be divided into two parts called

subject and predicate. The predicate is divided into four important elements called

as the verb, the complement, the object, and the adverbial.

Each sentence elements will be discussed more detail in the following

paragraphs.

a. Subject

The subject of sentence has a close general relation to ‘what is being

discussed’ (Quirk et al, 1972: 34). It consists of noun or a noun equivalent and

characteristically name, places, people, animals, concepts, for example:

(1) She reads.

(2) The jewelry is expensive.


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The subject of a sentence is a part which is said (Young, 1958: 29). It

occurs before the verb phrase in declarative clauses and immediately after the

operator in questions. The subject of a sentence has a number and person concord

where applicable with the verb phrase, and the examples are:

(3) The students have completed the task.

(4) Have the student completed the task?

b. Verb

Young (1958: 29) states that verb is the word that indicates action, state or

condition, existence, or what is perceived by senses – touch, taste, hearing, seeing,

and smelling. Asher and Simpson (1994: 5186) describe a verb as a member of

the word class traditionally defined as a ‘doing’ word, denoting an action or

states, for example knows, give, and broke. Verbs generally refer to actions,

events and processes.

There are two classes of verb forms. They are finite verb and non-finite

verb. According to Harman (1950: 93) a finite verb is one which asserts or

predicates and it is “limited” by person and number. A finite verb contains a form

of the verb, showing tense distinction between past and present, and being

associated with particular subject (first, second, third person, singular or plural)

(Jackson, 1982: 72), for example:

(5) The dog runs.

(6) I drive my motorcycle.

(7) She slept in hotel yesterday.


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A non-finite verb is one which lacks the power to assert (Harman, 1950:

93). It is not limited by the person or the number of the subject. According to

Jackson, a non-finite verb consists a form of the verb i.e. the infinitive form

(usually with to), the present participle, or the past participle, for example:

(8) I want to go home.

(9) Going along the road, we sang.

(10) Covered with confusion, I left the room.

The non-fine verbs in sentence (8), (9), and (10) are go, going, and covered.

c. Object

An object is a noun or noun equivalent (e.g. a clause) which is directed by

the actions of the verb, or to which a preposition indicates some relations

(Hornby, 1974: 557). Both Quirk (1973: 13) and Jackson (1982: 84) distinguish

two types of object: direct and indirect object. The indirect object normally refers

to a person, more particularly the person who is the recipient or who benefits from

the action. For example:

(11) She gives me a book.

The indirect object tends to be done for or received by the direct object.

The direct object is a word or group of words to which the verb carries the action

from the subject. For example in sentence (11), the direct object is a book while

the indirect object is me.

d. Complement

Mallery indicates complement as a word that completes the meaning of

verb or predicate (1944: 43). Quirk et al (1972: 37) also distinguishes two types of


12

complement: the subject complement and the object complement. The subject

complement has a straightforward relation to the subjects of their respective

sentences. While the object complement has a similar relation to a direct object.

The examples are:

(12) Anne is the winner.

(13) Tom made her the winner.

In sentence (12) the winner is the subject complement while in sentence

(13) function as the object complement.

e. Adverbial

The adverbial function is filled by an adverb (including adverb phrase),

noun phrase, prepositional phrase, finite verb clause, non-finite verb clause, and

verbless clause (Quirk et al, 1972: 420). Leech states that adverbials usually tell

something extra about the action, happening, or state which are described by the

rest of the sentence (1975: 197). Some of the examples are:

(14) She hurried across the field.

(15) We have to go before it’s too late.

2. Theory on Sentence Structure

Tense has an important position in English sentence structure. The term of

tense always influences the form of verb. By knowing the English sentence

structure, we can know the term of tense which is used in a sentence. According

to Chomsky (as cited in Dwijatmoko, 2002: 55) an ordinary clause basically


13

consists of three elements such as a Complementizer Phrase (CP), Inflection

Phrase (IP), and Verb Phrase (VP).

According Dwijatmoko (2002: 55), a complementizer subcategorizes for a

sentence (S) and equals to an Inflection Phrase (IP). The concept of

complementizer is needed to label the presence of that, whether/if, and for in a

sub-clauses and the absence of those complementizers result ungrammatical

sentences, like in examples below:

(16) Mr. Hayes suggests that Holy see a doctor.

*Mr. Hayes suggests Holly see a doctor.

The second element is Inflectional Phrase. The term inflection based on

Chomsky (1986b) theory (as cited in Dwijatmoko’s book, 2002: 57), only refers

to an affix which indicates the tense syntactic features, but since the inflection

does not only cover tense affixes {-es} and {-ed} but also participle affixes {-ing}

and {-en}, Dwijatmoko states that the term tense (TNS) will be used for the tense

affixes and Part will be used for both present participle {-ing} and past participle

{-en} affixes. Present participle {-ing} is used to show the progressive aspect and

past participle {-en} is used to show perfective aspect.

According to Dwijatmoko (2002: 57), besides the tense affixes {-es} and

{-ed}, modal auxiliary verbs like will, can, must, would, and could also indicate

tense. The present tense is indicated by will, can and must while could and would

indicate the past tense. Therefore, TNS covers the present tense affix {-es} or

PRE, the past tense affix {-ed} or PST, and such modal auxiliary verbs.


14

The third element is Verb phrase. As mentioned in the previous theory of

sentence element, a verb phrase (VP) is a phrase which has a verb as the head.

English verbs are usually classified into three classes: full verbs, linking verbs,

and auxiliary verbs. Full verbs comprise the largest number of verbs such as go,

eat, plan, decide, and arrive. The linking verbs form a small set of verbs, like be,

become, feel, seem, and taste. While the auxiliary verbs further classified into

modal auxiliary verbs, like can, may, must, and will, aspectual auxiliary verbs be

and have, Auxiliary verb of voice be, and auxiliary verb of status do/does/did.

Those three classes of verb occupy different position in English sentence structure

Dwijatmoko, 2002: 37).

Before constructing the s-structure, we should know about the elements of

a sentence such as Noun Phrase (NP), Verb Phrase (VP), Adjective Phrase (AP),

Prepositional Phrase (PP), etc. Therefore, there is a theory which is used to

analyze the formation of phrases, called the X-bar theory. The X-bar theory is a

kind of theory in Universal Grammar (UG) and has a universal value

(Dwijatmoko, 2002:5). It means that the X-bar theory applies to all types of

phrases in all human language including English.

In the X-bar theory, any element of a syntactic unit which is not the head

is a phrase. A phrase is the maximal projection of a category. A maximal

projection is the representation in which all elements that occur in a phrase

appear. According to Dwijatmoko (2002: 6), a phrase may contain a head,

complement, attribute, adjunct, and a specifier as its elements. A complement is

an element which is needed to complete the meaning of the head. A complement


15

can also be said to be a thing or person whom an action or state is directed as in

the example the news on the Gulf War. On the Gulf War is the complement of the

Noun Phrase. A piece of news always tells about some things and in the Noun

Phrase the news tells about the Gulf War.

The next elements are attribute and adjunct which show the characteristic

of a head. The difference between the attribute and adjunct lies in their positions.

An attribute comes before the head and an adjunct comes after the head, like in

the following examples very good at the beginning. The example is a kind of

Adjective Phrase (AP), the head is good, the attribute which comes before the

head is very, and the adjunct which comes after the head is at the beginning.

The following element in construction of a phrase is specifier. A specifier

is the element which a head requires to appear in a larger construction

(Dwijatmoko, 2002: 6). The specifier makes the phrase head more specific. For

example in a noun phrase, the specifier can be an article or genitive pronoun, he

lost his dictionary, his is the specifier in Noun phrase his dictionary.

As stated before, a phrase is a maximal projection of a category. It means

that a phrase with a category X or XP as the maximal projection of the category

X. Based on Dwijatmoko (2002: 7), the letter X is used because the X-bar theory

is applicable to all phrase categories. It can stand for N (noun), V (verb), A

(adjective), P (preposition), or any category.

Every elements of a phrase such as a complement, attribute, adjunct, and

specifier have different relations with the head and show different functions, they

also form different levels of syntactic unit. A complement expands a head (X) into


16

an X’. An attribute and an adjunct expand an X’ into another X’, and specifier

expands an X’ bar into an X” or a phrase (XP). The relationships of the elements

in a phrase are often shown in the following diagram.

XP (X”)

Specifier X’

X’ Adjunct

Attribute X’

X Complement

The relation between one element and another in a diagram can be called

daughter or sister. An element is a daughter of another element if it is under the

node of the other element. An element is a sister of another element if the two

elements are under the same node. With the terms daughter and sister the elements

which a head may have in a phrase in a diagram can be defined that a specifier is

the daughter of XP and the sister of X’. An Attribute is the daughter of X’, the

sister of another X’, and comes before the head. An adjunct is the daughter of X’,

the sister of another X’, and comes after the head. And the last, a complement is

the daughter of X’ and a sister of X.


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Based on Dwijatmoko (2002: 68) in making s-structure, there are some

features that will be used, such as Complementizer phrase (CP), Tense phrase

(TNSP), Verb phrase (VP), Noun phrase (NP), Adjective phrase (AP), or

Preposition Phrase (PP). An English sentence (S’) is equal to a CP. Then C takes

TNSP which is equal to a sentence in zero bar level (S) as its complement, and

TNS takes VP as its complement. V may take another VP, NP, AP, or PP as its

complement. The NP, AP, PP may be fully developed with an NP as its specifier,

and form what are usually called as small clause. The above description can be

represented as in the following example;

(17) John reads novel.

CP -s [John read novel].

C’

C TNSP

NP TNS’

John TNS VP

-s V’

V NP

Read Novels

3. Theory on Tenses, Aspect and Mood

The most basic element in an English sentence is the verb (Yule, 1998:

54). To describe the different forms of the verb, we need to talk about tense,


18

which often has to do with the location of a situation in time and aspect, which

characterizes the way in which the situation is perceived or experienced.

Tense is a verb form that expresses actions which occur on certain time in

the past, present, and future (Murcia & Freeman, 1983: 62). Basically there are

two main tenses in English: present and past. Each tense can have a simple form

and each can be combined with either progressive aspect or with perfective aspect

or with both (R.A. Close, 1977: 241). In most descriptions, the use of the modal

verb will is included, typically as an indication of future reference (Yule, 1998:

54).

Quirk (1985: 40) explains that time is universal, non-linguistic concept

with three divisions: past, present, and future. By tense, we could understand the

correspondence between the form of the verbs and our concept of time. The forms

of English tense are only present and past, but there are three divisions of time. In

order to balancing the divisions of time, the forms of tenses can be combined with

the aspect and mood. The aspect concerns about the manner in which the verbal

action experienced or regarded, while mood relates the verbal action to such

condition as certainty, obligation, necessity, possibility.

Tenses, Aspect and Mood are related one to another. In particular the

expression of time present and past can’t be considered separately from aspects

and the expression of future is closely bound up with moods. The forms of tense

which are combined with aspect and mood will be discussed later in the following

paragraph. Based on Quirk (1985: 41) with this small set of technical terms, the

range of English verb forms can be divided into:


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a. Present Tense

Based on Quirk (1985:41), there are three basic types of present in

English:

i. Timeless

The type of timeless is usually expressed with the simple present form and

used for;

a. Expressing habitual action

(18) I (always) write with a special pen (when I sign my name).

b. Expressing universal statements/ general timeless truth, e.g. physical laws

or customs.

(19) The sun sets in the west

ii. Limited

The forms of the limited type are usually expressed by using the present

progressive. It is used for;

a. Indicating that the action is in process

(20) I am writing (on this occasion) with a special pen (since I have

mislaid my ordinary one).

b. Indicating that the action is in limited duration/ called as temporary

activity (action will end and therefore lacks of permanence of the simple

present tense)

(21) Normally he lives in London, but at present he is living in Boston.

c. Indicating incompleteness (e.g. in a verb like stop whose action cannot in

reality have duration)


20

(22) The bus is stopping.

d. Indicating a habitual action and conveying an emotional coloring such as

irritation (usually with an adverb of high frequency)

(23) He’s always writing with a special pen – just because he likes to

be different.

According to Quirk (1985:48) present progressive can also refer to a future

happening which is anticipated in the present. The basic meaning of it is fixed

arrangement, plan, or program’.

(24) He is moving to London.

iii. Instantaneous

The instantaneous type is usually expressed with either the simple or

progressive forms.

(25) Watch carefully now: first, I write with my ordinary pen; now, I

write with a special pen.

(26) As you see, I am dropping the stone into the water.

The using of simple present is regularly used in subordinate clauses that

are conditional (introduced by if, unless, etc) or temporal (introduced by as soon

as, before, when, etc). The used of simple present in main clause may be said to

represent a marked future aspect of unusual certainty. In the other words, the

simple present tense can be used for;

a. Referring to a sequential habit in subordinate clause with the main verb is

in future time.

(27) The guest will be drunk before they leave.


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b. Referring to a conditional in a future time especially in the subordinate

clause.

(28) What will you say if I marry my boss?

According to Murcia & Freeman (1983: 63), a simple present tense can

also be used for:

a. Describing about a present event/ action or speech act

(29) I resign from the commission.

b. Describing a past events in narration (in conversation)

(30) “So she stands up in the boat and waves his arms to catch our

attention.”

The other aspect in English language is perfective aspect. It can be

combined with present tense as well progressive aspect. Based on Murcia &

freeman (1983: 64), the using of present perfect form can be used for;

a. Referring to a situation that began in the past and that continuous into the

present.

(31) I have been a teacher since 1972.

b. Referring to a past experience with current relevance

(32) I have already seen that movie.

c. Referring to a very recently completed action

(33) Mort has just finished his homework.

d. Referring to an action that went on over time in the past and that is

completed with the moment of speaking

(34) The value of the Johnsons’ house has doubled in the last 4 years.


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e. Referring to a conditional time in the subordinate clauses

(35) If you have done your homework, you can watch TV.

A present tense can also be combined with the combination of progressive

aspect and also a perfective aspect. According to Murcia & freeman (1983: 65, the

form of present perfect progressive is used for;

a. Describing a situation or habit that began in the past (recent or distant)

and that continues up to present.

(36) I have been living in Seattle for 7 years.

b. Describing the incompleteness of an action in progress

(37) I have been reading a book.

According to Quirk (1985: 47), there is no obvious future tense in English

corresponding to the time/ tense relation for present and past. The expression of

the future is closely bound up with mood. Instead there are several possibilities for

denoting future time. It is rendered by means of modal auxiliaries or semi-

auxiliaries, or by simple present forms or progressive forms.

Quirk (1985:47) also mentioned that the patterns of simple future (will and

shall) is used to:

a. Refer to an action which takes place at some definite future time

(38) He will walk to school tomorrow.

b. Refer to a future habitual action or future state

(39) Joel will take the bus to work next year.

c. Refer to a situation that may obtain in the present and will obtain in the

future but with some future termination in the sight


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(40) Nora will live in Caracas until she finishes school.

d. Refer to the main clause in the future conditional sentence

(41) If you go, you’ll be sorry.

The form of progressive aspect can also be used to indicate the future time

in present tense. The term of future progressive indicates:

a. An action that will be in progress at a specific time in the near future

(42) He will be walking to school at 9 a.m. tomorrow.

b. Duration of some specific future action

(43) Mavis will be working on her thesis for the next ten years.

The perfective aspect can also be combined to describe a future time. The

form of future perfect is giving information about:

a. A future action that will be completed prior to a specific future time

(44) I will have finished all this typing by 5 p.m.

b. A state or action that will be completed in the future prior to some other

future time or event (near or distant)

(45) He will have walked to school before you finish your breakfast.

Both of the perfective and progressive aspects can also be combined in the

same time to denote the future meaning. This pattern can be used for referring a

durative or a habitual action that is taking place in the present and that will

continue into the future up until or through a specific future time.

(46) On Christmas Eve our family will have been living in Chicago for

20 years.


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b. Past Tense

Past tense has a simple form which can express a habitual activity

(sentence (47)) and also can be used to convey an action which takes place at a

particular point of time in the past (Quirk, 1985: 42), like in the sentence (48),

(47) He always wrote with a special pen.

(48) I wrote my letter of 16 June 1972 with a special pen.

Past tense form can also indicate an action which takes place over a period of

time. And later the period may be seen as extending up to the present (sentence

(49)) or relating only to the past which can be viewed as having been completed

(sentence (50)) or as not having been completed (sentence (51)).

(49) I have written with a special pen since 1972.

(50) I wrote with a special pen from 1969 to 1972.

(51) I was writing poetry with a special pen.

Like present tense, past tense can also be combined with progressive

aspect or perfective aspect. The choice of perfective aspect is associated with

time-orientation and consequently also with various time-indicators such as lately,

since, so far, etc. In here, the point of current relevance to which the past perfect

extends is a point in the past. Like in the following example,

(52) When I met him, John had lived in Paris for ten years.

According to Murcia & Freeman (1983:65), the form of past perfect can also be

used to explain a past conditional of imaginative events in the subordinate clause

(53) If Sally had studied harder, she would have passed the exam.


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The combination of past tense and the progressive aspect specifies the

limited duration of an action like in the present. It can be seen in the sentence (43)

(54) I was writing with a special pen for a period last night but my hand

grew tired.

In consequence, past progressive can also indicate a past action which is

simultaneous with some other event.

(55) While I was writing, the phone rang.

The progressive aspect can also express incomplete action by contrasting pair like

in the illustrated examples

(56) He read a book that evening (implies that he finished it)

(57) He was reading a book that evening (implies that he did not finish

it)

According to Quirk (1985: 46) habitual activity may be expressed by the

progressive aspect but it entails that the habit is temporary like in sentence (47),

but the past progressive may also refer to pejorative habits like in sentence (48)

(58) At that time, we were bathing every day.

(59) My brother was always losing his keys.

The past perfect progressive tense is a combination of the perfective and

also progressive aspect with the past tense. Based on Murcia & Freeman

(1983:65), it has functions to:

a. Describe an action or habit which is taking place over a period of time in

the past prior to some other past event


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(60) Carol had been working very hard, so her doctor told her to take a

vacation.

b. Describe a past action that is in progress but interrupted by another past

action.

(61) We had been planning to vacation in Nevada but changed our

minds when so much it got badly flooded.

Some of the future construction can be used in the past tense to express

time which is in the future when seen from a view point in the past (Quirk, 1985:

50). Some terms in past tense which indicate the future are:

a. Auxiliary verb construction with would

(62) The time was not far off when he would regret this decision.

b. Be going to-infinitive (often with the sense of unfulfilled intention)

(63) You were going to give me your address.

c. Past progressive

(64) I was meeting him in Bordeaux in the next day.

d. Be + to-infinitive

(65) The meeting was to be held the following week

e. Be about to-infinitive

(66) He was about to hit me.

Besides the using of verb, there is also modal auxiliary in English

sentences. According to Halliday (1994: 75), modal auxiliaries are the speakers

judgments of the probability or the obligation involved in what he is saying.

Modal auxiliaries doesn’t have –s forms, -ing forms or –ed participles, but can,


27

may, shall and will have special past forms could, might, should and would

respectively. Furthermore the modal auxiliaries have close relations with English

moods. As stated by Curme (1966:235), there is a tendency to use the modal s in

expressing the mood because they have more shades of meanings and are more

effective in expressing moods.

According to Quirk et al (1985: 52-57), modal auxiliaries contain different

meanings. Can expresses ability (be able to, be capable of, know how to),

permission (be allowed to, be permitted to) and possibility (it is possible that/to),

while could expresses past ability, present or future permission, present

possibility, and contingent possibility or ability in unreal condition. Both of may

and might shows permission and possibility (factual and theoretical). Quirk et al

note that shall and will are used to show willingness, intention of the part of the

speaker (only for the first person) like in the I shan’t be long, insistence like in the

You do as I say, and legal and quasi legal like in the The vendor shall maintain the

equipment in good repair. Will may also show predictions (specific prediction like

in The game will be finished by now, timeless prediction like in oil will float in the

water, and habitual predictions like in he’ll (always) talk for hours if you give him

the chance).

Modal auxiliary would is also used to show willingness, insistence,

characteristic activity in the past, contingent use in the main clause of a

conditional sentence and probability. Should is used to indicate the obligation and

logical necessity (You should do as he says), “putative” use after certain

expressions, eg: it is a pity that, I am surprised that, hypothetical used in the main


28

clause with a conditional sub clause. Finally, both must and ought to can be used

to show obligation or compulsion and logical necessity. Must is usually used to

indicate the obligation or compulsion in the present tense, except in reported

speech (replaced by had to).

4. Theory on News

The news writing has different style of language from any other literature.

To differentiate the style of language in news writing, it is essential to review

some theories about what news is and the characteristic of news.

a. The News Story Elements

The typical news story is designed to convey news quickly, clearly and

unambiguously. According to Berner (1992: 29) a news story usually comprises

the element such as the lead, a time element, specific rather than general

information, sources, attribution in direct and indirect quotations, and sentences

and paragraphs.

i. The Lead

In the typical news story, the lead is in the first paragraph and usually no

more than one sentence. The lead concisely tells the reader or listener what the

story is about. The example of a lead as cited in United Press International:

PRAGUE, Czechoslovakia (UPI)—A pipe bomb exploded during an election rally in a busy tourist area of the city Saturday, injuring 15-20 people, witnesses and the Czechoslovak News Agency said.


29

ii. The Time Element

The time element tells when the news happened. Usually it is confined to a

day or a period in a day. In typical news story, tense is very relevant. By tense, we

could convey the time element. Most of the verbs are past tense (Berner,

1992:30).

A journalist can choose from a variety of tenses, all the variations of present, past

and future. But since by definition news is something that happened, past tense is

the appropriate tense for most news story. In the following lead, the time element

and past tense verbs are shown italic:

WASHINGTON (UPI)—Retired Chief Justice Warren Burger, saying the law profession should “hang its head in shame,” criticized by lawyers Friday and urged an attorneys group to determine whether regulation is needed.

iii. Specific Information

Specific information allows the reader and listener to know exactly what

the story is about. The specific information includes names, ages, addresses, titles,

number of votes (Berner, 1992: 31). Here are the first two paragraphs from a story

on AIDS, the specific information is shown in italics:

GENEVA (UPI)—Global AIDS cases reported to the World Health Organization rose by 8,973 or 3.5 percent, in May to a total of 263,051, the U.N. agency said Friday.

The United States accounted for most of the increase with 6,309 cases for a total 132,436, or 50.4 percent of the world figure as May 31.

iv. Sources

The expert and the other people providing information in a story are called

sources (Berner, 1992: 31). A news story can have one source or many sources.


30

The sources of a story should have names although sometimes sources have to be

anonymous. Sources can also be documents and other publications, and when a

journalist observes something and reports it, the journalist becomes a source. In

the previous story, the World Health Organization is the source. The other

example will be shown in italics:

ERROL, N.H. (UPI)—Observers watching the first pair of bald eagles to nest in New Hampshire in more then 40 years report sighting at least one eaglet, a wildlife biologist said Thursday.

Christ Martin, wildlife programs manager for the New Hampshire Audubon Society, said it is possible that chicks are in the nest. He said observers, who check the nest near Umbaygog Lake several times a week, probably will be able to determine the exact number of eaglets by sometime next week.

v. Attribution

When a source is cited in a story, information is attributed to that source.

An attribution lets the reader or listener know where information came from. It is

clearly marked for the reader or listener by an attribution tag. The typical

attribution tag which commonly used in news story are “(person’s name) said” or

“according to (person’s name or document)” (Berner, 1992: 32). Attributed

information appears as either a direct quotation or an indirect quotation. This is

the example of a direct quotation with attribution tag.

“They beat them with their fist,” a duty nurse said of the Soviet soldiers who broke into the hospital. She refused to give her name. “I was afraid they will shoot me too.”

As in indirect quotation, the nurse’s exact words would be paraphrased, and where

the first-person pronoun appears, the paraphrased statement would be shifted to a

third-person pronoun. The example can be seen in the following paragraph.


31

A duty nurse said Soviet soldiers broke into a hospital and beat the patients with their fists. The nurse, who refused to give her name, said she was afraid the soldiers would also shoot her.

b. The Characteristic of News

There are eight indicators or characteristics of the news as noted by Pareno

(2003: 6-19, my translation). Firstly, the news is containing reports. The reports

are delivered by the reporters or journalists based on what has been said, seen or

done by from informants. Secondly, the news is informative. The information can

be the form of fact gained by reporters that is delivered to the public. Then, the

news must be new. A report that is made by the reporters or journalists must be

new, or currently, news that is out of date has been known by the public. Next, the

news which is reported must be true. In journalistic, it is important to tell true not

truth, it means that the reporters or journalists must tell the true story based on

statements of one or some figures that are admitted as related persons and have

some credible references. The story must be true in the form of fact whether in the

existence or the delivery of the fact.

The other characteristic is that the news must be neutral. In order to be

neutral, a reporter or a journalist must be justified. Then the report must be

factual. Further more, news must contain the news value. Some of the events that

have the news value are often related to the public interest or necessity. Lastly,

news must be attractive to the public.

Moreover about the characteristic of news, Miller (1969: 48-48) states that

the language of newspaper must be easy to understand, because it is read by

people from any level of education and under conditions that are far from


32

comfortable and supporting conditions. It is also read more hurried than any other

medium of communication. According to Miller (1969: 52), good news writing is

the one that has reporting sentences that go straight to the points.

c. Headline

As cited in www.wikipedia.org, a headline is text at the top of newspaper

article, indicating the nature of the article below it. According to Reddick (1941:

250), there are four purposes of the headlines. One purpose of the use of the

headlines is to provide a more pleasing appearance by offering a contrast between

headline type and body type. The second purpose is to classify news stories rank

of importance. In the front page of the newspaper, the more important stories have

the large headlines while the unimportant stories have small headlines. The third

purpose of the headlines is to present in skeleton form the most important facts of

the story. In here, the headlines must summary the important facts of the stories.

The last purpose according to Reddick is to advertise the news. A headline is used

to attract our intention, arouse our interest and lead us to read the story.

Reddick (1941: 256) also mentions that there are three important rules that

must be followed in writing the headlines. The firs rule is to use the historical

present tense instead of the past tense. The using of present tense gives the

impression of action which is taking place now. It emphasizes the element of

timeliness. In indicating the future action, the writer should use either the future

tense or and infinitive. For example, “Roosevelt Will Speak in Chicago” or

“Roosevelt to Speak in Chicago”. The second rule is every deck of the headline

must have a verb either expressed or implied. And the third rule is the using of


33

active voice in preference to the passive. The active voice lends vigor and life to a

headline. The exception of this rule should be made only when the person or thing

acted is more important than the agent of the action.

Reddick (1941: 260) states that the contents of the headlines should tell the

news as specifically and as definitely as possible, and tell as many important facts

as can be jammed into the space without making the headline appears crowded.

The journalists should not editorialize in the headlines and they should write

positive instead of negatives heads. And Reddick also states that the journalists

should not repeat the important words.

In the Journalism and the School Paper, Reddick also describes that the

choice of words in the headlines are also important. In the headlines, the journalist

should not use the articles such as “a”, “an”, and “the”. The journalists should also

use the only the well-known abbreviations and in the using of the verbs, Reddick

mentions that headlines should have a verb expressed or implied in every deck.

The using of active verbs is preferred rather than the passive voice. A headline

should not begin with a verb or an infinitive when this form can be avoided and a

headline should use the specific and definite nouns, verbs, and adjectives and

never general terms.

d. Headline News

Suhandang (2004: 103) defines news as a report or announcement about

every actual event that attract people’s attention. The events involve facts and the

data available in the universe, and what happens must be actual, meaning to say

that it has just happened or has just been discussed by public. Moreover,


34

Suhandang notes that news might be in the form of straight news, and feature

news (there is also hard news but Suhandang doesn’t mention it in his book).

Headline news, which becomes the main source of this thesis, is

categorized as straight news. According to Suhadang, straight news is news that

provides fact straightly or directly to the point (2004: 104). Straight news may be

in the form of fact news, which only tells primary fact, action news, which only

tells the action of the events or tells how certain events occur, and quote news,

which tells some quotations from what the figures involved in certain events said.

Headline news is always shown in main page of the newspaper because

headline news is the most important story of today’s newspaper (Reddick, 1941:

250). As the most important story of today’s newspaper, headline news has the

largest headline on the page. Based on Reddick, the more important stories have

the large headlines while the unimportant stories have small headlines (1941:

250).

According to Mott (1969: 249) the nature of the modern press, particularly

the newspaper, emphasizes certain requisites of illustrative art. Headline news, as

one of the most important story of today’s newspaper, requires a picture as the

illustration of the event which is told in the news story and also caption to

describe what the picture is. Mott also noted that the illustration is designed to tell

a story. Illustration of any kind fails of its purpose if it doesn’t tell or contribute to

a story. The picture which is used by the press generally deal with incidents, and

even an illustration which is reproduced because of its artistic worth should have

story value as well (1969: 249)


35

News and feature pictures, covering the whole range of human events and

interests, are assigned and placed in the layout in neat and orderly arrangement

units. Under the pictures, usually there are a few clear and well-chosen words to

show the essence of the picture story called caption. The caption is written by the

copyreaders, who become the principal conservator of the proper standards of

language in news paper.

The form of the headline news has the similarities with the other news

story. The conventional news story has two parts: lead and the body (Mott, 1969:

65). The lead summarizes the story and serves three functions. Firstly, the lead

answers the questions of who, what, when, where, why, and how. Secondly, the

lead emphasizes the news feature of the story by placing it in the initial position.

And the last, the lead provides such quick identification of persons, places, and

events as it is necessary to an understanding of the story.

The second part is the body. The body is an elaboration of the lead (Mott,

1969: 65). When the facts are clear and well organized, the body will expand each

of the points included in the lead in the same order, in which the lead has stated

them. The material outlined by the lead may be presented based on the order of

the interest. Those of greatest value being reported first and those with least value

being used last.


36

C. Theoretical Framework

This part provides the foundations to answer the two problem formulations

in the chapter I. From the theoretical framework the writer tries to define on how

the related theories are used in analyzing the object of the study.

As the main object analyzed in this thesis, headline news has four parts in

its format. There are the headline, the text of the news story, the picture, and also

the caption. In this study, the writer just takes the headline and also the text of the

news story as the corpus of the data because the significance of tense choices in

news writing could only be found on the headline and also on the text of the story.

The nature of headline news is in the form of fact news, action news, and quote

news. In order to make precise news, the choosing of tense is very important.

The theories that are going to be used are the theory of the sentence

elements, theory on sentence structure, theory of tenses aspect and moods, and the

more detailed theory on tenses, theory on news story elements and the

characteristic of the news, the theory on how to write headline, and also the theory

of headline news.

Before answering the first problem, the writer analyzes all of the sentences

from the data using the theory of sentence elements. The theory of sentence

elements is the first theory which is used in analyzing the data. The sentences

which are taken from the headlines news are analyzed by using the theory of

sentence elements in order to know the elements of each sentence. English

sentence consists of two parts, the subject and also the predicate. The predicate is

divided into four elements, verb, object, complement, and adverbial. The writer


37

only concerns about the verb element because by looking at the verb, the writer

can define the tense which is used in the sentence.

After knowing the elements of each sentence, the writer tries to answer

the first problem. The writer tries to find out the tense which is used in each

sentence by using the theory of sentence structure. The sentences and its elements

are put in the s-structure and therefore, the writer easily defines the tense which

are used in each sentence by looking at the TNS or the inflections of the verb.

Further, the verb phrases are classified and analyzed with the theory of

tense, aspect, and mood. With the theory of tenses, aspect and mood, the writer

tries to answer the second problem. The writer identifies the grammatical reasons

of tense choices in sentences by reviewing the grammatical meaning of each tense

using the theory of tense, aspect and mood. Every tense has grammatical

meanings which are different one to another. Therefore, the specific point of time

of an action can be indicated from the tense.

Besides using the theory of tense, aspect and mood, the writer also uses

the theory on news story elements, the theory on characteristic of the news,

headline, and headline news. Those theories are essential to support the answer of

the second problem about the grammatical meanings of each tense choice. In

typical news story the time element is very relevant. The headline news must be

an actual report and must deal only with fact and the news served contains who,

what, when, where, why, and how. Tense is needed to convey the when element in

news story that is why the choosing of tense is also important. Those theories on

news story elements, the theory on characteristic of the news, headline and also


38

headline news describe the nature of news. By looking at the theories on news

writing and the theory of tense, aspect and mood, the writer can also convey the

grammatical meanings of each tense in the clauses of the articles and the

headlines of The Jakarta Post Headlines news.


CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the object of the study and also the methodology

which was used by the writer in analyzing the problems. The object of the study

will be discussed in the first part and the methodology will be in the second part.

The object of this study was the tense choices which were used in The Jakarta

Post headlines news and published in November 2007. Furthermore, the

methodology conducted in this research included data collecting and data analysis.

A. Object of the Study

This research is concerned about the tense choices which were used in the

news writing and the writer took the samples from The Jakarta Post on November

2007 especially the headline news. The object was analyzed based on its tense. As

stated in Chapter II, tense is a verb form that expresses actions which occur on

certain time in the past, present, and future (Murcia & Freeman, 1983:62).

Basically there are only two tenses in English, present tense and past tense. Each

tense can have a simple form and each can be combined with either progressive

aspect or with perfective aspect or with both (R.A. Close, 1977:241) and every

combinations of tense have different grammatical meanings from another.

In a typical news story, tense is very relevant. Therefore, the writer took

the data from straight news, especially the headline news. As a form of straight

news, the headline news must be an actual report and must deal only with fact and

39


40

the news served contains who, what, when, where, why, and how. The tense

choices are very important in the news report because the tense convey the time

element or when element of the news report. The choice of tense in a news story is

also significant to make the news more precise and to give more understanding

about the news especially the time element to the readers. The headline news was

chosen as the object of study because the headline news is the most important

story of today’s newspaper (Reddick, 1941: 250). The headline news always

presents current and becomes the exclusive news, and those make them interesting

to be analyzed.

As mentioned in the Chapter II, the format of headline news consists of

four parts, the headline, the text of the news story, the picture which illustrates the

story, and also the caption, a few clear and well-chosen words to show the essence

of the picture story. The writer only took the headline and also the text of the story

as the data because the significance of tense choices in news writing could only be

found on the headline and also on the text of the story.

The writer chose The Jakarta Post as the source of the data because The

Jakarta Post is the largest English newspaper in Indonesia with average

circulation of around 35,000 copies (www.thejakartapost.com). The Jakarta Post

has become a trusted newspaper in Indonesia in 1983 and had been read by

41,049 subscribers in December 1998. It means that The Jakarta Post must be

able to offer the facts confidently and offer something that can be proven to gain

reader’s trust.


41

In doing this study, it is impossible to take all the headline news articles of

The Jakarta Post, therefore the writer limited the data based on the time of the

publication. The time limitation was used in order to focus the writer in collecting

the samples of data. The data were taken from The Jakarta Post which was

published in November 2007. The November 2007 editions were chosen because

these editions were easily available during the research. There were 30 articles of

headline news in The Jakarta Post issued in November 2007 and the writer took

all of those articles to be analyzed further.

In conducting this study, the writer analyzed the tense choices on every

finite clause of the articles rather than analyzed the tense choices in every

sentence. In news writing, some of the news are in the form of quotations and

complex sentences and usually every quotation or complex sentence contains

more than a finite clause, that was why the writer preferred to analyze every finite

clause rather than the sentence. According to Quirk et al (1973: 310), a finite

clause is a clause whose verb element is a finite verb phrase and a finite verb is a

verb that can be limited in some way, such as in person, number (through the use

of the concords), time relation (through the use of tenses), and manner of

conception (through the use of mood).

B. Method of the Study

The analysis of the tense choices in The Jakarta Post headline news was

categorized as a descriptive study. According to Sprinthall et al (1991: 98),

research is typically called descriptive when primary purpose of the research is


42

description. Since this study is descriptive, the aim of this research was describing

the grammatical reasons of the tense choices in every finite clause, and the impact

toward the readers. This study also observed on how the pattern of language used

in written and spoken language. The written language was observed through the

report written in the headline news, and the spoken language was represented by

the direct speeches or the quotations which were recorded in the headline news.

In this study, the writer did a library research which is done by studying

and analyzing some written sources. That was why, the writer needed to decide

any body of text as the corpus of the study. The corpus of the study was

considered through samplings and representatives by constructing a smaller

sample of the whole variety. In other words the writer used a sample of a much

larger population (McEnery and Wilson, 2001: 78).

In this study, the population which was analyzed by the writer was all of

the headline news. Because it was impossible to take all of the headline news as

the corpus of the study, the writer needed to decide the sampling frame.

According to McEnery and Wilson (2001: 78), a sampling frame is the entire

population of text from which we will take our samples. Therefore, the writer

decided The Jakarta Post headline news published in November 2007 as the

sampling frame.

In this research, The Jakarta Post headline news published in November

2007 were used to represent all of the population of the headlines news. As

mentioned in the object of the study, the writer took the November editions

because it was easier available during the research. The November editions were


43

also chosen because there was no holiday in November and it made the November

editions were complete from 1st - 30th.

After deciding the sampling frame, the writer started to gather the data by

collecting all of the headline news from The Jakarta Post which was published in

November 2007. The writer took one headline news article in every edition and

the data were gathered from the headline and also the article, in spite of the

caption which explains the illustration picture. Furthermore, this study included

two steps, the data collection and also the data analysis.

1. Data Collection

In the processing activities, there were four steps that were conducted by

the writer in collecting the data collection. Firstly, the writer determined the

samples to be taken, that were the headline news of The Jakarta Post published in

November 2007. Secondly, the writer collected all of the sentences from the

headlines and also from the articles. Since this study concerned mainly on the

tense choices, the next step was identifying the finite clauses and separated the

finite clauses to be analyzed further. Then, related to the problems of this study,

the finite clauses were classified and listed based on the tense choices. The writer

also concerned on the occurrence of the tense choices, the appearances of each

tense were calculated to show the frequency of the tenses in the clauses. In this

study, the writer would not only give the description but also the interpretation of

the data that was why the occurrence of every tense became so significant.


44

2. Data Analysis

The next step after collecting the data was starting to analyze them. There

were some steps conducted by the writer to answer the two problems of this study.

The two problems of this research were the types of tense which were used in The

Jakarta Post headline news and the grammatical reasons of choosing those tenses.

Before answering the first problem, the writer would discuss about the

sentences and the finite clauses which appeared in The Jakarta Post Headline

news. The writer would show the occurrence of the sentences and also the finite

clauses. Then, the writer moved to the first and second problems.

a. Identifying the Types of Tense

The first step which was conducted in analyzing the data was identifying

the types of tense. The writer tried to identify the tense choices in every finite

clause that occurred in the headlines and also in the articles of The Jakarta Post

headline news. Basically there are only two kinds of tense, present and past, but

both of those tenses can be combined with aspects and moods. There would be

combinations of tenses and perfective aspect and progressive aspect and also with

mood to show the future possibilities.

In identifying the types of tense, the writer began with identifying all of

the elements in the finite clause such as the subject, the verb, the object, and the

adverbial. After that, the writer put the finite clause and its elements in the S-

Structure. By putting the finite clause in the S-Structure, the writer could identify

the tense which was used by looking at the TNS or the inflection of the verb.


45

b. Identifying the Grammatical Reason of Choosing the Tense

After identifying the types of tense, the writer tried to describe the

grammatical reasons of choosing those tenses in every finite clause. The writer

described the reasons of choosing those tenses by looking at the grammatical

meaning of each tense. Every tense may have more than one grammatical

meanings, for example, as stated by Quirk (1985: 41 & 48) the term of present

progressive tense has more than one grammatical meanings for examples whether

it conveys the actions in progress, the actions in limited duration/ temporary

duration, incompleteness actions, habitual actions or whether it conveys an

emotional coloring such as irritating (usually with the adverb of high frequency),

and the present progressive form may also indicate a future happening which is

anticipated in the present. That was why the writer tried to find out the appropriate

grammatical meaning for every tense which was used in the finite clause.


CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULT

In this chapter, the writer tries to answer the problems which are

formulated in chapter I. The first problem deals with the tenses which are used in

The Jakarta Post headline news published in November 1 – 30, 2007. In this

discussion, the writer will show the occurrence of the tenses from the headlines

and also from the articles in the whole month. The second problem is the

grammatical reasons of the tense choices. In the analysis, the writer will convey

the grammatical reasons of the tense choices and will also give the examples from

the headlines and the articles.

Before answering the problems of this study, it is important to discuss all

of the sentences in the samples of the headline news which were published in

November 1 – 30, 2007.

There are 30 samples of the headline news which are analyzed in this

study and the writer took both the headlines and also the articles to be analyzed

further. According to this study, there are 30 headlines and 566 sentences from the

articles occurring in the 30 headline news which were published in November

2007. The sentences which occurred in the headline news articles can be simple

sentences or complex sentences. A simple sentence is a sentence which consists of

one clause only (Quirk et al, 1985: 166), while a complex sentence is a sentence

which consists of two clauses or more. Consider the following quotations:

46


47

(1) Indonesia and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

Conference (UNFCCC) will hold a climate conference in Bali from

Dec. 3 to 14. (The Jakarta Post, Thursday, November 1st, 2007, p.9)

(2) Mozaharul Alam of Bangladesh Center for Advanced Studies said

that under Kyoto, developed countries supported adaptation funds

through a voluntary mechanism.(The Jakarta Post, Thursday,

November 1st, 2007, p.6)

Sentence (1) is an example of a simple sentence which consists of a clause.

The subject of the clause is Indonesia and the UN Framework Convention on

Climate Change Conference (UNFCCC), the verb is will hold, the object of the

clause is a climate conference, and the adverbials are in Bali from Dec. 3 to 14.

Sentence (2) is an example of a complex sentence. This complex sentence

consists of two clauses; the independent clause or the main clause is Mozaharul

Alam of Bangladesh Center for Advanced Studies said that under Kyoto,

developed countries supported adaptation funds through a voluntary mechanism,

with Mozaharul Alam of Bangladesh Center for Advanced Studies as the subject,

said as the verb and that under Kyoto, developed countries supported adaptation

funds through a voluntary mechanism as the object, and the dependent clause is

that under Kyoto, developed countries supported adaptation funds through a

voluntary mechanism. The subject of the dependent clause is that developed

countries, the verb is supported, the object is adaptation funds, and under Kyoto

and through voluntary mechanism are the adverbials.


48

From the samples of the data, the writer found that the occurrences of the

simple sentences are fewer than the complex sentences. The complex sentences in

the articles are used to give more complete information to the reader. As a news

report, most of the sentences in the articles are in the form of quotations and direct

speeches, that is why the occurrences of the complex sentences are bigger than the

simple sentences.

In conducting this study, the writer is more concerned about the clauses

rather than the sentences. According to Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, a

clause is a group of words that includes subject and verb, forming a sentence or

part of a sentence, while a sentence is a set of words expressing a statement, a

question, or a command. A sentence usually contains a subject and a verb and in

written English, they begin with capital letter and end with a full stop or an

equivalent mark.

The writer only analyzed the finite clauses because the main goals of this

study are analyzing the tense choices, and the grammatical meanings. The types of

tense can only be seen from the finite verbs which occurred in the finite clauses,

and the occurrences of the finite verbs in the finite clauses make the sentences or

the clauses easier to be understood. As Miller (1969: 48) state that, clarity is

essential (in journalism language).

The writer found that there are 1349 finite clauses from the corpus of the

study. There are 22 finite clauses from the headlines and 1327 finite clauses from

the articles of the headline news. Those finite clauses from the headlines and also


49

from the articles were analyzed further based on the types of the tenses and also

the grammatical reasons in the next paragraphs.

A. The Type of Tenses in The Jakarta Post Headline News

According to Quirk (1985: 40), the forms of English tense are only present

and past. In this study, the distribution of the tenses in the headlines and also in

the articles of the headline news is dominated by past tense. Even though there are

few past tense forms in the headlines, one clause or 4.55%, but the occurrences of

the past tense forms dominate the articles of the headline news with 806 clauses or

60.74%. The headlines are dominated by present tense forms with twenty-one

clauses or 95.45%, but the distribution of present tense in the articles of the

headline news is only 521 clauses or 39.26%. The clearer description of the types

of tense and their occurrences can be seen in the table 1 and table 2 below.

Table 1. The Types of Tense and Their Occurrences in the Headlines

No. Types of Tense Occurrence Percentage 1. Present tense 21 95.45% 2. Past tense 1 4.55%

Total 22 100%

Table 2. The types of Tense and Their Occurrence in the Articles of the Headline News No. Types of Tense Occurrence Percentage 1. Present tense 521 39.26% 2. Past tense 806 60.74%

Total 1327 100%

Quirk (1985:40) also explains that time is universal, non-linguistic concept

with three divisions: past, present, and future. By tense, we could understand the

correspondence between the form of the verbs and our concept of time. The writer

has talked about the basic forms of tense and also the occurrences in the above


50

paragraphs. As stated before, the forms of English tense are only present and past,

but there are three divisions of time. In order to balance the division of time, the

forms of tenses can be combined with the aspect and mood. The aspect concerns

about the manner in which the verbal action experienced or regarded, while mood

relates the verbal action to such condition as certainty, obligation, necessity,

possibility. Therefore the basic types of tense (Present and Past) can be combined

with progressive aspect or perfective aspect, or even with both aspects.

In this study, the writer found that there are 21 finite clauses with present

tense forms in the headlines and 521 finite clauses with present tense forms in the

articles of the headline news. The types of present tense form in the clauses are

various. The forms of present tense can be in the simple forms, combined with

progressive aspect, or combined with perfective aspect.

From the articles of the headline news, there are 411 clauses or 78.89%

with simple present forms, 30 clauses or 5.76% with combination of progressive

aspect, and 80 clauses or 15.35% with combination of perfective aspect. The

clearer description about the variants of present tense and the distribution can be

seen in the following tables.

Table 3. The Variants of Present Tense and the Distribution in the Headlines

No. Variants of Present Tense Occurrence Percentage 1. Simple Present 21 100% 2. Present Progressive 0 0% 3. Present Perfect 0 0%

Total 21 100%


51

Table 4. The Variants of Present Tense and the Distribution in the Articles of Headline News No. Variants of Present Tense Occurrence Percentage 1. Simple Present 411 78,89% 2. Present Progressive 30 5.76% 3. Present Perfect 80 15.35%

Total 521 100%

1. Simple Present

There are several types of finite verbs in the simple present tense clauses

which are found in the analysis. Those finite verbs can be in the in the forms of

main verbs standing alone or auxiliaries. The main verbs which stand alone can be

in the base form or in the –s form, while the auxiliaries can be in the form of

modal auxiliaries or primary auxiliaries like be form and do form. The patterns of

simple present tense can be seen from the S-Structure like in the following

examples:

a. Base form

North Jakarta floods cause traffic chaos (The Jakarta Post, Tuesday,

November 27th, 2007)

-s [North Jakarta flood cause traffics chaos]


52

b. -s forms

Support grows for RI to take lead in Bali (The Jakarta Post, Thursday,

November 1st, 2007)

-s [Support grow for RI to take lead in Bali]

C’

C TNSP

NP TNS’

TNS VP

N V’

NP V

North Jakarta flood

Cause

traffic chaos

-s

CP

C’

C TNSP

NP TNS’

TNS VP

NP V’

V

Support

grow -s

for RI to take lead in Bali

Clause

t

t

t

t

CP


53

c. Modal auxiliary

Govt may limit sales of fuel to private cars (The Jakarta Post, Wednesday,

November 7th, 2007)

may [Govt limit to private cars]

CP

C’ C TNSP

NP

V

V’ NP

VP TNS

TNS’

NP

Govt

may

limit sales of fuel to private cars

t

d. be form

This is more about enforcing the law for the sake of healthy business

competition in Indonesia. (The Jakarta Post, Thursday, November 22nd

2007, p.6)

-s [This be more about enforcing the law for the sake of healthy business competition in Indonesia]

be [This more about enforcing the law for the sake of healthy business competition in Indonesia]


54

CP

C TNSP

NP TNS’

C’

TNS

NP V’

VP

V NP

This

be -s

t

t

more about enforcing the law for the sake of healthy business competition in Indonesia

e. do form

that the rainfall rate doesn’t change (The Jakarta Post, Thursday,

November 29th 2007, p.13)

-s [that the rainfall rate not change]

CP

V’

C’ C TNSP

NP TNS’ TNS Neg P

Neg’

Neg

VP

- s

That

V

change

not

The rainfall rate t

NP

t


55

By looking at the S-Structure of each finite clause, the writer figured out

that twenty-one of the finite clauses in the headlines are in the forms of simple

present and most of them are main verbs standing alone. The using of modal

auxiliaries is only one clause from twenty-one clauses. Here are some finite

clauses which use the forms of simple present tense in the headlines:

(3) Support grows for RI to take lead in Bali (The Jakarta Post,

Thursday, November 1st, 2007)

(4) North Jakarta floods cause traffics chaos (The Jakarta Post,

Tuesday, November 27th, 2007)

(5) Govt may limit sales of fuel to private cars (The Jakarta Post,

Wednesday, November 7th, 2007)

Clause (3) is the example of finite clause using a simple present tense with

–s form. The –s form can be seen in the finite verb grows. The base form of the

verb is grow but because the subject of the clause is singular, the verb is inflected

with –s. From the headlines, there are 18 clauses with the same characteristics,

using simple present tense with –s/ -es forms.

Clause (4) is an example of finite clause using simple present tense with

the base form of finite verb. The base is the basic, uninflected form which is given

as the entry form in the dictionaries. The finite verb with the base form in clause

(4) is cause. The other example of finite verb in the headlines which used the base

form is only respect (The Jakarta Post, Thursday, November 22nd 2007). The

other type of simple present tense in the headlines can be seen in clause (5).

Clause (5) is an example of finite clause which uses modal auxiliary standing with


56

main verb. Leech and Svartvik define the auxiliary verbs as the helping verbs

(1994: 240) which do not make up a verb phrase on their own, but help to make

up a verb phrase in combination with a main verb (1994: 249). For example in

clause (5), the modal auxiliary which is used is may and the main verb is limit.

The type of finite verb with modal auxiliary standing with main verb only occur

once in the samples of headlines, that is in November 7th 2007.

The occurrences of the finite verbs with –s form in the headlines of The

Jakarta Post published in November 2007 are more frequent rather than the finite

verbs with base form, and finite verb with modal auxiliary. The –s forms occur in

18 clauses, the base forms occur in 2 clauses and the modal auxiliary only occurs

in one clause. The clearer description can be seen in the following table.

Table 5. The Types of Finite Verbs in the Simple Present Tense Clauses in the Headlines No. Types of Finite Verbs Occurrence Percentage 1. -s forms 18 85.72% 2. Base form 2 9.52% 3. Modal auxiliary 1 4,76%

Total 21 100%

Besides analyzing the headline, the writer also analyzed the articles of the

headlines news. As stated before, there are 411 finite clauses from 521 which use

the pattern of simple present tense in the articles of the headlines. The type of

finite verb also varies like the type of finite verbs in the headlines. There are

simple present tense with main verbs standing alone and also simple present tense

with auxiliaries. The main verbs which stand alone can be in the base form or in

the –s form, while the auxiliaries can be in the form of modal auxiliaries or


57

primary auxiliaries like be form and do form. The distribution of each types of

finite verb is illustrated in the following table.

Table 6. The Types of Finite Verbs in the Simple Present Tense Clauses in the Articles No. Types of Finite Verbs Occurrence Percentage 1. Base form 70 17.03% 2. -s forms 105 25.55% 3. Modal auxiliary 102 24.82% 4. be form 122 29.68% 5. do form 12 2.92%

Total 411 100%

From the table, it is clear that the occurrences of the base form are 70

clauses or 17.03%. As stated before, the base form of the main verb is uninflected

form as in dictionaries. The examples of the clauses which contain main verbs

with base forms are:

(6) Where countries agree to push for it (The Jakarta Post, Thursday,

November 1st 2007, p.5)

(7) Norway, the United Kingdom, Slovenia, Sweden and South Korea,

all with EDIs of close to 1, occupy the top five spots on UNESCO’s

list. (The Jakarta Post, Friday, November 30th 2007, p.8)

The main verb in clause (6) is agree and the main verb of clause (7) is occupy.

Both of the verbs are uninflected and the same with dictionaries entries because

the subjects of the clauses are plural.

The second type of the finite verbs which is found in the simple present

clauses is the –s form. This type of finite verb occurs in 105 clauses or 25.55%.

Some of the examples of this type can be seen in the following clauses.


58

(8) The organization already has the experience, infrastructure, and

expertise. (The Jakarta Post, Friday, November 2nd 2007, p.8)

(9) The HDI report looks back at a measure of health, education and

income ... the standard of living among 177 countries (The Jakarta

Post, Wednesday, November 28th 2007, p.3)

The main verbs, has and looks, in the finite clauses above are the examples of

finite verbs with –s form. The main verbs are inflected with –s/-es because the

subjects of the clauses are singular and the –s form is also called as the third

person singular present.

The third type of the finite verbs is the modal auxiliaries which stand with

main verbs. The modal auxiliaries which are found in the articles are will, can,

may, must and shall. The distributions of the modal auxiliaries which stand with

main verb are 102 clauses or 24.82%, the examples are:


Conference will hold a climate conference in Bali from Dec. 3 to

14. (The Jakarta Post, Friday, November 2nd 2007, p.15)

(11) How can they say the sale of tankers that cost $130 millions for

$184 millions created a lost? (The Jakarta Post, Saturday,

November 3rd 2007, p.14)

(12) The funds for the program may come from another reallocation of

routine expenditures in the budget (The Jakarta Post, Wednesday,



59

(13) That military rule must end by Nov. 22 (The Jakarta Post,

Wednesday, November 14th 2007, p.7)

(14) How shall we live? (The Jakarta Post, Wednesday, November 18th

2007, p.14)

Clauses (10) to (14) are the examples of finite clauses using modal auxiliaries in

the form of statements and questions. In here, the writer also found that the modal

auxiliaries can be in the form of negatives like can’t, won’t and must not. The

negative forms can be seen in the following clauses.

(15) In Bali, we probably can't develop the legal framework or draft it

(The Jakarta Post, Thursday, November 1st 2007, p.5)

(16) I simply won’t be able to believe anything he said to me (The

Jakarta Post, Wednesday, November 14th 2007, p.11)

(17) The divested shares ... must not exceed five percent for each buyer

(The Jakarta Post, Tuesday, November 20th 2007, p.4)

The fourth type of the finite verb which is found in the simple present

tense clause is be form. The type of be form is dominated in the simple present

tense clauses. The occurrence is 122 clauses from 410 clauses, or 29.68%. As we

know in English, there are 3 kinds of be (is, am, are), but from the samples of the

simple present tense clauses, there are only two kinds of be which occur in the

samples, is and are. The occurrences of be form are stated in the following

examples.


60

(18) This is more about enforcing the law for the sake of healthy

business competition in Indonesia. (The Jakarta Post, Thursday,

November 22nd 2007, p.6)

(19) There are, in spite of this apparent setback, significant pluses in

Indonesia, so much so that investors will never dry up. (The

Jakarta Post, Friday, November 23rd 2007, p.17)

The last type of finite verb which occurs in the simple present tense

clauses is do form. The occurrence of this type is the less than the other types. The

distribution of do form only occurs in the 12 clauses or 2.92%. In English, do

form can be in the form of do, does, don’t, and doesn’t, but from the samples of

the simple present tense clauses, the writer only found the negative forms of the

don’t and doesn’t. The examples are:

(20) If we don’t do the right things right now (The Jakarta Post,


(21) that the rainfall rate doesn’t change (The Jakarta Post, Thursday,


2. Present Progressive

From Table 5 we have known that there is not a present progressive clause

in the headlines because, as stated before, the simple present tense dominates the

clauses. The type of present progressive tense can be seen in the following S-

Structure.

The new generations are becoming more and more comfortable with Asia

(The Jakarta Post, Monday, November 26th 2007, p.18)


61

-s [The new generations be becoming more and more comfortable with Asia] be [The new generations becoming more and more comfortable with Asia] -ing [The new generations become more and more comfortable with Asia]

V AP

A’

CP

C TNSP

NP TNS’

C’

TNS

NP V’

VP

V PartP

Part’

Part VP

NP V’

The new generations

be -s

t

tt

become -ing

t

t

more and more comfortable with Asia

The occurrence of present continuous tense clauses in the articles is the fewest

compared with the occurrences of the simple present tense and present perfect

tense. The distribution of present continuous tense in the articles is only 30

clauses or 5.76%. The pattern of present continuous that was found by the writer

is be + V ing, with most of be are is and are. Some of the clauses using the

pattern of present progressive tense are:


62

(22) Alaska is heating up more dramatically than other regions because

increases in temperature are accelerated in the far north,

according to climate scientists (The Jakarta Post, Sunday,


(23) The new generations are becoming more and more comfortable

with Asia (The Jakarta Post, Monday, November 26th 2007, p.18)

3. Present Perfect

The writer didn’t find the pattern of present perfect in the headlines, but in

the articles, the writer found that the distribution of the present perfect clauses is

the second largest, which are 80 clauses or 15.35% of the whole samples. The

pattern of present perfect tense can be seen in the following S-Structure:

Many have expressed hope Yudhoyono would use the opportunity to take a

stronger stance on the junta when he meets with Myanmar’s Prime

Minister Thein Sein. (The Jakarta Post, Monday, November 19th 2007,

p.7)

-s [Many have expressed hope Yudhoyono would use the opportunity to take a stronger stance on the junta when he meets with Myanmar’s Prime Minister Thein Sein] have [Many expressed hope Yudhoyono would use the opportunity to take a stronger stance on the junta when he meets with Myanmar’s Prime Minister Thein Sein] -en [Many have express hope Yudhoyono would use the opportunity to take a stronger stance on the junta when he meets with Myanmar’s Prime Minister Thein Sein]


63

CP

C TNSP

NP TNS’

C’

TNS

NP V’

VP

V PartP

Part’

Part VP

NP V’

Many

have -s

t

t

t

express -en

V NP

t

Yudhoyono would use the opportunity to take a stronger stance on the junta when he meets with Myanmar’s Prime Minister Thein Sein

Clause

N

hope t

The writer found that the patterns of present prefect tense in the articles of

the headline news can be in the form of active voice and passive voices. The

auxiliaries which always appear in the present perfect tense are has for the

singular subject and have for plural subject. The patterns of present perfect can be

seen in the following clauses.


64

(24) Many have expressed hope Yudhoyono would use the opportunity

to take a stronger stance on the junta when he meets with

Myanmar’s Prime Minister Thein Sein. (The Jakarta Post,

Monday, November 19th 2007, p.7)

(25) which has been criticized as one reason for ASEAN’s inability to

deal with Myanmar and other problems such as the Asian financial

crisis of 1997 (The Jakarta Post, Saturday, November 10th 2007,

p.17)

As stated before, basically there are only two kinds of tenses, present and

past. In this analysis result, the type of present tense clauses has been discussed in

the above paragraphs. Therefore, the pattern of Past tense will be discussed in the

following paragraphs.

In this study, the writer also found the pattern of past tense in the finite

clauses which are taken from the articles of the headlines news. The population of

the past tense form dominates the samples of the data that is 806 clauses from

1327 clauses or 60.74% of the samples of the data. Those past tense clauses are in

the form of simple past, past perfect and also past progressive. The pattern of

simple past dominates the whole past tense clauses. The distribution of the simple

past clauses is 749 clauses from 806 clauses or 92.93%. The second type of past

tense is past perfect tense. This type of tense occurs in 43 clauses or 5.33%, while

the third type, past progressive tense, only occurs in the 14 clauses or 1.74%. The

distribution of those types of past tense can be shown in the following table.


65

Table 7. The Variants of Past Tense and the Distributions in the Articles of the Headlines News No. Variants of Past Tense Occurrence Percentage 1. Simple Past 749 92.93% 2. Past Perfect 43 5.33% 3. Past Progressive 14 1.74%

Total 806 100%

4. Simple Past

There are also several types of finite verbs in the simple past tense clauses

which are found in the analysis. Those finite verbs can be in the in the forms of -

ed form, modal auxiliary, be form and also did form. The patterns of simple

present tense can be seen from the S-Structure like in the following examples:

a. -ed form

He added it would also put a rules-based framework in place, which would

include measures for monitoring compliance and provisions for the

settlement of disputes. (The Jakarta Post, Monday, November 19th 2007,

p.4)

-ed [He add it would also put a rules-based framework in place, which

would include measures for monitoring compliance and provisions for the

settlement of disputes]


66

C’

C TNSP

NP TNS’

TNS VP

NP V’

Clause V

add

it would also put a rules-based framework in place, which would include measures for monitoring compliance and provisions for the settlement of disputes

-ed

He

t

t

CP

b. Modal auxiliary

Bangladesh death toll could top 2,000 (The Jakarta Post, Sunday,

November 18th 2007)

Could [Bangladesh death toll top 2,000]

CP

C’ C TNSP

NP

V

V’ NP

VP TNS

TNS’

NP

Bangladesh death toll

could

top

t

2000


67

c. be form

the initial purchase by Indonesia of the two VLCC tankers for $130 million

in 2002 was appropriate and in line with existing regulations (The Jakarta

Post, Saturday, November 3rd 2007, p.8)

-ed [the initial purchase by Indonesia of the two VLCC tankers for $130

million in 2002 be appropriate and in line with existing regulations]

be [the initial purchase by Indonesia of the two VLCC tankers for $130

million in 2002 appropriate and in line with existing regulations]

A’

CP

C TNSP

NP TNS’

C’

TNS NP

V’ VP

V AP

the initial purchase by Indonesia of the two VLCC tankers for $130 million in 2002

be -ed

t

t

appropriate and in line with existing regulations

d. did form

Paskah did not give details on the program (The Jakarta Post, Wednesday,


-ed [Paskah not give details on the program]

not [Paskah give details on the program]


68

N’

By looking at the S-Structure, the writer found that there is only one clause

in the headlines which uses the pattern of past tense. From Table 1, it is clear that

the occurrence of past tense clause in the headlines is 4.55%. The pattern of past

tense in the headlines is using modal auxiliary in the past form, could, which stand

with the main verb. The past tense clause in the headlines is:

CP

C’ C TNSP

NP

NegP

V’ NP

VP TNS

TNS’

VP

Paskah

-ed

V

NP

t

givenot

N PP

on the program details

(26) Bangladesh death toll could top 2,000 (The Jakarta Post, Sunday,

November 18th 2007)

In the above clause, past tense is shown by the using of modal auxiliaries could

and the main verb is top. As the minimum requirement of a past tense, the modal

auxiliary is in the past form. The modal auxiliary could is the past form of modal

auxiliary can.


69

In the articles of the headlines news, the writer found that 749 of 806

clauses are using the pattern of simple past tense. Like the pattern of simple

present, the simple past tense can also be varies. Those simple past tense clauses

can be in the –ed forms, modal auxiliaries forms, be forms or did forms. The

occurrence of –ed form is dominating the whole samples, 528 from 749 clauses or

70.49%. The modal auxiliaries forms occurs in 86 clauses or 11.48%, be form

occurs 131 clauses or 17.49%, and the fewest is did form, which only occurs in 4

clauses or 0.54%. The clearer distributions can be seen in the table below.

Table 8. The Types of Finite Verbs in the Simple Past Tense Clauses in the Articles No. Types of Finite Verbs Occurrence Percentage 1. -ed form 528 70.49% 2. Modal auxiliary 86 11.48% 3. be form 131 17.49% 4. did form 4 0.54%

Total 749 100%

As stated before, the occurrence of the simple past tense is dominated by

–ed form. The writer found that this kind of finite verb can be in the irregular or

regular form. For examples are the verbs added and found. The verb added is an

example of regular verb and the past form of verb add. The second verb, found, is

an example of irregular verb and the past form of verb find. Those verbs are used

in the following clauses.

(27) He added it would also put a rules-based framework in place,

which would include measures for monitoring compliance and

provisions for the settlement of disputes. (The Jakarta Post,



70

(28) The KPPU found Monday that Temasek, along with eight other

firms, mostly its subsidiaries, including STT and Singapore

Telecommunications (SingTel), had broken the Monopoly Law,

which prohibits a company or business group from owning two or

more companies with a combined market share of more than 50

percent. (The Jakarta Post, Thursday, November 22nd 2007, p.8)

The second type of finite verb in the simple past tense clauses is modal

auxiliaries form. The occurrence of this type is 86 from 749 clauses or 11.48%.

Some of the modal auxiliaries which are employed in the simple past tense clauses

are could, should, would, and might. Those modal auxiliaries are used in the

following clauses.

(29) that Indonesia could take the lead for developing nations by

forming a friends of chair group (The Jakarta Post, Thursday,

November 1st 2007, p.8)

(30) Which institution should handle the billions of dollars (The

Jakarta Post, Friday, November 2nd 2007, p.1)

(31) it would “take a lot of energy to shift the 2.5 million cubic meters

of water in the crater” (The Jakarta Post, Sunday, November 4th

2007, p.17)

(32) that finally we might have a leader who is passionate about

fairness in this country (The Jakarta Post, Sunday, November 25th

2007, p.7)


71

Besides the positive statement, the using of modal auxiliary is also used in the

negative statement. One of the example is modal auxiliary shouldn’t. The simple

past clause which used modal auxiliary shouldn’t is:

(33) They shouldn’t be angry if they are subjected to sanctions (The

Jakarta Post, Thursday, November 22nd 2007, p.4)

The third type of finite clauses in the simple past tense is be form. The

distribution of this type of finite verb is 131 from 749 clauses or 17.49%. The

writer found that there are only two kinds of be which occur in the articles of the

headlines news. Those two kinds of be are was and were and shown in the

examples below.

(34) the initial purchase by Indonesia of the two VLCC tankers for $130

million in 2002 was appropriate and in line with existing

regulations (The Jakarta Post, Saturday, November 3rd 2007, p.8)

(35) some recalcitrant residents were dragged from their homes (The

Jakarta Post, Saturday, November 4th 2007, p.13)

And the last type of finite verb is did form. The distribution of this type of

verb is the fewest among all. Did form only occur in 4 clauses from 749 clauses or

the percentage is 0.54%. The form of did only occurs in the negatives statements

and one of the examples of those simple past tense clauses is:

(36) Paskah did not give details on the program (The Jakarta Post,



72

5. Past Perfect

The second combination of the past tense is past perfect tense. The

patterns of past perfect tense can be seen in the following S-Structures:

a. modal auxiliary

whether we should have separated conventions like Kyoto Protocol for

adaptation (The Jakarta Post, Thursday, November 1st 2007, p.5)

should [whether we have separated conventions like Kyoto Protocol for adaptation] have [whether we separated conventions like Kyoto Protocol for adaptation] -en [whether we separate conventions like Kyoto Protocol for adaptation]

whether

CP

C TNSP

NP TNS’

C’

TNS

NP V’

VP

V Part P

Part’

Part VP

NP V’

we

should

separate -en

V NP

PP

N’ t

t

have t

t

conventions like Kyoto protocol

for adaptation


73

b. had form

five ships had been dispatched with supplies of food, medicine, and relief

materials (The Jakarta Post, Saturday, November 17th 2007, p.10)

-ed [five ships have been dispatched with supplies of food, medicine, and relief materials] have [five ships been dispatched with supplies of food, medicine, and relief materials] -en [five ships be dispatched with supplies of food, medicine, and relief materials] be [[five ships dispatched with supplies of food, medicine, and relief materials] -en [[five ships dispatch with supplies of food, medicine, and relief materials]

CP

Five ships

Part P V Part’

VP Part V’

NP PP dispatch -en

with supplies of food, medicine, and relief materials

V’

NP

Ø

V

C TNSP

NP TNS’

C

TNS NP

V’ VP

V Part P

Part’

Part VP

NP V’

have -ed t

be -en

t

tt

t

tt

t


74

In this study, the writer didn’t find any past perfect tense in the headlines,

but in the articles, this type of tense occurs in the 43 clauses from 806 clauses, or

5.33%. The type of past perfect tense in articles also varies. It can be in the form

of had and also with the combination of modal auxiliaries. The modal auxiliaries

in the samples of the data are should, could and would. Those modal auxiliaries

are used in the following clauses.

(37) whether we should have separated conventions like Kyoto

Protocol for adaptation (The Jakarta Post, Thursday, November

1st 2007, p.5)

(38) that the sale of the two tankers to Bermuda-based Frontline Inc.

for US$ 184 millions in 2004 could have inflicted state losses (The

Jakarta Post, Saturday, November 3rd 2007, p.7)

(39) the death toll would have been far higher (The Jakarta Post,

Sunday, November 18th 2007, p.23)

Like in present tense, the pattern of past perfect tense can be in the form of

active voice and also passive voice. Some of the clauses which used the pattern of

past perfect tense with had form are:

(40) although the administration had increased the height of the sea

barrier in Muara Angke over the past few weeks (The Jakarta Post,

Tuesday, November 27th 2007, p.21)

(41) five ships had been dispatched with supplies of food, medicine, and

relief materials (The Jakarta Post, Saturday, November 17th 2007,

p.10)


75

6. Past Progressive

The third combination of past tense is past progressive tense. The pattern

of past progressive clause can be seen in the following S-Structure:

that authorities were getting tough (The Jakarta Post, Sunday, November

4th 2007, p.14)

-ed [that authorities be getting tough]

be [that authorities getting tough]

-ing [that authorities get tough]

that

CP

C TNSP

NP TNS’

C’

TNS

NP V’

VP

V PartP

Part’

Part VP

NP V’

authorities

be -ed

get -ing

V AP

tough t

t

tt

t


76

The writer also didn’t find any kind of past progressive tense in the

headlines. In here, the writer figured out that the distribution of past progressive

tense is 14 articles from 806 clauses or 1.74%. The types of past progressive tense

in the articles are only were form and was form. Those types of verbs can be seen

in the clauses below.

(42) that authorities were getting tough (The Jakarta Post, Sunday,


(43) Although Howard was also trying to have a closer relations with

Asia, among others by becoming part of the East Asia Summit and

concluding a defense agreement with Indonesia (The Jakarta Post,


B. The Grammatical Reasons of the Tense Choices

In this part, the grammatical reasons of the tense choices in the headlines

and also in the articles of the headline news in The Jakarta Post published in

November 2007 are discussed. The grammatical reasons which will be discussed

include grammatical meanings of the tense and also what the tenses are used for.

For example, a simple present tense may be used to show a habitual action,

general timeless/universal statement, or expressed a temporary activity. Therefore,

the writer will describe the grammatical reasons of the tense choices in the

following paragraphs.


77

1. Simple Present

As stated in the previous chapter, simple present tense may have some

grammatical reasons such as to express a habitual action, general

timeless/universal statement, a temporary activity and instantaneous activity, for

referring to a sequential habit in subordinate clause with the main verb is in future

time, for referring to a conditional in a future time especially in the subordinate

clause, for describing a past events in narration (in conversation), for referring to

an action which takes place at some definite future time, for referring to a future

habitual action or future state, for referring to a situation that may obtain in the

present and will obtain in the future but with some future termination in the sight,

or for referring to the main clause in the future conditional sentence.

In this study, the writer mixed the data both from the headlines and also

from the articles of the headlines. There are 21 simple present tense clauses from

the headlines and 411 clauses from the articles. The writer figured out that most of

the simple present tense clauses are used to show the speech acts that take place in

the present time with percentage of 57.41% or 248 from 432 clauses. And the rest

42.59 % or 184 clauses of the simple present tense clauses are used to show the

speech acts that happen in the past time but taken as quotations in the articles of

the headline news. The percentage can be seen clearer from the table below.

Table 9. The Grammatical Reasons of the Choosing Simple Present Tense in the Clauses of the Whole Samples No. Grammatical Reasons Occurrence Percentage 1. Showing speech acts that happen in the

present time 248 57.41%

2. Showing past speech acts that taken as quotations in the articles

184 42.59%

Total 432 100%


78

From the 248 clauses of the speech acts that happen in the present time,

the writer found that the using of the simple present tense also has various

meanings. The pattern of simple present tense can be used to show present

actions/ present statements, habitual actions, to refer to sequential habit in

subordinate clauses, to refer to a conditional future time especially in the

subordinate clauses, to describe actions which take place at some definite future

time, to describe a future habitual actions, to show situations that may obtain in

the present and will obtain in the future but with future termination in the sight, to

show a possibility that states in the present time, to refer to the abilities of the

actions that are stated in the present time, and to show the obligations or

compulsions in the present time. The occurrences of those grammatical meanings

of the present speech acts are stated in the following table.

Table 10. The Grammatical Meanings of the Simple Present Tense in the Present Speech Acts No. Grammatical Meanings Occurrence Percentage 1. Showing present action/ present statements 185 74.60% 2. Showing habitual actions 1 0.4% 3. Showing sequential habits in the subordinate

clauses 1 0.4%

4. Showing conditional future time in the subordinate clauses

2 0.81%

5. Showing actions which take place at some definite future time

34 13.72%

6. Showing future habitual actions 1 0.4% 7. Showing situations which occur in the present

and will obtain in the future with the same future termination in the sight

4 1.61%

8. Showing possibilities that stated in the present time

10 4.03%

9. Showing the abilities of the actions that stated in the present time

6 2.42%

10. Showing obligations or compulsory that stated in the present time.

4 1.61%

Total 248 100%


79

From the above table, it is clear that the occurrence of the grammatical

meaning showing the present actions/ present statements dominates the samples of

the present speech acts with percentage 74.6% or 185 from 248 present speech

acts. This grammatical meaning can be viewed from these following clauses.

(44) GEF projects are implemented by the World Bank, UN agencies,

regional development banks, the International Fund for

Agricultural Development and the Food and Agriculture

Organization (The Jakarta Post, Friday, November 2nd 2007, p.7

(45) About 130,000 people live within a 10-kilometer (six-miles) danger

zone around Mount Kelud, according to the health ministry (The

Jakarta Post, Sunday, November 4th 2007, p.16)

The verbs are implemented and live in the clauses show the using of simple

present tense and used to show the present statement and also present actions.

Those clauses are said in the present time and that is why both of the clauses are

called as the present speech acts.

The second grammatical meaning of the simple present tense is showing

the habitual actions. In this study, there is only a simple present clause which has

that grammatical meaning. The percentage is 0.4% from 248 simple present tense

clauses. The only clause which having grammatical meaning to show the habitual

action is:

(46) who travels regularly on Jl. Metro Pondok Indah, in Pondok Indah

(The Jakarta Post, Monday, November 12th 2007, p.6)


80

The verb travels come from the verb travel that is inflected with -s form. The

writer concluded that the simple present tense in the clause is used to show a

habitual action because of the using of adverb regularly in the clause. The adverb

of frequency explains that the action happens as a habitual activity.

The third grammatical meaning that occurs in the present speech acts is to

show sequential habits in the subordinate clauses. The occurrence of this

grammatical meaning is the same with showing the habitual actions, which is

0.4% from 248 simple present tense clauses in the present speech acts. The writer

only found 1 clause which had that grammatical meaning. The clause is:

(47) For Indonesia, it won’t be a matter which organization handles the

funds which organization handles the funds as long as it is easy for

us and other developing countries to get it (The Jakarta Post,

Friday, November 2nd 2007, p.12)

In the above clause, is shows the present tense pattern. The sequential habits that

occur in the subordinate clause above can be seen from the subordinator as...as as

the adverb of time and the clause it is easy for us and other developing countries

to get it as the sequential habit.

The next grammatical meaning that occurs in the present speech acts is

describing conditionals future time in the subordinate clauses. The occurrence of

this grammatical meaning is 0.81% or 2 clauses from 248 present speech acts

clauses. This grammatical meaning usually occurs in the present conditional

clause introduced by if, unless, etc, one of the examples of the simple present

tense clause in the present speech acts that contain this grammatical meaning is:


81

(48) They shouldn’t be angry if they are subjected to sanctions (The


From the clause (48), it can be described if the condition they are subjected to

sanctions happens in the future time, the clause they shouldn’t be angry is

supposed to happen next.

The other grammatical meaning which is found in the simple present tense

pattern is showing actions which take place at some definite future time. The

population of this grammatical meaning is the second largest with the distribution

34 from 248 clauses or 13.72%. Most of the clauses which are found from the

samples use the modal auxiliary will to show the actions which take place at some

definite future time. Some of the examples are:


Conference (UNFCCC) will hold a climate conference in Bali from

Dec. 3 to 14 (The Jakarta Post, Thursday, November 1st 2007, p.9)

(50) The 10 leaders of the Association of the Southeast Asian nations

(ASEAN) will sign a historical charter and declaration of the

Economic Community Blueprint when they meet at the 13th ASEAN

summit here Tuesday (The Jakarta Post, Monday, November 19th

2007, p.1)

Clause (49) and (50) use modal auxiliary will to show future happenings. The

adverbs of time, Dec. 3 to 14 in clause (49) and Tuesday (50) show the definite

time in the future when the actions will happen.


82

The sixth grammatical meaning that occurs in the samples is showing the

future habitual actions. The future habitual actions in here mean that the actions

will take place in the future time, and the actions will become a habit. The

distribution of this grammatical meaning is 0.4% from the 248 clauses or only 1

clause. The clause which has a future habitual action meaning is:

(51) The policy will be evaluated once a week (The Jakarta Post,

Tuesday, November 13th 2007, p.9)

In the clause above the future time is shown by the using of modal auxiliary will

and the habitual action is shown by the using of adverbs once.

The seventh grammatical meaning is showing a situation that may obtain

in the present and will obtain in the future but with some future termination in the

sight. As stated in the table 10, the distribution of the clause which having this

grammatical meaning is 4 clauses or 1.61%. This grammatical meaning usually

employs some of subordinators such as for and until like stated in the following

clauses.

(52) They will serve the East Java chapter of NU until 2012 (The

Jakarta Post, Monday, November 5th 2007, p.12)

(53) The policy will be effective for 30 days (The Jakarta Post, Monday,


The situations of both clauses are in the present time but they will also obtain in

the future time. The futurity can be seen from the using of modal auxiliary will

and the termination sight can be seen from the using of adverb until and for that

show the timing of the situations.


83

The next grammatical meaning is describing actions that is possible to

happen in the future time. The occurrence of this grammatical meaning can be

seen in 10 clauses or 4.03% of 248 clauses. In this study, the writer figured out

that there are two kinds of possibilities, they are factual possibilities that are

usually introduced by modal auxiliary may and theoretical possibilities that are

usually introduced by modal auxiliary can. Those possibilities can be seen in the

clauses below.

(54) the funds for the program may come from another reallocation of

routine expenditures in the budget (The Jakarta Post, Wednesday,


(55) Jakarta’s regular floods can be partially blamed on global and

regional warming (The Jakarta Post, Thursday, November 29th

2007, p.1)

Clause (54) is one of the examples of factual possibility which is introduced by

the using of modal auxiliary may. It means it is possible that the funds for the

program come from another reallocation of routine expenditures in the budget.

Clause (55) is one of the examples of theoretical possibilities which is introduced

by the using of modal auxiliary can. From this clause, it can be concluded that

global and regional warming has possibilities to be blamed for Jakarta’s regular

floods because theoretically, the global and regional warming influence the

climate change and it has impact on the floods.

The other grammatical meaning that is found in the samples is to describe

the abilities of the actions that are stated in the present time. This grammatical


84

meaning means that the speech act is in the present time and it shows the actions

which are able to happen. In this study, the writer figured out that the occurrence

of this grammatical meaning is 2.42% from 248 clauses or only 6 clauses in the

samples. All of the clauses which have this grammatical meaning always employ

the modal auxiliary can to show the abilities. Some of the examples are:

(56) Those who wish to complain about traffic congestion in the capital

can call 3145518, fax 3912377, or send an e-mail to

[email protected] or [email protected] (The Jakarta

Post, Monday, November 12th 2007, p.4)

The last grammatical meaning that is found in the samples is to show the

obligation/ compulsion in the present time. This grammatical meaning always

employ the using of modal auxiliary must in the clauses. In here, the writer

figured out that the distribution of this grammatical meaning is 1.61% or only 4

clauses from 248 samples. One of the clauses which has this grammatical meaning

is:

(57) ASEAN must go beyond mentioning human rights and democracy

in the charter (The Jakarta Post, Saturday, November 10th 2007,

p.14)

In this part, the writer only analyzes the grammatical meaning of the

simple present tense clauses in the present speech acts in spite of the simple

present tense clauses in the quotations of the articles because it is clear that the

grammatical meaning of the clauses which are taken as quotations are in the form

of past speech acts.


85

As stated in the table 9, 184 clauses or 42.59% from the simple present

tense clauses which occur in the articles and headlines are taken from quotations.

The quotations in here represent the past speech acts that is reported by the

journalist. Those simple present tense clauses which indicate past speech acts also

have various grammatical meanings and the grammatical meanings which occur

in the simple present tense clauses can be seen in the following table.

Table 11. The Grammatical Meanings of the Simple Present Tense Which indicate Past Speech Acts No. Grammatical Meanings Occurrence Percentage 1. Showing present action/ present statements 122 66.30% 2. Showing habitual actions 1 0.55%

3. Showing the main clause in the future conditional clauses

9 4.89%

4. Showing conditional future time in the subordinate clauses

8 4.35%

5. Showing actions which take place at some definite future time

30 16.30%

6. Showing possibilities that stated in the present time

4 2.17%

7. Showing the abilities of the actions that stated in the present time

5 2.72%

8. Showing obligations or compulsory that stated in the present time.

4 2.17%

9. Showing intentions on the part of the speaker 1 0.55% Total 184 100%

The first grammatical meaning of the simple present tense which is taken

from quotations is showing present action/ present statements. This grammatical

meaning dominates the population with 122 clauses from 184 simple present tense

clauses of the quotations. One of the examples is:

(58) It takes 20 minutes to go from my home to work (The Jakarta Post,

Thursday, November 15th 2007, p.9)


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The example above shows that the action takes happens in the present time when

the speech happen, and because the speech happens in the past time, so the speech

is called as past speech act.

The second grammatical meaning which is found in the past speech acts is

showing a habitual action. The distribution of this grammatical meaning is only

one clause or 0.55% and the clause is:

(59) Commodities usually advance when that happens (The Jakarta

Post, Thursday, November 8th 2007, p.6)

The above example indicates that the action is advance, and the adverb usually

emphasizes this action becomes a habitual actions.

The third grammatical meaning is showing the main clause in the future

conditional clauses. The main verb in this kind of clauses always employs the

modal auxiliary will, like in this example:

(60) It will be a paper tiger if they do not use it (The Jakarta Post,

Saturday, November 10th 2007, p.14)

The main clause of the conditional clause above is it will be a paper tiger. The

main clause could happen if the condition in the subordinate clause is completed.

This kind of grammatical meaning occurs in nine clauses or 4.89% from the past

speech acts.

The next grammatical meaning is showing conditional future time in the

subordinate clauses. As stated in the above paragraph, the subordinate clauses in

the future conditional clauses determine the occurrence of the main clause in the


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reality. The distribution of this kind of grammatical meaning is 8 or 4.35%. One

of the examples of the clauses which has this grammatical meaning is:

(61) If the production is secure, then there will not be a problem (The

Jakarta Post, Wednesday, November 7th 2007, p.3)

In clause (61), the condition is if the production is secure, and if the condition is

completed, so the main clause there will not be a problem could happen in the

future.

The second largest grammatical meanings which is figured out in the past

speech acts is showing actions which take place at some definite future time. It

just like the present speech acts, the clauses employs modal auxiliary will to show

the future time. The occurrence of this clause is 30 or 16.30% from 184 simple

present tense clauses indicating past speech acts. The example is:

(62) We will officially ask them to come in for questioning as suspects

next week (The Jakarta Post, Saturday, November 3rd 2007, p.5)

The other grammatical meaning which occurs in the simple present tense

clauses indicating past speech acts is showing possibilities that are stated in the

present time. The distribution of this grammatical meaning is only 4 clauses and

all of them are represented by the using of modal auxiliary can and may. Those

modal auxiliaries can be seen in the following quotations.

(63) They may possibly refuse to work but be easily tempted to violate

regulations (The Jakarta Post, Friday, November 9th 2007, p.15)


88

(64) Also, it can be expected that Indonesian economic and cultural

relations with Australia will improve further under Labor (The

Jakarta Post, Monday, November 26th 2007, p.12)

The seventh grammatical meaning which is found in the past speech acts is

showing the abilities of the actions that are stated in the present time. All of the

abilities of the actions in the clauses are represented by the using of modal

auxiliary can. The occurrence of this clause is only 5 clauses from 184 clauses.

One of them is:

(65) I can’t say I agree or not with this proposal (The Jakarta Post,


Even though the example of the clause is in the negative form, it is clear that the

ability to do the action is shown by the using of modal can. In this clause, the

modal auxiliary can’t states that the subject has no ability to say agree or not

agree with the proposal.

After showing the ability of the actions, the other grammatical meaning

which occurs in the clauses is showing obligations or compulsories that are stated

in the present time. This grammatical meaning is also using modal auxiliary to

indicate the obligations or compulsory of the actions. The modal auxiliary which

is used is must. In this analysis, the writer only found 4 clauses of this kind of

grammatical meaning in the past speech acts and one of them is:

(66) That judges who pardoned the defendant must be examined (The

Jakarta Post, Thursday, November 6th 2007, p.4)


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The last grammatical meaning which is found is showing intentions on the

part of the speaker. This grammatical meaning is shown by the using of modal

auxiliary shall and the writer only found one clauses which has this grammatical

meaning. This grammatical meaning usually only occurs for the first person

singular (I) or plural (we) and usually the modal auxiliary shall is used to ask for

instructions like in the following clause:

(67) How shall we live? (The Jakarta Post, Thursday, November 18th

2007, p.14)

2. Present Progressive

As stated in the table 4, the occurrence of the clauses which have present

progressive forms is 30 clauses from 521 present tense clauses or 5.76%. These

present progressive clauses have various grammatical meanings like the simple

present tense clauses. A present progressive tense can be used to describe the

actions which is in process, indicating actions which is in the limited duration,

indication incompleteness actions, indicating a habitual action and conveying an

emotional coloring such as irritation (usually with adverb of high frequency), to

show fixed arrangement, plan or program, to show instantaneous actions. The

other grammatical meanings of present progressive can be seen from the using of

modal auxiliary such as will to describe actions that will be in progress at a

specific time in the near future and to describe durations of some specific future

actions.

In this study, the writer figured out that there are only 4 kinds of

grammatical meanings that occur in the present progressive clauses. The first


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grammatical meaning is indicating the actions which are in process/ in progress

with the distribution 25 from 30 clauses or 83, 33% from the whole present

progressive tense. The second grammatical meaning is indicating the actions

which are in the limited duration with the occurrence are 2 clauses or 6.67%. The

third grammatical meaning is to describe fixed arrangements, plans or programs

with percentage 3.33% or only 1 clause from 30 present progressive clauses. And

the last grammatical meaning is to describe instantaneous actions with the

distribution 6.67% or only 2 clauses from the samples. The clearer description of

these grammatical meanings can be seen in the following table and paragraphs.

Table 12. The Grammatical Meanings of the Present Progressive Tense

No. Grammatical Meanings Occurrence Percentage 1. Indicating actions which are in process/ in

progress 26 86.66%

2. Indicating actions which are in the limited duration

2 6.67%

3. Indicating instantaneous activities 2 6.67% Total 30 100%

From table 12, it is clear that the occurrence of the first grammatical

meaning, indicating actions which are in process or in progress, dominates the

samples of present progressive clauses with percentage 86.66% or 26 from 30

clauses. Some of the examples of the clauses are:

(68) Developing and least-developed countries are expecting more

money to be raised for climate adaptation programs (The Jakarta

Post, Thursday, November 1st 2007, p.1)

(69) At risk from surging storm waves and floods, Alaska’s coastal

villagers are dealing with the immediate consequences of climate


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change – threats to their health, safety and even their ancestors’

graves (The Jakarta Post, Sunday, November 11th 2007, p.15)

In the clause (68) and (69) the actions are expect and deal which happen in the

present time and still in process/ progress. The term of present progressive form

basically is used to show this grammatical meaning.

The second grammatical meaning which is found in the present

progressive clauses is indicating actions which are in the limited duration. In this

study, the occurrence of this grammatical meaning is only 2 clauses or 6.67%.

Both of the clauses are:

(70) The dollar is falling very sharply this morning in Asia (The Jakarta

Post, Thursday, November 8th 2007, p.6)

(71) when Australia’s economy is booming (The Jakarta Post, Sunday,


In the clause (70) above, the action is fall and it can be seen that the action fall is

in the limited duration, which only occurs in the morning of the speech act, this

morning in Asia. It is just the same with the action boom in the clause (71) which

also occurs in the limited time.

The third grammatical meaning is indicating instantaneous actions. In his

study, there are only 2 clauses of present progressive clauses which have this

grammatical meaning with percentage 6.67%. Those clauses are:

(72) the West Antarctic ice sheet is thinning (The Jakarta Post, Sunday,



92

(73) Alaska is heating up more dramatically than other regions because

increases in temperature are accelerated in the far north,

according to climate scientists (The Jakarta Post, Sunday,


Both of the actions in clauses (72) and (73) happen in present time and the

progressive aspects in these clauses show that the actions are instantaneous.

3. Present Perfect

The next form of present tense is present perfect tense which come from

the combination between present tense with perfective aspect. As mentioned in

the table 4, the occurrence of present perfect is the second largest after the simple

present tense clauses. The distribution of this type of tense is 80 clauses from 521

present tense clauses in the articles or 15.35%.

This type of tense also has various grammatical meanings. A present

perfect tense can be used to describe a situation that began in the past and that

continuous into the present, to describe a past experience with current relevance,

to describe a very recently completed action, to describe an action that went over

time in the past and that is completed with the moment of speaking, to refer to a

conditional time in the subordinate clauses, to refer to a future action that will be

completed in prior to a specific future time, to refer to an action that will be

completed in the future prior to some other future time or event (as stated in the in

the previous chapter, theoretical review).

Even though there are various grammatical meanings from the using of

present perfect tense pattern, in this study, there are only 3 grammatical meanings


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which are found from the present perfect clauses. Those grammatical meanings

are used to show a situation that began in the past and that continuous into present,

to show a past experience with current relevance, and to show an action that went

over time in the past and that is completed with the moment of speaking. The

distribution of each grammatical meaning can be seen in the following table.

Table 13. The Grammatical Meanings of the Present Perfect Tense in the Clauses

No. Grammatical Meanings Occurrence Percentage 1. Describing an action that went over time in

the past and that is completed with the moment of speaking

57 71.25%

2. Describing a situation that began in the past and that continuous into present

19 23.75%

3. Describing a past experience with current relevance

4 5%

Total 80 100%

From the table 13, it is clear that the occurrence of clauses which has

grammatical meaning describing an action that went over time in the past and that

is completed with the moment of speaking dominates the present perfect clauses

in the articles. The distribution of this grammatical meaning is 57 from 80 clauses

or 71.25%. Some of the clauses which use the pattern of present perfect tense and

having this grammatical meaning are:

(74) Tens of thousands of people have been evacuated from the fertile

slopes of the historically deadly volcano (The Jakarta Post, Sunday,


(75) The Government has announced it will allocate Rp 10.4 trillion

(US$1.14 billion) to finance the 2009 general election, half the


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budget proposed by the General Elections Commission (KPU) (The

Jakarta Post, Friday, November 9th 2007, p.1)

The actions in clauses (74) and (75) can be described as completed actions

that went over in the past and complete in the moment of speaking. It means that

the actions are no longer exist at present because it has been completed when the

speaker states it. Therefore, the actions evacuate and announce do not longer exist

in the present because they are completed actions that have gone over in the past

and have been completed in the moment of speaking.

The next grammatical meaning which is found is to describe a situation

that began in the past and that continuous into the present. Different from previous

grammatical meaning, this grammatical meaning shows that even though the

actions went over in the past, the actions are still continuing in the present time.

The distribution of the clauses which have this grammatical meaning is 19 from

80 of the present perfect clauses or. 23.75%. Some of the examples are:

(76) Since record-keeping began, Mount Kelud’s eruptions have

claimed more than 15,000 lives, including an estimated 10,000 in a

catastrophic 1586 eruption (The Jakarta Post, Sunday, November

4th 2007, p.19)

(77) Global warming has also increased the sea level north of Jakarta

by 0.57 centimeters per year (The Jakarta Post, Thursday,



95

(78) A low-level separatist insurgency has gone on for decades in the

remote area (The Jakarta Post, Saturday, November 24th 2007,

p.12)

Clause (76) can be described that the action claim began in the past time since

record-keeping began and continually still happens in the present. The actions in

clauses (77) and (78), increase and go, also began in the past time and continually

still happen in the present. In this study, the writer marked that this grammatical

meaning employs some preposition such as since, for, and per to show the time

when the actions began and also the period of the actions.

The last grammatical meaning of present perfect tense which is found in

the samples is to describe a past experience with current relevance. This

grammatical meaning means that the action is done in the past but it still has

relevance with present time. The occurrence of this grammatical meaning is only

4 from 80 clauses of only 5%. One of the examples is:

(79) But it has already affected the share prices of Indosat and Telkom,

Telkomsel’s parent company, on the Jakarta stock Exchange (The


The action in the clause (79) above is affect which takes place in the past time, but

the situation still connects with present time and it is shown by the using of adverb

already in the clauses.

4. Simple Past

The other basic type of tenses is past tense. As stated in previous part,

there are 3 types of past tense which are found in this study and one of them is


96

simple past tense. There are one simple past clauses which is found in the

headlines and 806 clauses which are found in the articles of the headline news. All

of those 807 clauses have various grammatical meanings like the other kind of

tenses. Some of the grammatical meanings which are found in this study can be

seen in the following table.

Table 14. The Grammatical Meanings of the Simple Past Tense in the Clauses

No. Grammatical Meanings Occurrence Percentage 1. Conveying actions that take place at

particular point of time in the past 720 89.22%

2. Conveying actions that take place over a period of time and having been completed

1 0.12%

3. Conveying the past abilities 3 0.37% 4. Conveying the present possibilities actions 17 2.11% 5. Conveying the contingent actions (the main

verb) in the past conditional clause 2 0.25%

6. Conveying obligations and logical necessities of the actions in the past

14 1.73%

7. Conveying the probabilities of the future actions that state in the past

50 6.20%

Total 807 100%

From the above table, it is clear that the using of simple past tense in the

clauses of the articles and the headline are used to show that the actions take place

at particular point of time in the past with percentage 89.22% or 720 from 807

clauses. Some of the clauses mention the definite time when the actions happen in

the past, but the others doesn’t mention it. The examples of the simple past tense

clauses which have this grammatical meaning are:

(80) Indonesia’s Mount Kelud erupted Saturday (The Jakarta Post,



97

(81) Television footage showed rushing but calm residents piling into

trucks, wearing raincoats amid heavy downpours lashing the

slopes, clutching a few belongings (The Jakarta Post, Sunday,


The adverbial of time in the clause (80) is Saturday while in clause (81) there isn’t

adverbial of time which is mentioned in the clause. Even though one of the

clauses doesn’t have a definite time when the action happens, the writer knew that

both of the actions happen in the past time because both of the verbs have been

inflected with –ed.

The second grammatical meaning which is found from simple past tense

form is conveying actions that take place over a period of time and have been

completed. This type of grammatical meaning usually shows the period of time or

the duration of the actions which happen in the past. The occurrence of this

grammatical meaning is only 1 clause or 0.12%. The only clause which has this

grammatical meaning is:

(82) The consumers suffered a total loss of between Rp 14.7 trillion and

Rp 30.8 trillion from 2003 until 2006 (The Jakarta Post, Tuesday,


The period of time when the action happens is from 2003 until 2006. From the

duration of time that stated in the clause, it is clear that the action has been

completed in the past.

The third grammatical meaning is conveying the past abilities. The writer

only found three clauses that have this grammatical meaning with percentage


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0.37%. This grammatical meaning is used to show the abilities of past actions.

The only clause which has this grammatical meaning is:

(83) But the explosion could not immediately be confirmed with

scientist (The Jakarta Post, Sunday, November 4th 2007, p.6)

The simple past tense form is used to show the ability of the action confirm in the

above clause, but the negative form of modal auxiliary shows that the action has

no ability to be done immediately (as stated in the clause).

The next grammatical meaning that is found in the simple past clauses is

conveying the present possibilities actions. The possibilities which in here mean

theoretical possibilities and also factual possibilities that are usually stated with

the using of modal auxiliaries could and might. The modal auxiliaries could and

might are the past forms of can and may. The occurrence of this grammatical

meaning is 17 clauses or 2.11% of 807 simple past clauses. Some of the examples

of the clauses are:

(84) The new adaptation mechanism could be included in the new

protocol (The Jakarta Post, Thursday, November 1st 2007, p.11)

(85) It might be weeks before a winner is declared (The Jakarta Post,


Both of the clauses have simple past tense form with modal auxiliaries. The modal

auxiliaries could and might in the clauses are used to convey the possibilities.

Even though the modals are in the form of past tense, the grammatical meaning of

the simple past tense is to show the present possibilities. The past forms of the

modal auxiliaries are used to convey that the actions are in the past time.


99

The other grammatical meaning which appears in the simple past clauses

is conveying the contingent actions (the main verb) in the past conditional clause.

The contingent action in here means that the action may or may not happen

depends on the conditional which is stated in the subordinate clause. The

occurrence of this grammatical meaning is only 2 clauses or 0.25%. One of the

examples of the past conditional clause is:

(86) Prosecutors could detain the three suspects if they failed to appear

for questioning next week (The Jakarta Post, Saturday, November

3rd 2007, p.6)

The contingent action in the above clause is detain. The action may or may not

happen and it depends on the subordinate clause if they failed to appear for

questioning next week. This contingent action is usually stated by the using of

modal auxiliary such as could.

The sixth grammatical meaning which is figured out in the simple past

tense clauses is conveying obligations and logical necessities of the actions in the

past. There are 14 clauses which appear with this grammatical meaning in the

simple past tense clause and the percentage is 1.74%. In this study, the writer

found that the obligations and logical necessity are only stated by the using of

modal auxiliary should that is the past form of modal auxiliary shall. One of the

clauses that used this grammatical meaning is:

(87) The government should limit its proposal to the House so that both

could identify its costs and benefits immediately (The Jakarta Post,



100

The last grammatical meaning which is figured out is conveying the

probabilities of the future actions that are stated in the past. The probabilities in

here are stated by the using of modal auxiliary would that comes from modal

auxiliary will. The past form is used because the moment of the speaking is in the

past time. In this study the writer found 50 clauses or 6.20% of the simple past

tense clauses which have this grammatical meaning. The example of the clause

that has this grammatical meaning is:

(88) The beginning Monday motorist would be allowed to use certain

busway corridors during specific times (The Jakarta Post, Monday,


From the above clauses, it is clear that the moment of the speech is in the past and

it is shown by the using of modal auxiliary would. Modal auxiliary would indicate

the probabilities of the action which is stated in the clause.

5. Past Perfect

The combination between past tense and perfective aspect is past perfect

tense. In this study, the writer found 43 clauses using the pattern of past perfect

tense and having various grammatical meanings. The basic grammatical meaning

of past perfect tense is describing an activity/ action which extends in the past and

seen from the past current relevant too. The past current relevant means that time

when the speaker says it is in the past too. The example is:

(89) By midday the water had reached as high as 1.5 meters in several

sub districts (The Jakarta Post, Tuesday, November 27th 2007, p.5)


101

The relevant point in the past when the event’s viewed is by midday. This clause

can be described that the moment when the speaker stated the action is in the

midday in which the water has reached as high as 1.5 meters in several sub

districts.

The combination of past perfect tense can be seen from the occurrence of

the modal auxiliaries should and could. The modal auxiliary should is used to

show the obligation or logical necessity of the past event which is seen from

current relevant in the past. While modal auxiliary could is used to show the

possibility of the past event with relevant point in the past. The using of both

modal auxiliaries can be seen from following clauses:

(90) whether we should have separated conventions like Kyoto

Protocol for adaptation (The Jakarta Post, Thursday, November

1st 2007, p.5)

(91) that the sale of the two tankers to Bermuda-based Frontline Inc.

for US$ 184 millions in 2004 could have inflicted state losses (The

Jakarta Post, Saturday, November 3rd 2007, p.7)

The distribution of each grammatical meaning can be viewed in the

following table.


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Table 15. The Grammatical Meanings of the Past Perfect Tense in the Clauses

No. Grammatical Meanings Occurrence Percentage 1. Describing an activity/ action which extend in

the past and seen from the past current relevant

41 95.34%

2. Describing the obligation or logical necessity of the past event which is seen from current relevant in the past

1 2.33%

3. Describing the possibility of the past event with relevant point in the past

1 2.33%

Total 43 100%

6. Past Progressive

The last combination of past tense which is found in this analysis is past

progressive form. As stated in the previous paragraphs, the occurrence of past

progressive clauses is only 14 clauses from 806 past tense clauses or 1.74%. Like

the other types of tenses, past progressive tense may have more than one

grammatical meaning, but in this study, the writer figured out that all of the past

progressive tense clauses in have the same grammatical meaning, which is to

show the limited duration of an action in the past. One of the examples is:

(92) Military ships and helicopters were trying on Saturday to reach

thousands of survivors of a super cyclone that killed more than

1,600 people and pummeled the improvised country (The Jakarta

Post, Sunday, November 18th 2007, p.1)

Both of the actions in the clauses above have limited duration of time. The actions

occur in the past and also have been completed in the past and it means that the

actions extend only in the past.


CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

In this chapter, the writer gives the conclusion of the analysis on the

previous chapter. There are two problems which are discussed in the analysis. The

first problem deals with the types of tense that occurs in The Jakarta Post

headline news which is published in November 1 – 30, 2007, the second is about

the grammatical reasons of the choosing tenses.

Basically, there are only two kinds of tense which occur in the clauses of

the headlines and the articles, present and past, and the distribution of past tense

clauses dominate the samples of study. Between 1349 clauses (22 from headlines

and 1327 clauses from the articles), there are 807 clauses or 59.82% which used

past tense form. Both of present and past tenses can be in the simple form or

combined with perfective and progressive aspects. In here, the writer didn’t find

the combination between perfective and progressive aspects together in one clause,

the perfective or progressive aspect always stand alone in different clauses.

For the present tense, the writer figure out that there are only three kinds of

present forms, simple present, present perfect, and present progressive. The

occurrence of simple present tense in the headlines and in the articles is the largest

among two other kinds of present tenses with the distribution is 432 from 542

clauses. The present perfect tense only occurs in 80 clauses and present

progressive occurs in 30 clauses. For the past tense, the writer found that there are

also only three kinds of past tense forms, simple past, past perfect and past

103


104

progressive. From 807 past tense clause, the pattern of simple past dominates the

samples with percentage 92.94% or occurs in 750 clauses. The pattern of past

perfect tense only occurs in 43 clauses and the past progressive pattern occurs in

14 clauses.

From the distribution between past tense and also present tense in the

clauses of headlines and also in the articles, it is clear that the pattern of past tense

dominates the samples of data. Past tense is used more frequent in the articles

rather than in the headlines because the articles show the news report which

usually has happened and as the form of news writing, the report must be factual

and tense choices is very important. The past tense is used to show the actions/

statements which have happened in the past. The pattern of present tense is

commonly used in the headlines to show the recent happening.

In this study, the writer found that the grammatical meaning of a type of

tense can be various. The pattern of simple present tense basically is used to show

the speech acts that happen in the present time and also to show the past speech

acts that are taken as quotations in the articles. In general, the pattern of simple

present tense can be used to show present actions/ present statements, habitual

actions, sequential habits in the subordinate clauses, future habitual actions which

take place at some definite future time and usually are stated with modal auxiliary

will. Simple present tense may also indicate the situations which occur in the

present and will also happen in the future with the same future termination in the

sight and indicate obligations or compulsories that are stated in the present time.

Besides that, the simple present tense can be used to describe conditional future


105

time in the subordinate clauses, possibilities that are stated in the present time, and

to describe the abilities of the actions that are stated in the present time.

The pattern of present progressive tense also has various grammatical

meanings. Present progressive can be used to describe actions which are in

process/ in progress, to describe actions which are in the limited duration and also

can be used to describe instantaneous activities. While the pattern of present

perfect tense is used to indicate actions that went over time in the past and that is

completed with the moment of speaking, to indicate a situation that began in the

past and continuous into present, and also to indicate a past experience with

current relevance.

As stated before, the pattern of simple past tense dominated the samples of

the data. This type of tense also has different kinds of grammatical meanings.

Simple past tense can be used to convey actions that take place at particular point

of time in the past, actions that take place over a period of time and have been

completed, the past abilities, the present possibilities actions, the contingent

actions (the main verb) in the past conditional clause, obligations and logical

necessities of the actions in the past, and also to convey the probabilities of the

future actions that are stated in the past.

The second type of past tense is past progressive tense. This kind of tense

can be used to show the limited duration of actions in the past. The third type of

past tense is the combination of perfective aspect. The past perfect tense is used to

indicate an activity/ an action which extends in the past and seen from the past

current relevance, to indicate the obligation or logical necessity of the past event


106

which is seen from current relevant in the past and to indicate the possibility of the

past event with relevant point in the past.

From the occurrence of the grammatical meanings in the analysis result,

the past tense basically is used to show the actions that take place at particular

point of time in the past (720 clauses), and the present tense basically is used to

show the present actions/ present statements (302 clauses).

Generally, the type of tenses which frequently occurs in the news writing

is past tense. The past tense indicates the action which takes place at particular

point of time in the past or action that happens in the past time. As a form of news

report, most of the news which is written happens in the past and to make the

news more precise the journalist tends to use the pattern of past tense rather than

present tense.


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109

Online References: <http://www.thejakartapost.com/about/about_online.asp>

(June 1, 2008) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headline(December 15, 2007)


APPENDIX

List of Finite Clauses in The Jakarta Post Headline News published in November 2007 Simple Present Tense in the Headlines No. Date Finite Clauses Grammatical

Reasons 1. 1-11-2007 Support grows for RI to take lead in Bali Simple Present 1 2. 4-11-2007 Panic sets in as Mt. Kelud erupts Simple Present 1 3. Mt. Kelud erupts Simple Present 1 4. 7-11-2007 Govt may limit sales of fuel to private cars Simple Present 8 5. 8-11-2007 Oil price hits new record high Simple Present 1 6. 10-11-2007 ASEAN charter gets right focus Simple Present 1 7. 11-11-2007 UN chief says global warming 'an emergency' Simple Present 1 8. 14-11-2007 Bhutto says Musharraf must resign Simple Present 1 9. 15-11-2007 Wild weather downs trees and billboards Simple Present 1

10. 16-11-2007 Economy grows faster in Q3: BPS Simple Present 1 11. 17-11-2007 Hundreds dead as cyclone rips through

Bangladesh Simple Present 1

12. 19-11-2007 ASEAN aims for integration Simple Present 1 13. 20-11-2007 KPPU rules against TEMASEK Simple Present 1 14. 22-11-2007 Respect RI’s monopoly law: Kalla Simple Present 1 15. 23-11-2007 TEMASEK call confusing, says IBC Simple Present 1 16. 24-11-2007 U.N. urges RI to tackle police abuses Simple Present 1 17. 25-11-2007 Rudd leads Labor Simple Present 1 18. 26-11-2007 RI sees better relations with a Rudd Australia Simple Present 1 19. 27-11-2007 North Jakarta floods cause traffic chaos Simple Present 1 20. 28-11-2007 RI climbs one rung on development index Simple Present 1 21. 30-11-2007 RI education international ranking slips Simple Present 1

Simple Present Tense in the Articles No. Finite Clauses Grammatical

Reasons 1 November 2007

22. adaptation,…becomes critical for the survival of developing countries

Simple Present 1

23. ”Predominantly, the poor of the world depends directly on natural resources through cultivation, herding, collecting and hunting for their livelihoods.”

Simple Present 1

24. “thus, climate change impacts on the natural resource base will have a direct affect on the livelihoods of the poor”

Simple Present 5

25. “One of the key issues to be debated in Bali is how can we have more funding for adaptation”

Simple Present 1

26. “In Bali, we probably can't develop the legal framework or draft it”

Simple Present 9

27. “but it can be the starting point where countries agree to push for it”

Simple Present 8

28. “where countries agree to push for it” Simple Present 1

110


111

29. “it is very difficult to predict the adaptation fund and its size” Simple Present 1 30. Indonesia and the UN Framework Convention on Climate

Change Conference (UNFCCC) will hold a climate conference in Bali from Dec. 3 to 14

Simple Present 5

31. One of the main tasks for the conference is to begin to formulate a new multilateral …

Simple Present 1

32. that formalizes efforts to curb pollution which expires in 2012

Simple Present 5

33. which expires in 2012 Simple Present 5 34. “Lack of funds continues to be a problem for

implementation of adaptation programs” Simple Present 1

35. who works for UNFCCC secretariat Simple Present 1 2 November 2007

36. While most develop and developed countries can agree on the need to set up adaptation fund for climate change

Simple Present 9

37. which will be taken from 2 percent of the total value of the world’s clean development mechanism

Simple Present 5

38. “we can probably agree on the establishment of international adaptation fund”

Simple Present 8

39. “as developing countries need it for their programs in adapting to climate change”

Simple Present 1

40. “But it is still tough deciding who will govern the funds” Simple Present 1 41. “who will govern the funds” Simple Present 5 42. The four day workshop ...will run until Friday Simple Present 5 43. GEF... is currently the only institution handling financial

matters for the UNFCCC and other environmental agreements.

Simple Present 1

44. GEF projects are implemented by the World Bank, UN agencies, regional development banks, the International Fund for Agricultural Development and the Food and Agriculture Organization

Simple Present 1

45. The organization already has the experience, infrastructure, and expertise.

Simple Present 1

46. They also accuse the GEF of not being transparent in its operations.

Simple Present 1

47. “as its credibility will be under questioned if it fails to handle the funds”

Simple Present 11

48. “if it fails to handle the funds” Simple Present 4 49. “That’s why it has been approached by many countries,

including Indonesia.” Simple Present 1

50. “For Indonesia, it doesn’t matter which organization handles the funds”

Simple Present 1

51. “which organization handles the funds” Simple Present 1 52. as long as it is easy for us and other developing countries to

get it Simple Present 3

53. With China, India, Brazil saying they have no problems with the GEF

Simple Present 1

54. The G-77 group of developing and least-developed countries is not united in its demand

Simple Present 1

55. The G-77 is scheduled to meet in Bali by the end of the month to solidify its position on the issue

Simple Present 5

56. Indonesia and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Simple Present 5


112

Change Conference will hold a climate conference in Bali from Dec. 3 to 14.

57. Besides adaptation funds, one of the main tasks for the conference is to begin to formulate a new multilateral agreement that formalizes efforts to curb pollution which expires in 2012

Simple Present 1

58. that formalizes efforts to curb pollution which expires in 2012

Simple Present 5

59. which expires in 2012 Simple Present 5 3 November 2007

60. The two other suspects are former president director of state oil and gas company Pertamina, Ariffi Nawawi and former director Alfred Rohimone.

Simple Present 1

61. “We will officially ask them to come in for questioning as suspects next week”

Simple Present 5

62. “How can they say the sale of tankers that cost $130 millions for $184 millions created a lost?”

Simple Present 9

63. “There are legislators from the Indonesian Democratic party of Struggle (PDI-P) on the law commission who have long been known as Laksamana’s political opponents.”

Simple Present 1

64. “We believe that they had a big role in this recommendation in order to cripple Laksamana’s political career”

Simple Present 1

65. Laksamana is a member of the PDP, which splintered off from PDI-P, the party led by former president Megawati Soekarnoputri.

Simple Present 1

66. “The recommendation to reinvestigate the case does not represent the political interest of the PDI-P at all”

Simple Present 1

67. “Please remember the PDI-P doesn’t dominate the House” Simple Present 1 68. “there are other factions who also vote to review” Simple Present 1 69. “who also vote to review” Simple Present 1

4 November 2007 70. Many Javanese are highly superstitious and brush-off

warning from officials and scientists, preferring to believe their elders.

Simple Present 1

71. About 130,000 people live within a 10-kilometer (six-miles) danger zone around Mount Kelud, according to the health ministry,

Simple Present 1

72. Kelud has a lake in its crater Simple Present 1 73. they expect an eruption of Kelud to consist of “heat clouds”

of searing gas and volcanic debris rushing down the slopes Simple Present 1

74. Indonesia sits on the so-called Pacific “Ring of Fire”, where several continental plates collide, causing frequent seismic and volcanic activity.

Simple Present 1

75. where several continental plates collide Simple Present 1 76. The archipelago nation is home to 129 active volcanoes. Simple Present 1

5 November 2007 77. The idea of the Caliphate, or Islamic state, has no basis in

the Koran or the Hadiths, the sayings and deeds of prophet Muhammad

Simple Present 1

78. while the discourse on an Islamic state become increasingly popular among the nation’s intellectuals and general public

Simple Present 1

79. that provide the idea of an Islamic state with a textual Simple Present 1


113

ground 80. ”The Khilafah state therefore is a form of ijtihadiyyah

(interpretation)” Simple Present 1

81. “The government, religious and community leaders must be very vigilant toward this trans-national ideology”

Simple Present 10

82. “once in a while we need to counter attack” Simple Present 1 83. They will serve the East Java chapter of NU until 2012. Simple Present 7 84. NU is the country’s largest Muslim organization, with more

than 40 millions members. Simple Present 1

85. East java is its traditional strong hold. Simple Present 1 6 November 2007

86. “We will file (an appeal)...because the panel of judges had failed to put into consideration a number of important matters”

Simple Present 5

87. “We want to prove this in the Supreme Court” Simple Present 1 88. “that there is still justice in the country” Simple Present 1 89. “that someone wants to detain our client following the

verdict” Simple Present 1

90. “that judges who pardoned the defendant must be examined” Simple Present 10 7 November 2007

91. “If the production is secure, then there will not be problem” Simple Present 4 92. “then there will not be problem” Simple Present 11 93. “But if not, we will make some adjustments by limiting the

sales of subsidized fuel to private vehicles” Simple Present 11

94. which requires companies pay tax during exploration period Simple Present 1 95. The government’s 2008 budget is based on an assumption of

$60 a barrel oil price and a production rate of 1.034 million barrels a day

Simple Present 1

96. With such an assumption, oil and gas revenues are targeted to reach Rp 112 trillion, and the oil subsidy Rp 44 trillion.

Simple Present 5

97. allocations for fuel and power subsidies in the budget for this year are still secure

Simple Present 1

98. the funds for the program may come from another reallocation of routine expenditures in the budget

Simple Present 8

99. who is a member of both the House’s budget and financial affairs commissions

Simple Present 1

100. “I can’t say I agree or not with this proposal” Simple Present 9 101. “I agree or not with this proposal” Simple Present 1 102. “However it will have a significant impact on the average

spending of the medium-income families” Simple Present 5

103. “Who usually contribute significantly to economic growth” Simple Present 1 8 November 2007

104. “It’s a crazy market” Simple Present 1 105. “People just want to get more money” Simple Present 1 106. “commodities usually advance when that happens” Simple Present 2 107. “when that happens” Simple Present 1 108. “That option is not there” Simple Present 1 109. “What we are looking for is a solution that is right on the

target” Simple Present 1

110. a solution that is right on the target Simple Present 1 111. The government still subsidizes the price of fuel for Simple Present 1


114

transportation and household consumption 112. (the government) has in the past cut subsidies when world oil

prices have jumped, pushing fuel prices up. Simple Present 1

113. “if prices really continue to be like this or become even higher, of course, there would be significant actions that we will take”

Simple Present 4

114. “if prices..... become even higher, of course, there would be significant actions that we will take”

Simple Present 1

115. “that we will take” Simple Present 11 116. Indonesia, Southeast Asia’s only member of the Organization

of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), has in recent years become a net oil importer.

Simple Present 1

117. Indonesia.....becomes a net oil importer. Simple Present 1 118. “This is really related to the external downside risks related

to the price increases” Simple Present 1

119. “it will have on the U.S. economy” Simple Present 5 9 November 2007

120. it will allocate Rp 10.4 trillion (US$1.14 billion) to finance the 2009 general election, half the budget proposed by the General Elections Commission (KPU)

Simple Present 5

121. “The reduction is done in a spirit of efficiency” Simple Present 1 122. “The amount, however is not yet final” Simple Present 1 123. “We also do not need special funding for security as it is

already the duty of the National Police” Simple Present 1

124. “it is already the duty of the National Police” Simple Present 1 125. “Maybe we only need to provide them with meals” Simple Present 1 126. “Another way is using ID cards for the voter identification

instead of issuing a special ID for the election.” Simple Present 1

127. “I don’t know yet whether that Rp 10.4 trillion is for two years or for one year only.”

Simple Present 1

128. “that Rp 10.4 trillion is for two years or for one year only” Simple Present 1 129. “We will see what they mean with that figure” Simple Present 5 130. “what they mean with that figure” Simple Present 1 131. “That figure is far beyond the actual need” Simple Present 1 132. One factor behind the large budget is the increased

honorarium for officials at polling stations Simple Present 1

133. “The honorarium is well below the minimum wage” Simple Present 1 134. “We cannot raise it with only a Rp 10.4 trillion budget” Simple Present 9 135. “It will be a high risk to lower their honorarium” Simple Present 5 136. “They may possibly refuse to work but be easily tempted to

violate regulations” Simple Present 8

10 November 2007 137. A landmark charter to be signed by Southeast Asian leaders

this month seeks to promote human rights and democracy Simple Present 1

138. but doubts remain over 139. How it can bring rogue members such as Myanmar to line Simple Present 9 140. A final pre-summit draft of the Association of Southeast

Asian Nations (ASEAN) charter obtained by AFP drops proposed punitive measures

Simple Present 1

141. and (A final pre-summit draft of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) charter obtained by AFP) leaves it

Simple Present 1


115

up to the 10 member group’s leaders to decide what to do with errant members.

142. It is the first time ASEAN – founded 40 years ago as an anti communist bloc during the Cold War but now incorporating socialist states like Vietnam and Laos – will codify its basic principles and organizational rules.

Simple Present 1

143. ASEAN – founded 40 years ago as an anti communist bloc during the Cold War but now incorporating socialist states like Vietnam and Laos – will codify its basic principles and organizational rules

Simple Present 5

144. The ASEAN secretariat in Jakarta will be given more power Simple Present 5 145. and for the first time, there will be a human rights body in a

region still enraged by military-ruled Myanmar’s crackdown in September on Pro-democracy protest

Simple Present 5

146. Leaders of member countries Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam are scheduled to sign the charter during their summit here on Nov. 20.

Simple Present 5

147. It commits ASEAN members “to strengthen democracy, enhance good governance, and the rule of law, and to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms”.

Simple Present 1

148. It also requires members to keep the region free of nuclear weapons, ease poverty, protect the environment and work toward integrated market that allows for free flow of goods, services, investments, and professionals.

Simple Present 1

149. Leaders will hold summits twice a year instead once Simple Present 5 150. and the role of the Jakarta-based ASEAN secretariat and the

group’s secretary-general will be strengthen Simple Present 5

151. As such many commitments and decisions are currently not legally binding

Simple Present 1

152. the charter seeks to turn ASEAN into a ruled-based organization like the European Union

Simple Present 1

153. whether the carter will be implemented in earnest Simple Present 5 154. “The content of the charter is likely to be impressive” Simple Present 1 155. “especially because ASEAN’s international legitimacy and

reputation are very important” Simple Present 1

156. “But this does not mean that some of the provisions of the charter will be implemented, especially in relation to human rights and democracy in Myanmar.”

Simple Present 1

157. “some of the provisions of the charter will be implemented” Simple Present 5 158. “It will be a paper tiger if they do not use it” Simple Present 11 159. “if they do not use it” Simple Present 1 160. ASEAN must go beyond mentioning human rights and

democracy in the charter Simple Present 10

161. “It is important that ASEAN in future steps...tries to activate it as a reality”

Simple Present 1

162. “ASEAN in future steps...tries to activate it as a reality” Simple Present 1 163. The SPDC (Junta’s formal name) is not a legitimate

government Simple Present 1

164. The charter maintains the principle of non-interference in members’ internal affairs

Simple Present 1


116

11 November 2007 165. “I need a political answer” Simple Present 1 166. “This is an emergency” Simple Present 1 167. “for emergency situations we need emergency action” Simple Present 1 168. Where temperatures are their highest about 1,800 years Simple Present 1 169. Antarctica’s ice sheets are nearly 2.5 kilometers thick on

average Simple Present 1

170. But scientists say they are already showing signs of climate change

Simple Present 1

171. they are already showing signs of climate change Simple Present 1 172. Satellite images show the West Antarctic ice sheet is

thinning and may even collapse in the future, causing sea levels to rise.

Simple Present 1

173. the West Antarctic ice sheet...may even collapse in the future, causing sea levels to rise

Simple Present 8

174. which is expected to kick off talks on a new accord to curb carbon emissions after the Kyoto Protocol expires in 2012

Simple Present 1

175. the Kyoto Protocol expires in 2012 Simple Present 1 176. He will then visit Brazil, a leading force in developing

biofuels from crops as an alternative to fossil fuels. Simple Present 5

177. alternative energy sources are vital to addressing climate change

Simple Present 1

178. Antarctica – a continent with only about 80,000 temporary residents – is 25 percent bigger than Europe

Simple Present 1

179. The rapid erosion of the state’s coastline is blamed on the scarcity of sea ice and thawing of permafrost.

Simple Present 1

180. Encroaching waves and floods easily carve large chunks from shorelines or riverbanks.

Simple Present 1

181. who heads an Alaska organization focused on climate change

Simple Present 1

182. increases in temperature are accelerated in the far north Simple Present 1 183. That is largely because of self-reinforcing warming cycle Simple Present 1 184. which in turn absorb more solar radiation Simple Present 1 185. which in turn causes more melting Simple Present 1

12 November 2007 186. “We will hold a meeting Monday with these complaints to

discuss the city’s perennial traffic problems” Simple Present 5

187. Those who wish to complain about traffic congestion in the capital can call 3145518, fax 3912377, or send an e-mail to [email protected] or [email protected].

Simple Present 9

188. Those who wish to complain about traffic congestion in the capital can call 3145518, fax 3912377, or send an e-mail to [email protected] or [email protected]

Simple Present 9

189. who wish to complain about traffic congestion in the capital Simple Present 1 190. who travels regularly on Jl. Metro Pondok Indah, in Pondok

Indah Simple Present 2

191. The rainy season is also a major factor that contributes to bad traffic conditions in the city, as motorists tend to drive slower in the rain.

Simple Present 1

192. that contributes to bad traffic conditions in the city Simple Present 1 193. motorists tend to drive slower in the rain Simple Present 1


117

194. “We still don’t know whether we will file a (class action) lawsuit or just offer recommendations to the administration and the police”

Simple Present 1

195. “whether we will file a (class action) lawsuit” Simple Present 5 196. “or (we will) just offer recommendations to the

administration and the police” Simple Present 5

197. The city administration...is supposed to have clear road development plans,

Simple Present 1

198. “while most public bus and minivan drivers stop wherever they please”

Simple Present 1

199. These factors also contribute to the city chaotic traffic situation

Simple Present 1

200. Most of the people...do not oppose the busway program Simple Present 1 201. they are happy to support it Simple Present 1 202. the Trans Jakarta management implements it properly Simple Present 1 203. “The city mayors and police precinct heads have the

authority to allow motorist (to use corridors)” Simple Present 1

204. The policy will be effective for 30 days Simple Present 7 13 November 2007

205. The policy will make the busway system no different from other public transportation modes in the city

Simple Present 5

206. motorists are permitted to use busway lanes during specific times

Simple Present 1

207. “I have to make it clear” Simple Present 1 208. ‘the busway corridors will be open to the public only during

specific times” Simple Present 5

209. “when traffic congestion occurs” Simple Present 1 210. Some of the locations include Jl. Trunojoyo, Jl. MT

Haryono, Jl. Rasuna Said, Jln. TB Simatupang and Lebak Bulus area in South Jakarta; and Jl. Pramuka and Jl Matraman in East Jakarta.

Simple Present 1

211. Other location are Jl. Pejambon, Jl. Gunung Sahari, Jl. Kramat raya, and Jl. Laturharhari in Central Jakarta; Jl. KH Hasyim Asy’ari and Jl. Daan Mogot in West Jakarta; and Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan in North Jakarta.

Simple Present 1

212. The policy will be evaluated once a week Simple Present 6 213. and further measures will be taken to improve its

implementation Simple Present 5

214. and three more are currently under construction. Simple Present 1 215. We will manage the traffic jams caused by the city’s public

transportation vehicles Simple Present 5

216. which often stop on the streets to wait for passengers (causing further congestions)

Simple Present 1

217. They say the policy will only discourage private vehicles owners from using public transportation, rendering the busway system ineffective.

Simple Present 1

218. the policy will only discourage private vehicles owners from using public transportation, rendering the busway system ineffective

Simple Present 5

219. There are around 5.5 million vehicles in Jakarta, 98 percents of which are privately owned, according to data from the city administration.

Simple Present 1


118

220. which are privately owned Simple Present 1 14 November 2007

221. military rule imposed by Gen. Musharraf must be lifted within 10 days

Simple Present 10

222. that military rule must end by Nov. 22 Simple Present 10 223. Musharraf repeals emergency laws Simple Present 1 224. (Musharraf) restores the constitution Simple Present 1 225. (Musharraf) steps down as army chief by Nov. 22 Simple Present 1 226. “That’s why the 10 days has become important” Simple Present 1 227. “I simply won’t be able to believe anything he said to me” Simple Present 5 228. where her party is popular Simple Present 1 229. “(Musharraf) must resign both as president and army chief” Simple Present 10

15 November 2007 230. who commutes from Depok by train Simple Present 1 231. “It takes 20 minutes to go from my home to work” Simple Present 1 232. “I think today it took me two-and-a-half hours” Simple Present 1 233. “We have to divide the day time session into two groups for

a different day” Simple Present 1

234. “because they have their exams today” Simple Present 1 235. “I hope these are the last strong winds the city has to

experience” Simple Present 1

236. “these are the last strong winds the city has to experience” Simple Present 5 237. “the city has to experience” Simple Present 1 238. “From the usual one work group, we will have two work

groups in the field” Simple Present 5

239. “Just drop off your complaint straight to the city parks agency”

Simple Present 1

16 November 2007 240. The year-on-year growth is the highest since 2004’s last

quarter Simple Present 1

241. second quarter growth figures of 6 percent Simple Present 1 242. which will translate into full-year growth of 6.2 percent Simple Present 5 243. however, the treasury may have to fork out another Rp 14

trillion as a consequence of the global oil price surge Simple Present 8

244. “This is favorable for the economy in the sense” Simple Present 1 245. “that sluggish growth in agriculture usually reduces the

over-all growth figures” Simple Present 1

17 November 2007 246. many dead bodies will be found there Simple Present 8 247. I cannot describe how devastating it was Simple Present 9 248. “Preliminary indications are that the most pressing needs

will be food, safe drinking water, emergency shelter, clothing, blankets, and medicine”

Simple Present 1

249. “that the most pressing needs will be food, safe drinking water, emergency shelter, clothing, blankets, and medicine”

Simple Present 5

250. hundreds of thousands of people spend the night bunkered down in a network of special shelters set up by the government to avoid the mass casualties of previous disasters

Simple Present 1

18 November 2007 251. they try to bury them Simple Present 1 252. “It will take several days to complete the search and know Simple Present 5


119

the actual casualty figure and extent of damage to property” 253. The U.S. navy is reportedly ready to send two amphibious

assault ships with helicopters to help in rescue efforts. Simple Present 1

254. ”If we have, we will consider and take a decision.” Simple Present 4 255. “we will consider” Simple Present 11 256. “and (we will) take a decision” Simple Present 11 257. “Where is my home?” Simple Present 1 258. “Where is my family?” Simple Present 1 259. “How shall we live?” Simple Present 12 260. “However, several areas are inaccessible right now due to

fallen trees” Simple Present 1

261. “This is a major tragedy with hundreds already known to have died and hundreds of thousands suffering from this disaster”

Simple Present 1

19 November 2007 262. The 10 leaders of the Association of the Southeast Asian

nations (ASEAN) will sign a historical charter and declaration of the Economic Community Blueprint when they meet at the 13th ASEAN summit here Tuesday.

Simple Present 5

263. when they meet at the 13th ASEAN summit here Tuesday Simple Present 1 264. The ASEAN countries are now ready to sign the charter Simple Present 1 265. It is hoped the charter would help transform the grouping

into a more cohesive and ruled-based organization Simple Present 1

266. while the economic blueprint will pave the way for a single market and production base in the region by 2015

Simple Present 5

267. The ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint is a master plan that identifies the priority measures and actions to be undertaken to transform ASEAN into a region with free movements of goods, services, investments, skilled labor and flow of capital by 2015.

Simple Present 1

268. that identifies the priority measures and actions to be undertaken to transform ASEAN into a region with free movements of goods, services, investments, skilled labor and flow of capital by 2015

Simple Present 1

269. President Susilo Bambang Yodhoyono, who will arrive in Singapore on Monday, is scheduled to hold bilateral talks with leaders of China, Japan, NewZaeland and Myanmar on the sidelines of the summit.

Simple Present 5

270. who will arrive in Singapore on Monday Simple Present 5 271. when he meets with Myanmar’s Prime Minister Thein Sein 272. Other key themes of the summit discussions and its related

meetings will include energy, the environment, climate change and sustainable development.

Simple Present 5

273. In line with these themes, ASEAN leaders will sign a declaration on environmental sustainability to protect and manage the environment, respond to climate change issues and conserve the region’s natural resources

Simple Present 5

274. ”We (will) commit to the common goal of establishing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration in the long run at a level”

Simple Present 5

275. The declaration vows to promote cooperation on Simple Present 1


120

reforestation efforts degradation and forest fires by promoting sustainable forest management and combating illegal logging and other harmful practices.

276. The leaders will also declare their support for a successful outcome from the negotiations at the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Bali next month, which seeks to pave the way for a climate change road map beyond 2012, when Kyoto Protocol expires.

Simple Present 5

277. which seeks to pave the way for a climate change road map beyond 2012

Simple Present 1

278. when Kyoto Protocol expires Simple Present 1 279. This year marks the 10th anniversary of the ASEAN Plus

Three Cooperation, in which the grouping holds regular talks with China, South Korea and Japan.

Simple Present 1

280. in which the grouping holds regular talks with China, South Korea and Japan

Simple Present 1

281. Building on the foundation of this cooperation, the 13 countries on Tuesday will adopt a joint statement on cooperation over the next ten years.

Simple Present 5

282. ASEAN leaders and the three dialogue partners will meet with the leaders from Australia, India and New Zealand at the third East Asia Summit (EAS) on Wednesday to discuss key regional issues, including climate change and conditions in Myanmar.

Simple Present 5

283. the EAS countries have a keen interest in the situation in Myanmar

Simple Present 1

284. “The meeting will be an opportunity for leaders to have a frank exchange of views”

Simple Present 5

285. the summit hopes to hear from Myanmar Prime Minister Thein Sein on how the military government plans to move forward

Simple Present 1

286. stressing a key outcome of the EAS meeting will be the strong endorsement of UN special envoy Ibrahim Gambari’s mission

Simple Present 8

20 November 2007 287. The Singapore-owned company will now be forced to either

let go of all indirect shares in PT Telekomunikasi Selular (Telkomsel), or in PT Indosat, and to pay a fine of Rp 25 billion for breaching the anti-monopoly law

Simple Present 7

288. “We hereby order Temasek and its business group to let go of all shares in either Tekomsel or Indosat, no more than two years (after) this decision takes effect”

Simple Present 1

289. “this decision takes effect” Simple Present 1 290. The divested shares ... must not exceed five percent for each

buyer Simple Present 10

291. Temasek owns a 54.15 percent stake in SingTel Group, Simple Present 1 292. which holds a 35 percent stake in Telkomsel Simple Present 1 293. while Singapore Technologies Telemedia (STT - wholly

owned by Temasek – owns a 75 percent of Asia Mobile Holdings

Simple Present 1

294. which owns 41.9 percent of Indosat. Simple Present 1


121

295. Rp 25 billion is the maximum fine for violation of the law. Simple Present 1 296. “Telkomsel is found guilty of creating abarrier-to-entry by

determining the interconnection among operators and engaging in price leadership”

Simple Present 1

21 November 2007 297. the 40-year old regional grouping become a formal

organization Simple Present 1

298. The charter and ASEAN’s new economic blueprint, aims to pave the way for an “integrated community” with a single market and production base in the region.

Simple Present 1

299. The timeframe provided for the changes is eight years. Simple Present 1 300. The charter includes the open movement of goods, services

and investments, and freer flow of labor and capital. Simple Present 1

301. The three communities formulated by the charter – ASEAN’ economic, security, and social-cultural communities – is expected to create stronger regional ties.

Simple Present 1

302. “It will make ASEAN a more effective and cohesive organization”

Simple Present 5

303. “and (it) will streamline decision making processes” Simple Present 5 304. ASEAN may have to change its name by 2015, the target

date for integration. Simple Present 8

305. which remains in the charter Simple Present 1 306. that it is unable and unwilling to help victims of human

rights violations in member countries Simple Present 1

307. Criticism include from the days of Indonesia’s Soeharto to today’s Myanmar situation.

Simple Present 1

308. “We all have the obligation to make it a living document” Simple Present 1 309. “The inclusion of a provision (for) a human rights body in

the charter is the most significant” Simple Present 1

22 November 2007 310. that requires the Singaporean business giant to divest its

stake either in Indosat or Telkomsel, and pay penalties for breaching the Monopoly Law

Simple Present 1

311. Whoever wants to do business in Indonesia has to comply with local law

Simple Present 1

312. “Other people often tell us to obey the law” Simple Present 1 313. “so they must do the same as regards Indonesian law” Simple Present 10 314. if they are subjected to sanctions Simple Present 4 315. our investment climate is bad Simple Present 1 316. “So, this is not about the government supporting the KPPU

ruling or not.” Simple Present 1

317. “This is more about enforcing the law for the sake of healthy business competition in Indonesia.”

Simple Present 1

318. “If we don’t have a law (on that), then we will be considered as being ignorant of the law.”

Simple Present 4

319. “then we will be considered as being ignorant of the law.” Simple Present 11 320. which prohibits a company or business group from owning

two or more companies with a combined market share of more than 50 percent

Simple Present 1

321. Temasek owns a 54.15 percent stake in SingTel Group Simple Present 1 322. which holds a 35 percent stake in Telkomsel Simple Present 1


122

323. while STT, also wholly owned by Temasek, owns 75 percent of Asia Mobile Holdings

Simple Present 1

324. which controls 41.9 percent of Indosat. Simple Present 1 325. Telkomsel and Indosat have a market share of about 80

percent in the mobile telephone industry. Simple Present 1

326. The fine also applies to the other eight firms. Simple Present 1 327. The ruling and associated penalties are not legally binding

until endorsed and upheld by the district court, Simple Present 7

23 November 2007 328. The decision by the country’s anti-monopoly watchdog in the

high-profile Temasek Holdings case is at the very least confusing, and sends “unfortunate impressions” and “negative messages” to members of the business community, says the International Business Chamber.

Simple Present 1

329. The decision by the country’s anti-monopoly watchdog in the high-profile Temasek Holdings case is at the very least confusing

Simple Present 1

330. “It’s very hard to understand” Simple Present 1 331. “it creates an unfortunate impression and negative message” Simple Present 1 332. “The law seems clear enough” Simple Present 1 333. “but the application of the law by the KPPU to this particular

situation is very confusing” Simple Present 1

334. Fanning chairs the IBC, which groups together 17 international chambers of commerce operating in the country.

Simple Present 1

335. which prohibits a company or a business group from owning a two or more companies with a market share of more than 50 percent

Simple Present 1

336. Temasek controls 54.15 percent of SingTel, which in turn owns a 35 percent stake in Indonesia largest cellular phone operator, PT Telkomsel.

Simple Present 1

337. which in turn owns a 35 percent stake in Indonesia largest cellular phone operator, PT Telkomsel

Simple Present 1

338. Temasek also wholly owns STT, which controls a 75 percent stake in Asia Mobile Holdings, which in turn owns a 41.9 percent stake in PT Indosat.

Simple Present 1

339. which controls a 75 percent stake in Asia Mobile Holdings, Simple Present 1 340. which in turn owns a 41.9 percent stake in PT Indosat Simple Present 1 341. Telkomsel and Indosat have a market share of about 80

percent in the mobile telephone industry. Simple Present 1

342. that it will challenge the KPPU decision in district court Simple Present 5 343. “the impression it creates” Simple Present 1 344. “What everybody wants is court and tribunal proceeding “ Simple Present 1 345. “that are clear and transparent so as to generate confidence” Simple Present 1 346. “Investors, unfortunately, have experience a number of

strange court decisions, tribunal decisions over the years.” Simple Present 1

347. “It’s not ideal” Simple Present 1 348. “that there are such decisions” Simple Present 1 349. “which make it difficult for investors, especially to

financiers, to commit” Simple Present 1

350. “There are, in spite of this apparent setback, significant pluses in Indonesia, so much so that investors will never dry

Simple Present 1


123

up.” 351. “that investors will never dry up” Simple Present 5 352. “who are already here” Simple Present 1 353. “while new investors are not necessarily not going to come

to Indonesia because of this” Simple Present 1

24 November 2007 354. but torture of detainees in police custody still appears rife Simple Present 1 355. who is on a two-week tour of detention centers across

Indonesia Simple Present 1

356. “The problem of police abuse appears to be sufficiently widespread”

Simple Present 1

357. “Certainly I cannot find that torture is systematic in the country, it’s systematic in a few places”

Simple Present 9

358. “that torture is systematic in the country” Simple Present 1 359. “it’s systematic in a few places” Simple Present 1

25 November 2007 360. “I will be a prime minister for all Australians.” Simple Present 5 361. Rudd is expected to forge closer ties with China and other

Asian nations. Simple Present 1

362. he wants a more independent voice in foreign policy Simple Present 1 363. who is passionate about fairness in this country Simple Present 1 364. that Australia hopes to take a lead role in efforts to combat

global warming Simple Present 1

365. “This is a great democracy” Simple Present 1 366. “I want to wish Mr. Rudd well” Simple Present 1 367. “We bequeath to him a nation that is stronger and prouder

and more prosperous than it was 11-1/2 years ago.” Simple Present 1

368. “that is stronger and prouder and more prosperous” Simple Present 1 369. The result will mean Labor is in power nationally and in all

of Australia’s six states and two territories, with the lord mayor of the northern city of Brisbane now the senior ranking elected official in Howard’s liberal Party.

Simple Present 8

370. Labor is in power nationally and in all of Australia’s six states and two territories

Simple Present 1

371. “I hope transforming, moment for the country” Simple Present 1 372. it might be weeks, before a winner is declared Simple Present 4 373. “I just hope the public now gives John Howard some kudos

for what he’s done over the years” Simple Present 1

374. “the public now gives John Howard some kudos for what he’s done over the years”

Simple Present 1

26 November 2007 375. “We welcome the election of Kevin Rudd” Simple Present 1 376. “which will of course deal with climate change” Simple Present 5 377. “where we go on Kyoto” Simple Present 1 378. “I look forward also” Simple Present 1 379. that are very comfortable with their Australia 380. He and his liberal Party are associated with being more

attached to their European roots despite being Asia. Simple Present 1

381. the election of Rudd will open the possibility of Australian engagement in Asia

Simple Present 8

382. “Also, it can be expected that Indonesian economic and Simple Present 8


124

cultural relations with Australia will improve further under Labor”

383. “Indonesian economic and cultural relations with Australia will improve further under Labor”

Simple Present 5

384. because both issues concern Labor constituents more than Liberal supporters

Simple Present 1

27 November 2007 385. which links Grogol in west Jakarta and Tanjung Priok in

North Jakarta Simple Present 1

28 November 2007 386. The Human development report for 2007/2008, Fighting

Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World ranks Indonesia 107th out of 177 countries

Simple Present 1

387. “The HDI report looks back at a measure of health, education and income ... the standard of living among 177 countries”

Simple Present 1

388. “Indonesia is number 107 this year, one step further than last year”

Simple Present 1

389. “The change is related to other countries” Simple Present 1 390. “The improvement is not as fast as Vietnam” Simple Present 1 391. “Cambodia and Myanmar are much slower than Indonesia” Simple Present 1 392. “but this year’s report differs from last year’s” Simple Present 1 393. “it is not from a narrow economic point of view” Simple Present 1 394. “This report is a good reference for climate change issues” Simple Present 1 395. “The impact will be serious on the poor countries” Simple Present 5 396. “If we don’t do the right things right now” Simple Present 4 397. “climate change will sabotage the Millennium Development

(Goals)” Simple Present 11

398. “it’s a big responsibility for rich countries to support the countries that most effected”

Simple Present 1

399. “which are the poor countries” Simple Present 1 29 November 2007

400. Jakarta’s regular floods can be partially blamed on global and regional warming

Simple Present 8

401. “This will get worse in years to come” Simple Present 5 402. “by 2050, 25 percent of Jakarta will be inundated” Simple Present 5 403. regional climate change such as has take place in Jakarta has

the potential to increase local temperatures “inviting” more rain

Simple Present 1

404. how the rain keeps moving to Jakarta Simple Present 1 405. currently 40 percent of the city already lies below the sea

level Simple Present 1

406. “When dealing with climate change-related problems, our country has a very low adaptation capacity”

Simple Present 1

407. “In fact, all we have to do is decide whether we will plant mangroves or construct a wall”

Simple Present 1

408. “whether we will plant mangroves or construct a wall” Simple Present 5 409. “Otherwise, we need to relocate the residents” Simple Present 1 410. “who live along the coastal areas” Simple Present 1 411. “the floods,I believe, will be worse than the ones we had in

2007 provided that the rainfall rate doesn’t change “ Simple Present 1

412. “the floods ... will be worse than the ones we had in 2007 Simple Present 5


125

provided that the rainfall rate doesn’t change” 413. “that the rainfall rate doesn’t change” Simple Present 1

30 November 2007 414. Indonesia’s education performance continues to slip relative

to other countries Simple Present 1

415. UNESCO’s sixth edition of the Education for All Global monitoring report, released Thursday, has Indonesia with an education development index (EDI) of 0.935, below Malaysia (56) and Brunei Darussalam (43), with EDIs of 0.945 and 0.965 respectively.

Simple Present 1

416. EDI measures average achievement in universal primary education or access to primary education, adult literacy, gender parity between boys and girls and their survival rate to grade five.

Simple Present 1

417. The survey says the country has an estimated 98 percent of all its eligible children enrolled in primary school but only 89 percent manage to stay until grade five.

Simple Present 1

418. the country has an estimated 98 percent of all its eligible children enrolled in primary school but only 89 percent manage to stay until grade five

Simple Present 1

419. The country has a 90 percent adult literacy rate with male and female students almost having the same access to primary education, showed by its gender parity index of 0.959.

Simple Present 1

420. Indonesia, however, ranks higher than the other Southeast Asian countries such as Vietnam (79), the Philippines (82), and Cambodia (103), with EDIs of 0.899, 0.893 and 0.807 respectively.

Simple Present 1

421. Indonesia’s slip can be explained by the relatively small funding its educational institutions receive from public spending or international financing per capita.

Simple Present 9

422. Norway, the United Kingdom, Slovenia, Sweden and South Korea, all with EDIs of close to 1, occupy the top five spots on UNESCO’s list.

Simple Present 1

423. world education is on the right track Simple Present 1 424. But on the down side, the survey reveals, poor quality, the

high cost of schooling and persisting high levels of adult illiteracy are undermining the changes of achieving education for all (EFA) by 2015.

Simple Present 1

425. “We are steering the right course but as education systems expand, they face more complex and more specific challenges,” says Kichiro Matsuura, the director-general of UNESCO.

Simple Present 1

426. as education systems expand Simple Present 1 427. “they face more complex and more specific challenges” Simple Present 1 428. “The latest EFA report clearly identifies these challenges:

reaching the most vulnerable and disadvantaged, improving learning conditions, and increasing aid”

Simple Present 1

429. “But much more remains to be done if the goal are to be met by their target date of 2015.Countries and regions farthest from education for all have moved ahead much faster than in the 1990s,” Burnett says.

Simple Present 1


126

430. “But much more remains to be done if the goal are to be met by their target date of 2015.Countries”

Simple Present 1

431. “if the goal are to be met by their target date of 2015” Simple Present 4 432. The report underlines that primary school enrollment

increased by 36 percent in sub-Saharan Africa and 22 percent in South and West Asia between 1999 and 2005.

Simple Present 1

Notes: Simple Present = a simple present tense clauses which indicate present

speech acts Simple Present 1 = Showing present action/ present statements/ present

conditions Simple Present 2 = Showing habitual actions Simple Present 3 = Showing sequential habits in the subordinate clauses

Simple Present 4 = Showing conditional future time in the subordinate clauses

Simple Present 5 = Showing actions which take place at some definite future time

Simple Present 6 = Showing future habitual actions Simple Present 7 = Showing situations which occur in the present and

will obtain in the future with the same future termination in the sight

Simple Present 8 = Showing possibilities that stated in the present time Simple Present 9 = Showing the abilities of the actions that stated in the

present time Simple Present 10 = Showing obligations or compulsory that stated in the

present time. Simple Present 11 = Showing the main clause in the future conditional

clauses Simple Present 12 = Showing intentions on the part of the speaker

Present Progressive Tense in the Articles No. Finite Clauses Grammatical


1. Developing and least-developed countries are expecting more money to be raised for climate adaptation programs

Present Cont. 1

2. So, most developing nations, including Indonesia are arguing for mandatory contributions

Present Cont. 1

2 November 2007 3. While most developing and developed countries can agree ...,

they are still struggling to decide which institution should handle the billions dollars

Present Cont. 1

4. The organization is handling around US$1 billion for climate change projects during the 2007 to 2010 period.

Present Cont. 1


127

7 November 2007 5. the government is considering limiting sales of subsidized

fuels to private vehicles Present Cont. 1

6. A part of lifting the subsidy, the government is also considering preparing a social security program

Present Cont. 1

8 November 2007 7. The dollar is falling very sharply this morning in Asia Present Cont. 2 8. what we are looking for Present Cont. 1 9. (people) are betting on the upside Present Cont. 1

9 November 2007 10. The amount, however is not yet final (and is) waiting for the

deliberation of the bill on political parties at the House of Representatives

Present Cont. 1

11 November 2007 11. the West Antarctic ice sheet is thinning Present Cont. 3 12. But at the same time, it is disturbing. Present Cont. 1 13. Ban is preparing for a UN climate change conference in

Bali, Indonesia, in December Present Cont. 1

14. where Andean glaciers are also being affected by global warming

Present Cont. 1

15. At risk from surging storm waves and floods, Alaska’s coastal villagers are dealing with the immediate consequences of climate change – threats to their health, safety and even their ancestors’ graves.

Present Cont. 1

16. People are dying Present Cont. 1 17. and (people are) getting injured as a result of trying to

engage in traditional activities in much-changing conditions Present Cont. 1

18. Alaska is heating up more dramatically than other regions because increases in temperature are accelerated in the far north, according to climate scientists

Present Cont. 3

16 November 2007 19. and (the central bank) is predicting 6.4 percent for the

fourth, Present Cont. 1

17 November 2007 20. We are expecting many dead bodies will be found there Present Cont. 1

23 November 2007 21. I’m not commenting on the content (of the ruling) Present Cont. 1 22. Investors who are already here are not going to go away

because of decisions like this Present Cont. 1

25 November 2007 23. Finally, after 11 years, it’s happening Present Cont. 1 24. when Australia’s economy is booming Present Cont. 2

26 November 2007 25. The new generations are becoming more and more

comfortable with Asia Present Cont. 1

28 November 2007 26. which are improving more Present Cont. 1 27. Indonesia is improving in these areas Present Cont. 1

30 November 2007 28. the high cost of schooling and persisting high levels of adult

illiteracy are undermining the changes of achieving Present Cont. 1


128

education for all (EFA) by 2015 29. We are steering the right course Present Cont. 1 30. “Good national policies and higher domestic spending

supported by external aid are clearly making a difference to the lives of millions of children, for example in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, India, Mozambique, United Republic of Tanzania, Yemen and Zambia.”

Present Cont. 1

Notes: Present Cont. 1 = Present progressive tense indicating actions which are in

process/ in progress Present Cont. 2 = Present progressive tense indicating actions which are in the

limited duration Present Cont. 3 = Present progressive tense indicating instantaneous activities Present Perfect Tense in the Articles No. Finite Clauses Grammatical


1. Most developed countries.... have expressed support for the GEF to handle the adaptation funds

Present Prefect 1

2. But most developing and least-developed countries have rejected the GEF...

Present Prefect 1

3. in the past it has been difficult for these countries to get money under GEF management

Present Perfect 3

4. Indonesia has been approached by the GEF Present Prefect 1 5. it has been approached by many countries, including

Indonesia Present Prefect 1

3 November 2007 6. who have long been known as Laksamana’s political

opponents Present Perfect 2

4 November 2007 7. Tens of thousands of people have been evacuated from the

fertile slopes of the historically deadly volcano, Present Prefect 1

8. but an unknown number have refused to budge, evading patrolling police and soldiers.

Present Prefect 1

9. Kelud has erupted Present Prefect 1 10. Mount Kelud has been on high alert for more than two

weeks Present Perfect 2

11. Since record-keeping began, Mount Kelud’s eruptions have claimed more than 15,000 lives, including an estimated 10,000 in a catastrophic 1586 eruption.

Present Perfect 2

5 November 2007 12. that (this trans-national) has threatened the national

ideology and unity, and the Unitary State of Indonesia Present Prefect 1

13. Influential NU figures have voiced their opposition to the idea of an Islamic state since the opening of the conference.

Present Prefect 1

14. This movement has attacked us far too often Present Prefect 1 6 November 2007


129

15. The judges have been bribed Present Prefect 1 7 November 2007

16. So far this year, the government has ruled out any fuel price hikes despite the rising crude prices, ensuring that allocations for fuel and power subsidies in the budget for this year are still secure.

Present Prefect 1

8 November 2007 17. the oil price has almost reached $100 a barrel Present Prefect 1 18. when world oil prices have jumped, pushing fuel prices up Present Prefect 1

9 November 2007 19. The Government has announced it will allocate Rp 10.4

trillion (US$1.14 billion) to finance the 2009 general election, half the budget proposed by the General Elections Commission (KPU)

Present Prefect 1

10 November 2007 20. which has been criticized as one reason for ASEAN’s

inability to deal with Myanmar and other problems such as the Asian financial crisis of 1997

Present Prefect 1

21. another principle that has bogged down the grouping Present Prefect 1 11 November 2007

22. Antarctica has warmed faster than anywhere else on Earth in the last 50 years

Present Perfect 2

23. who has made climate change priority since he took office earlier this year

Present Perfect 2

24. All we’ve seen has been very impressive and beautiful, extraordinarily beautiful

Present Perfect 3

25. we’ve seen Present Prefect 1 26. we’ve seen... the melting of glaciers Present Prefect 1 27. Ban has focused strongly on the environment Present Prefect 1 28. Fears about climate change have fueled a boom in biofuels Present Prefect 1 29. Ban has said alternative energy sources are vital to

addressing climate change Present Prefect 1

12 November 2007 30. In response to the city’s worsening traffic congestion, the

Jakarta Legal Aid Institute has opened a call center to receive motorists’ complaints

Present Perfect 2

31. The city traffic congestion has worsened since the development of new busway corridors in Puit area, North Jakarta; Grogol area and Jl. S. Parman, Slipi, in West Jakarta; Cililitan area in East Jakarta; and Jl. Gatot Subroto and the Pondok Indah main thoroughfare in South Jakarta.

Present Perfect 2

32. Many underpass and overpass construction works have been left unfinished

Present Prefect 1

13 November 2007 33. Seven busway corridors have been completed Present Prefect 1 34. Many people, however, have complained the construction of

the three corridors Present Prefect 1

35. the construction of the three corridors....has caused serious traffic jams

Present Prefect 1

14 November 2007 36. Musharraf critics and chief international backers, including Present Prefect 1


130

the United States, have said the restrictions imposed by the military leader – including on independent media and rallies – would make it hard for upcoming parliamentary elections to be fair.

37. why the 10 days has become important Present Prefect 1 16 November 2007

38. Inflation has, however, picked up again since then, with Bank Indonesia recently deciding to keep its key rate on hold.

Present Perfect 2

18 November 2007 39. Why have I come back? Present Prefect 1 40. Our relief teams have started emergency distribution Present Perfect 2 41. 95 percent of rice crops awaiting to be harvested in a few

weeks have been badly damaged Present Prefect 1

42. Germany has allocated $293,000 in emergency relief aid Present Prefect 1 43. the European Union has released 1.5 million euros ($2.1

million) in fast-track aid Present Prefect 1

19 November 2007 44. Many have expressed hope Yudhoyono would use the

opportunity to take a stronger stance on the junta when he meets with Myanmar’s Prime Minister Thein Sein.

Present Prefect 1

21 November 2007 45. President Susilo Bambang Yodhoyono, along with other

regional leaders, has assigned in Singapore the much-awaited ASEAN Charter – an agreement targeted to improve the livelihood of half a billion Southeast Asians.

Present Prefect 1

46. But despite the landmark agreement signed Tuesday, the 13th Summit of the Associations of Southeast Asian Nations has been marred by issues surrounding Myanmar – a member country whose military junta has remained resistant to international pressures demanding democratic reforms.

Present Prefect 1

47. whose military junta has remained resistant to international pressures demanding democratic reforms.

Present Perfect 2

48. The grouping’s persistent principal of non interference – which remains in the charter – has drawn constant criticism that it is unable and unwilling to help victims of human rights violations in member countries.

Present Prefect 1

22 November 2007 49. Vice President Jusuf Kalla has asked Temasek Holdings to

respect Indonesian law, including the anti-monopoly agency’s controversial recent ruling that requires the Singaporean business giant to divest its stake either in Indosat or Telkomsel, and pay penalties for breaching the Monopoly Law.

Present Prefect 1

50. The anti-monopoly agency has ordered the Singaporean government holding company to let go its entire indirect stake in either Telkomsel or Indosat, and pay a fine of Rp 25 billion.

Present Prefect 1

51. As a result Telkomsel has been ordered to lower its tariffs by 15 percent.

Present Prefect 1

52. but it has already affected the share prices of Indosat and Telkom, Telkomsel’s parent company, on the Jakarta stock

Present Perfect 3


131

Exchange. 23 November 2007

53. Temasek, which has denied any wrongdoing throughout the investigation, has made it clear that it will challenge the KPPU decision in district court.

Present Prefect 1

54. which has denied any wrongdoing throughout the investigation

Present Prefect 1

55. Since it was announced Monday, the decision has drawn much public comment, some in favor but must against.

Present Perfect 2

56. Vice President Jusuf Kalla , however, has told Temasek to respect and abide by Indonesian law.

Present Prefect 1

24 November 2007 57. Indonesia has made great strides combating rights abuses Present Prefect 1 58. where security forces have been accused of right abuses Present Prefect 1 59. A low-level separatist insurgency has gone on for decades in

the remote area. Present Perfect 2

25 November 2007 60. Today Australia has looked to the future Present Prefect 1 61. which he has held since 1974 Present Perfect 2 62. and (Rudd) has said he wants a more independent voice in

foreign policy, but on Saturday again promised Australia would retain its close alliance with the United States

Present Prefect 1

63. This has been an amazing night Present Perfect 3 64. what he’s done over the years Present Prefect 1

26 November 2007 65. President Yudhoyono has called him to convey his

congratulations Present Prefect 1

65. who has pledged to pull the country’s troops out of Iraq and sign the Kyoto Protocol

Present Prefect 1

27 November 2007 66. We have got used to floods here Present Perfect 2 67. Officials have delivered water pumps and sand sacks to

several spots in the area to help reduce flooding Present Prefect 1

28 November 2007 68. Indonesia has raised its Human Development Index (HDI)

ranking through improvements in a number of key sectors Present Prefect 1

69. Since 1990 we have published the annual Human Development Report

Present Prefect 1

70. that most of the climate change has been caused by carbon emissions in developed countries over the past hundred years

Present Perfect 2

29 November 2007 71. Jakarta’s regular floods can be partially blamed on global and

regional warming, a scientist has said. Present Prefect 1

72. It has been estimated that by 2050, 25 percent of Jakarta will be inundated

Present Prefect 1

73. The city’s severe pollution has created regional warming Present Perfect 2 74. This warming has moved the rain from Bogor in the south to

Jakarta in the north Present Prefect 1

75. We have managed to record and identify the pattern of the shifting rain

Present Prefect 1

76. Global warming has also increased the sea level north of Present Perfect 2


132

Jakarta by 0.57 centimeters per year. 77. the fact that the city’s land has sunk by 0.85 centimeters per

year due to the pressure imposed by concrete buildings and skyscrapers as well as the massive exploitation of underground water springs hasn’t helped the city in dealing with the worsening floods

Present Prefect 1

78. that the city’s land has sunk by 0.85 centimeters per year due to the pressure imposed by concrete buildings and skyscrapers as well as the massive exploitation of underground water springs

Present Perfect 2

79. Armi has studied flooding in Jakarta since 2005. Present Perfect 2 30 November 2007

80. Countries and regions farthest from education for all have moved ahead much faster than in the 1990s

Present Prefect 1

Notes: Present Prefect 1 = Describing an action that went over time in the past and

that is completed with the moment of speaking Present Perfect 2 = Describing a situation that began in the past and that

continuous into present Present Perfect 3 = Describing a past experience with current relevance Simple Past Tense in the Headlines No. Date Finite Clauses Grammatical

Reasons 1. 18-11-2007 Bangladesh death toll could top 2,000 Simple Past 4

Simple Past Tense in the Articles No. Finite Clauses Grammatical


1. participants of a workshop on adaptation strategies for Asia and Africa agreed here yesterday

Simple Past 1

2. Kai Kim Chiang of the Stockholm Environment Institute told participants.

Simple Past 1

3. Ainun Nishat, …said the Kyoto Protocol recognized that developed countries had the obligation to to support developing countries

Simple Past 1

4. the Kyoto Protocol recognized that developed countries had the obligation to to support developing countries

Simple Past 1

5. that developed countries had the obligation to support developing countries

Simple Past 1

6. “One of the key issues to be debated in Bali is how can we have more …,” he said.

Simple Past 1

7. Mozaharul Alam of Bangladesh Center for Advanced Studies said that under Kyoto, developed countries supported adaptation funds through a voluntary mechanism

Simple Past 1


133

8. that under Kyoto, developed countries supported adaptation funds through a voluntary mechanism

Simple Past 1

9. “Through that voluntary mechanism it is very difficult to ….,” he said.

Simple Past 1

10. Both hoped that Indonesia could take the lead for developing nations by forming a friends of chair group

Simple Past 1

11. that Indonesia could take the lead for developing nations by forming a friends of chair group

Simple Past 4

12. Festus Luboyera of South Africa said many countries hoped the new adaptation mechanism could be included in the new protocol

Simple Past 1

13. many countries hoped the new adaptation mechanism could be included in the new protocol

Simple Past 1

14. the new adaptation mechanism could be included in the new protocol

Simple Past 4

15. “Lack of funds continues to be…,” Luboyera, who works for UNFCCC secretariat, said.

Simple Past 1

16. While other participants agreed Simple Past 1 17. there was a problem of funding for developing countries Simple Past 1 18. they also pointed out other problems such as low level of

awareness among the political elite Simple Past 1

2 November 2007 19. Which institution should handle the billions of dollars Simple Past 6 20. Indonesian Foreign Ministry director for development,

economic and environment affairs Salman Al-Farisi said the on going negotiation centered on whether the management of the adaptation funds

Simple Past 1

21. the on going negotiation centered on whether the management of the adaptation funds

Simple Past 1

22. the management of the adaptation funds...., would be handed over to the Global Environment Facility (GEF) or some new institution

Simple Past 7

23. “We can probably agree on the establishment of ...,” he said on the sidelines of a workshop....

Simple Past 1

24. Mozaharul Alam of the Bangladesh Center for Advance Studies said discussions on the management of the funds would focus on whether the world needed to set up a new organization or if a modified version of the GEF could do the job

Simple Past 1

25. discussions on the management of the funds would focus on whether the world needed to set up a new organization or if a modified version of the GEF could do the job

Simple Past 7

26. whether the world needed to set up a new organization or if a modified version of the GEF could do the job

Simple Past 1

27. if a modified version of the GEF could do the job Simple Past 5 28. An Indonesian official said Indonesia has been approached by

the GEF Simple Past 1

29. the GEF promised it would be more transparent Simple Past 1 30. it would be more transparent Simple Past 7 31. “The GEF has been fighting hard to get the right to handle the

funds...,” the official said. Simple Past 1

32. The G-77 is scheduled to meet in Bali by the end of the month Simple Past 1


134

to solidify its position on the issue, the Indonesia official said 3 November 2007

33. The Attorney General’s Office on Friday named former state enterprises minister Laksamana Sukardi and two former Pertamina directors as suspects in the 2004sale of two oil tankers

Simple Past 1

34. Junior Attorney General for Special Crimes Kemas Yahya Rahman said prosecutors found proof the sale of the oil tankers inflicted losses on the state

Simple Past 1

35. prosecutors found proof the sale of the oil tankers inflicted losses on the state

Simple Past 1

36. the sale of the oil tankers inflicted losses on the state Simple Past 1 37. He refused to give a specific figure Simple Past 1 38. saying it was still being calculated by Supreme Audit Agency Simple Past 1 39. “We will officially asks them to come in for questioning as

suspects next week,” Kemas told. Simple Past 1

40. He said prosecutors could detain the three suspects if they failed to appear for questioning next week

Simple Past 1

41. prosecutors could detain the three suspects if they failed to appear for questioning next week

Simple Past 5

42. The possibility that the sale of the two tankers to Bermuda-based Frontline Inc. for US$ 184 millions in 2004 could have inflicted state losses emerged after an audit by the Financial and Development Supervisory Board and independent consultant Japan Marine

Simple Past 1

43. The audit found the initial purchase by Indonesia of the two VLCC tankers for $130 million in 2002 was appropriate and in line with existing regulations

Simple Past 1

44. the initial purchase by Indonesia of the two VLCC tankers for $130 million in 2002 was appropriate and in line with existing regulations

Simple Past 1

45. It then raised questions over the sale of the same tankers two years later for $ 184 million

Simple Past 1

46. Then Pertamina president director Ariffi Nawawi said at the time the sale was made because leasing a vessel of the same type cost only $20,000 a day, while the purchase, docking, storage, and maintenance would cost Pertamina $45,000 daily.

Simple Past 1

47. at the time the sale was made because leasing a vessel of the same type cost only $20,000 a day

Simple Past 1

48. while the purchase, docking, storage, and maintenance would cost Pertamina $45,000 daily.

Simple Past 7

49. Based on the audit results, the Pertamina Workers Union reported the sale to the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) in 2004, saying they suspected graft was the motive behind the sale.

Simple Past 1

50. saying they suspected graft was the motive behind the sale. Simple Past 1 51. graft was the motive behind the sale. Simple Past 1 52. The commission announced earlier this year it had not found

any irregularities in the sale. Simple Past 1

53. The investigation was taken over by the AGO. Simple Past 1 54. Laksamana’s head lawyer, Petrus Salestinus, said there was no

basis for naming Laksamana a suspect. Simple Past 1


135

55. there was no basis for naming Laksamana a suspect Simple Past 1 56. He said the state profited around $50 millions from the sale Simple Past 1 57. there was no criminal action involved Simple Past 1 58. “How can they say the sale of tankers that cost $130 millions

for $184 millions created a lost? Even the KPK agrees with that,” Petrus said at the head quarters of the Democratic Reform Party (PDP) in Jakarta on Friday.

Simple Past 1

59. that cost $130 millions Simple Past 1 60. the sale of tankers that cost $130 millions for $184 millions

created a lost Simple Past 1

61. He said he believed the AGO’s decision was motivated by political interests.

Simple Past 1

62. he believed the AGO’s decision was motivated by political interests

Simple Past 1

63. the AGO’s decision was motivated by political interests Simple Past 1 64. Petrus said a recommendation by the law commission of the

House of Representative to reopen the case, which was issued by a special committee a month ago, was being used by Laksamana’s political opponents

Simple Past 1

65. which was issued by a special committee a month ago Simple Past 1 66. “There are legislators from the Indonesian Democratic party of

Struggle (PDI-P) on the law commission who have long been known as Laksamana’s political opponents. We believe that they had a big role in this recommendation in order to cripple Laksamana’s political career,” he said.

Simple Past 1

67. that they had a big role in this recommendation in order to cripple Laksamana’s political career

Simple Past 1

68. which splintered off from PDI-P Simple Past 1 69. Former chairman of the House’s special committee on the

tanker sale case, gayus Lumbuun, said the House’s recommendation to reopen the case was a correct one.

Simple Past 1

70. the House’s recommendation to reopen the case was a correct one

Simple Past 1

71. “The recommendation to reinvestigate the case does not represent the political interest of the PDI-P at all. Please remember the PDI-P doesn’t dominate the House and there are other factions who also vote to review,” Gayus, who is a PDI-P member, told The Jakarta Post

Simple Past 1

4 November 2007 72. Indonesia’s Mount Kelud erupted Saturday Simple Past 1 73. a volcanologist said, causing panic among residents living in

the area, but there was no immediate reports of casualties. Simple Past 1

74. but there was no immediate reports of casualties Simple Past 1 75. “The first eruption was detected at 4:15 pm (0915 GMT),”

Agus Budianto said. Simple Past 1

76. The first eruption was detected at 4:15 pm (0915 GMT), Simple Past 1 77. He said this was based on seismic data that indicated

continuous, escalating tremors too strong to be measured on their instruments.

Simple Past 1

78. this was based on seismic data that indicated continuous, escalating tremors too strong to be measured on their instruments

Simple Past 1


136

79. that indicated continuous, escalating tremors too strong to be measured on their instruments

Simple Past 1

80. He said no visual confirmation of an eruption of lava or ash was possible due to heavy cloud shrouding the peak, located in densely populated East Java and just 90 km (56 miles) from Indonesia’s second city of Surabaya.

Simple Past 1

81. no visual confirmation of an eruption of lava or ash was possible due to heavy cloud shrouding the peak

Simple Past 1

82. Metro TV reported volcalonogist instruments high at the peak had not been damaged, which meant it was unlikely there had been a magmatic eruption.

Simple Past 1

83. which meant it was unlikely there had been a magmatic eruption

Simple Past 1

84. it was unlikely there had been a magmatic eruption Simple Past 1 85. some locals reported hearing an explosion before panic broke

out Simple Past 1

86. panic broke out Simple Past 1 87. but the explosion could not immediately be confirmed with

scientist Simple Past 3

88. ”We panicked, Kelud has erupted,” he said as he rushed downhill.

Simple Past 1

89. he rushed downhill. Simple Past 1 90. We panicked Simple Past 1 91. ”My mother is left in our house up there...there was no space

on our motorcycle,” she said, adding some trucks had pick up residents in their village.

Simple Past 1

92. there was no space on our motorcycle Simple Past 1 93. Television footage showed rushing but calm residents piling

into trucks, wearing raincoats amid heavy downpours lashing the slopes, clutching a few belongings.

Simple Past 1

94. but activity escalated dramatically on Friday Simple Past 1 95. triggering fresh rounds of evacuations carried out by troops

and local officials using hundred of trucks Simple Past 1

96. On Saturday, some recalcitrant residents were dragged from their homes while others hid in scrub and at church, the correspondent said.

Simple Past 1

97. some recalcitrant residents were dragged from their homes Simple Past 1 98. while others hid in scrub and at church Simple Past 1 99. A policeman guarding road access to a village within the

danger zone just hours before the eruption told AFP that authorities were getting tough, “for people’s safety ... the eruption could kill people”.

Simple Past 1

100. but local officials told AFP they were focusing on evacuating 60,000.

Simple Past 1

101. and another volcanologist, Saut Simatupang, earlier told AFP it would “take a lot of energy to shif the 2.5 million cubic meters of water in the crater”

Simple Past 1

102. it would “take a lot of energy to shift the 2.5 million cubic meters of water in the crater”

Simple Past 7

103. Expert said they expect an eruption of Kelud to consist of “heat clouds” of searing gas and volcanic debris rushing down the slopes, similar to the last eruption in 1990 that left 34 people

Simple Past 1


137

dead. 104. that left 34 people dead Simple Past 1 105. Since record-keeping began Simple Past 1 106. A 1919 eruption spewed heat clouds that killed 5,160 people. Simple Past 1 107. (heat cloud) that killed 5,160 people Simple Past 1

5 November 2007 108. a major Indonesian Muslim association announced over the

weekend Simple Past 1

109. The influential Bathsul Masail (problem deliberation) commission issued the statement on the last day of the conference of the East Java chapter of Nahdatul Ulama (NU).

Simple Past 1

110. The commission made the statement after thoroughly reviewing the Koran and Hadith, along with other text,

Simple Past 1

111. It said that while the discourse on an Islamic state become increasingly popular among the nation’s intellectuals and general public, it found no nash (argument and reasoning) in the books that provide the idea of an Islamic state with a texual ground.

Simple Past 1

112. it found no nash (argument and reasoning) in the books that provide the idea of an Islamic state with a textual ground

Simple Past 1

113. It said the books also said nothing about Islamic state being a necessity.

Simple Past 1

114. the books also said nothing about Islamic state being a necessity

Simple Past 1

115. “The Khilafah state therefore is a form of ijtihadiyyah (interpretation),” the head of the commission’s formulating team, Murtadho Ghoni, said Sunday.

Simple Past 1

116. Consequently, any effort to replace the country’s Unitary system with an Islamic one was prohibited, particularly when such efforts would bring more problems to the nation, the commission said.

Simple Past 1

117. Consequently, any effort to replace the country’s Unitary system with an Islamic one was prohibited

Simple Past 1

118. particularly when such efforts would bring more problems to the nation

Simple Past 7

119. The Tausiyah (recommendation) team made similar comments. Simple Past 1 120. Labeling the Caliphate “a transnational” ideology, the team

said NU members should be cautious around it. Simple Past 1

121. ”The government, religious and community leaders must be very vigilant toward this trans-national ideology that has threatened the national ideology and unity, and the Unitary State of Indonesia,” Tausiyah team head Samsul Huda said.

Simple Past 1

122. “This movement has attacked us far too often, once in a while we need to counter attack,” Ali Maschan Moesa said.

Simple Past 1

123. The three-days conference was held at Pondok Pesantren Zainul Hasan Genggong, an Islamic boarding school.

Simple Past 1

124. More than 500 executives committee members and influential kyai (traditional ulama) participated in the conference.

Simple Past 1

125. The participant elected KH. Miftahul Akhyar as the chairman of Rois Syuriah (the advisory board) and KH. Ali Maschan Moesa as the chairman of Tanfidz (the executive board).

Simple Past 1

6 November 2007


138

126. Logging boss Adelin Lis walked away from court free of all charges Monday after the Medan District court acquitted him of illegal logging activities.

Simple Past 1

127. after the Medan District court acquitted him of illegal logging activities

Simple Past 1

128. The court said he had been proven not guilty of committing graft and forest destruction in Mandailing Natal Regency, North Sumatra.

Simple Past 1

129. Adelin’s family members and supporters, who attended the trial, said they were elated by the court ruling.

Simple Past 1

130. (adelin’s family members and supporters) who attended the trial

Simple Past 1

131. But environmental activists said they were disappointed over the decision, saying it was unjust and that judges who pardoned the defendant must be examined.

Simple Past 1

132. they were disappointed over the decision Simple Past 1 133. saying it was unjust Simple Past 1 134. who pardoned the defendant Simple Past 1 135. “The judges have been bribed,” the activists said in a

statement. Simple Past 1

136. Presiding judge Arwan Birin said Adelin was acquinted from all criminal charges because he was not proven guilty of breaching the corruption and forestry laws.

Simple Past 1

137. Adelin was acquitted from all criminal charges because he was not proven guilty of breaching the corruption and forestry laws

Simple Past 1

138. he was not proven guilty of breaching the corruption and forestry laws

Simple Past 1

139 The panel of judges said both charges by prosecutors acting against Adelin had no legal grounds.

Simple Past 1

140. both charges by prosecutors acting against Adelin had no legal grounds

Simple Past 1

141. Birin said the defendant had not been proven gulty because Adelin ran a private company which had never used state funds for its operations.

Simple Past 1

142. Adelin ran a private company Simple Past 1 143. Birin said that with regard to the forest destruction allegations,

the defendant was not proven guilty of illegal logging because the company had obtained a forest concession permit (HPH).

Simple Past 1

144. the defendant was not proven guilty of illegal logging because the company had obtained a forest concession permit (HPH)

Simple Past 1

145. Prosecutors said they planned to file an appeal to the Supreme Court.

Simple Past 1

146. they planned to file an appeal to the Supreme Court Simple Past 1 147. “We will file (an appeal)...because the panel of judges had

failed to put into consideration a number of important matters,” prosecutor Harli Siregar told The Jakarta Post after the trial.

Simple Past 1

148. Harli said one of them was irregularities in HPH tax payments. Simple Past 1 149. one of them was irregularities in HPH tax payments Simple Past 1 150. “We want to prove this in the Supreme Court,” Harli said. Simple Past 1 151. When asked for a comment on the court ruling, Adelin said he

was moved by the decision. Simple Past 1


139

152. he was moved by the decision Simple Past 1 153. “It turned out that there is still justice in the country,” he said

while leaving the court room. Simple Past 1

154. It turned out that there is still justice in the country Simple Past 1 155. Adelin’s lawyer Hotman Paris Hutapea said he had received

information that certain parties wished to rearrest his client due to the ruling.

Simple Past 1

156. that certain parties wished to rearrest his client due to the ruling

Simple Past 1

157. “We received information that someone wants to detain our client following the verdict,” said Hotman, without elaborating.

Simple Past 1

158. We received information that someone wants to detain our client following the verdict

Simple Past 1

7 November 2007 159. State Minister for National Development Planning Paskah

Suzetta said in his office Tuesday that if crude prices reached US$100 a barrel next year and the country’s net oil production was lower than the targeted 1.034 million barrel per day, limiting the sale of the subsidized fuels to private cars would be an option

Simple Past 1

160. if crude prices reached US$100 a barrel next year and the country’s net oil production was lower than the targeted 1.034 million barrel per day, limiting the sale of the subsidized fuels to private cars would be an option

Simple Past 1

161. limiting the sale of the subsidized fuels to private cars would be an option

Simple Past 7

162. the country’s net oil production was lower than the targeted 1.034 million barrel per day

Simple Past 1

163. “If the production is secure, then there will not be problem. But if not, we will make some adjustments by limiting the sales of subsidized fuel to private vehicles,” Paskah said.

Simple Past 1

164. Energy analyst Kurtubi said he was unconvinced the oil production target could be achieved given the decline in the production of the country’s existing oil wells.

Simple Past 1

165. he was unconvinced the oil production target could be achieved given the decline in the production of the country’s existing oil wells

Simple Past 1

166. the oil production target could be achieved given the decline in the production of the country’s existing oil wells

Simple Past 1

167. Kurtubi said the government needed to fix immediately problems hampering new investment in the sector due to the uncompetitive oil and gas law, which requires companies pay tax during exploration period.

Simple Past 1

168. the government needed to fix immediately problems hampering new investment in the sector due to the uncompetitive oil and gas law, which requires companies pay tax during exploration period

Simple Past 1

169. New York’s main future contract, light sweet crude for delivery in December, climbed 78 cents to $94.78 a barrel from its close of $93.98 in U.S. trades after hitting a record high of $96.24 last Thursday, AFP reported Tuesday.

Simple Past 1


140

170. New York’s main future contract, light sweet crude for delivery in December, climbed 78 cents to $94.78 a barrel from its close of $93.98 in U.S. trades after hitting a record high of $96.24 last Thursday

Simple Past 1

171. Paskah said that this year alone, the fuel subsidy would reach Rp 90 trillion, or about 40 percent more than the targeted Rp 55 trillion.

Simple Past 1

172. that this year alone, the fuel subsidy would reach Rp 90 trillion, or about 40 percent more than the targeted Rp 55 trillion

Simple Past 7

173. Paskah did not give details on the program Simple Past 1 174. but, (Paskah) said that the funds for the program may come

from another reallocation of routine expenditures in the budget.

175. The government during 2005 and 2006 provided a quarterly stipend of Rp 300,000 (US$33) to some 19 million poor household to protect them from negative impact of the fuel price hikes.

Simple Past 1

176. Legislator Drajad H. Wibowo, who is a member of both the House’s budget and financial affairs commissions, said the government’s plan to limit the sale of subsidized fuel to private vehicles should only be an “ad-hoc” solution to the problem.

Simple Past 1

177. the government’s plan to limit the sale of subsidized fuel to private vehicles should only be an “ad-hoc” solution to the problem

Simple Past 6

178. “I can’t say I agree or not with this proposal. However it will have a significant impact on the average spending of the medium-income families. Who usually contribute significantly to economic growth,” he said.

Simple Past 1

179. Drajad said the government should limit its proposal to the House so that both could identify its costs and benefits immediately.

Simple Past 1

180. the government should limit its proposal to the House so that both could identify its costs and benefits immediately

Simple Past 1

181. that both could identify its costs and benefits immediately Simple Past 3 8 November 2007

182. The oil price surged to a record high above US$98 per barrel in Asian trade Wednesday and to within touching distance of the landmark US$100 level in a “crazy” market, dealer said.

Simple Past 1

183. The oil price surged to a record high above US$98 per barrel in Asian trade Wednesday and to within touching distance of the landmark US$100 level in a “crazy” market

Simple Past 1

184. The rise came after the U.S. dollar hit a new low and amid expectations of more falls in U.S. energy reserves, both factors which had also lured speculators to the fray, they added.

Simple Past 1

185. The rise came after the U.S. dollar hit a new low and amid expectations of more falls in U.S. energy reserves, both factors which had also lured speculators to the fray

Simple Past 1

186. the U.S. dollar hit a new low and amid expectations of more falls in U.S. energy reserves

Simple Past 1

187. “It’s a crazy market. People just want to get more money and are betting on the upside,” said Tetsu Emori, an analyst with Astmax in Tokyo.

Simple Past 1


141

188. New York’s main contract, light sweet crude for December delivery, hit a record trading high of $98.03 before easing back to $97.96.

Simple Past 1

189. That was $1.26 up from the closing record high of $96.70 in the US. On Tuesday.

Simple Past 1

190. Brent North Sea crude for December delivery broke $94 for the first time to a new high of $94.54, up to $1.28 from Tuesday’s finish.

Simple Past 1

191. “The dollar is falling very sharply this morning in Asia and commodities usually advance when that happens,” said Dariusz Kowalczyk, the chief investment strategist at CFC Seymour in Hongkong.

Simple Past 1

192. The oil price trend was still upward and there was “nothing to change” that, Kowalczyk said.

Simple Past 1

193. The oil price trend was still upward Simple Past 1 194. there was “nothing to change Simple Past 1 195. In Jakarta, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono said

Wednesday the government would not raise the price of fuel although the oil price has almost reached $100 a barrel.

Simple Past 1

196. Wednesday the government would not raise the price of fuel Simple Past 7 197. “That option is not there. What we are looking for is a solution

that is right on the target, at least alleviating the impact without having to give rise to new problems for the people,” he told journalist.

Simple Past 1

198. “At the appropriate time, if prices really continue to be like this or become even higher, of course, there would be significant actions that we will take,” he said without giving details.

Simple Past 1

199. there would be significant actions that we will take Simple Past 7 200. State Minister for National Development Planning Paskah

Suzetta said Tuesday the government was considering limiting the sales of subsidized fuels to private vehicles to help reduce the rising fuel subsidy resulting from the surging oil prices.

Simple Past 1

201. Paskah said that if the crude price reached $100 a barrel next year and the country’s oil production was lower than the targeted 1.034 million barrels a day, limiting the sales of subsidized fuels to private would be an option.

Simple Past 1

202. if the crude price reached $100 a barrel next year and the country’s oil production was lower than the targeted 1.034 million barrels a day, limiting the sales of subsidized fuels to private would be an option

Simple Past 1

203. if ... the country’s oil production was lower than the targeted 1.034 million barrels a day, limiting the sales of subsidized fuels to private would be an option

Simple Past 1

204. limiting the sales of subsidized fuels to private would be an option

Simple Past 7

205. Separately, Trade Minister Mari Elka Pangestu said Indonesia’s 2008 growth rate could be shaved slightly due to record global oil price and its impact on the U.S. economy, but domestic indicators were strong.

Simple Past 1

206. Indonesia’s 2008 growth rate could be shaved slightly due to record global oil price and its impact on the U.S. economy

Simple Past 4

207. domestic indicators were strong Simple Past 1


142

208. Speaking at an economic seminar, Mari said that while the government’s official growth target remained at 6.8 percent for 2008, other forecasts had a bottom range of 6.2 percent.

Simple Past 1

209. while the government’s official growth target remained at 6.8 percent for 2008

Simple Past 1

210. other forecasts had a bottom range of 6.2 percent Simple Past 1 211. “This is really related to the external downside risks related to

the price increases and I would say the main effect for us is the effect it will have on the U.S. economy and therefore on or exports and investment outlook,” she said.

Simple Past 1

212. I would say the main effect for us is the effect it will have on the U.S. economy

Simple Past 7

213. First half growth for 2007 in the country clocked in at 6.3 percent with the annual target also set at 6.3 percent.

Simple Past 1

214. the annual target also set at 6.3 percent Simple Past 1 215. Consumer and investment were the main growth drivers, she

said. Simple Past 1

216. Consumer and investment were the main growth drivers Simple Past 1 9 November 2007

217. “The reduction is done in a spirit of efficiency,” director general of budget at the Finance Ministry, Achmad Rochjadi, told Detik.com newsportal after attending a meeting to discuss the general elections budget at the Vice Presidential Palace.

Simple Past 1

218. “The amount, however is not yet final (and is) waiting for the deliberation of the bill on political parties at the House of Representatives,” he said.

Simple Past 1

219. In addition to Vice President Jusuf Kalla, the meeting was also attended by Home Affairs Minister Mardiyanto, Justice and Human Rights Minister Andi Matalatta, and National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) chief Paskah Suzetta.

Simple Past 1

220. The KPU proposed a budget of Rp 22.3 trillion, to be taken from the state budget, and another rp 25.6 trillion, which could be taken from regional budgets.

Simple Past 1

221. which could be taken from regional budgets. Simple Past 4 222. The KPU also said the budget was for preparations and

activities in 2008 and 2009 Simple Past 1

223. The budget was for preparations and activities in 2008 and 2009

Simple Past 1

224. The government provided Rp 2.3 trillion from the state budget for the 2004 polls.

Simple Past 1

225. There were, however, additional funds allocated from the regional budget

Simple Past 1

226. Achmad said efficiency efforts influenced the use of ballot boxes from the 2004 polls as well as increasing the number of voters at each polling station

Simple Past 1

227. efficiency efforts influenced the use of ballot boxes from the 2004 polls as well as increasing the number of voters at each polling station

Simple Past 1

228. “We also do not need special funding for security as it is already the duty of the National Police. Maybe we only need to provide them with meals,” he said.

Simple Past 1


143

229. The size of ballot papers could also be minimized and using cheaper materials similar to those used for newspapers

Simple Past 4

230. he said Simple Past 1 231. voters could write down the names Simple Past 4 232. Meanwhile, KPU chairman Abdul Hafiz Anshary said that he

had yet to hear a detailed explanation of the Rp 10.4 trillion figure decided by the government

Simple Past 1

233. that he had yet to hear a detailed explanation of the Rp 10.4 trillion figure decided by the government

Simple Past 1

234. “I don’t know yet whether that Rp 10.4 trillion is for two years or for one year only. We will see what they mean with that figure,” said Abdul when The Jakarta Post contacted him.

Simple Past 1

235. when The Jakarta Post contacted him. Simple Past 1 236. However, he said, if the money was for two years then it would

be irrational. Simple Past 1

237. if the money was for two years then it would be irrational Simple Past 1 238. then it would be irrational Simple Past 7 239. “The honorarium is well below the minimum wage. We cannot

raise it with only a Rp 10.4 trillion budget. It will be a high risk to lower their honorarium. They may possibly refuse to work but be easily tempted to violate regulations,” Abdul said.

Simple Past 1

240 Abdul also said the KPU and the vice president would soon form a small team including officials from the Finance Ministry, Home Affair Ministry and Bappenas to discuss a more detailed election budget.

Simple Past 1

241. the KPU and the vice president would soon form a small team including officials from the Finance Ministry, Home Affair Ministry and Bappenas to discuss a more detailed election budget

Simple Past 7

10 November 2007 242. Founded on Aug. 8, 1967 in Bangkok ASEAN was established

through a declaration by founding members Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.

Simple Past 1

243. A regional analyst said it remained to be seen whether the carter will be implemented in earnest

Simple Past 1

244. it remained to be seen whether the carter will be implemented in earnest

Simple Past 1

245. “The content of the charter is likely to be impressive, especially because ASEAN’s international legitimacy and reputation are very important,” said Hiro Katsumata of the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies in Singapore.

Simple Past 1

246. “It will be a paper tiger if they do not use it,” he said. Simple Past 1 247. Simon Tay, chairman of the think tank Singapore Institute for

International Affairs, said ASEAN must go beyond mentioning human rights and democracy in the charter.

Simple Past 1

248. “It is important that ASEAN in future steps...tries to activate it as a reality,” said Tay

Simple Past 1

249. the charter should put increasing pressure on the Myanmar junta to meet its promises

Simple Past 6

250. Anelyn de Luna, of the anti-junta nonprofit group, Alternative ASEAN Network on Burma, said ASEAN should bar any Myanmar government official from signing the charter.

Simple Past 1


144

251. ASEAN should bar any Myanmar government official from signing the charter

Simple Past 6

252. “The SPDC (Junta’s formal name) is not a legitimate government,” de Luna said.

Simple Past 1

253. Reaching decisions by consensus, another principle that has bogged down the grouping was also retained as a bedrock principle.

Simple Past 1

11 November 2007 254. With prehistoric Antarctic ice sheets melting beneath his feet,

UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon called for urgent political action to tackle global warming.

Simple Past 1

255. he took office earlier this year Simple Past 1 256. “I need a political answer. This is an emergency and for

emergency situations we need emergency action,” he said during Friday’s visit to three scientific bases on the barren continent

Simple Past 1

257. Amid occasional flurries of snow, Ban flew over melting ice fields in a light plane

Simple Past 1

258. Where vast chunks of ice the size six-storey buildings could be seen floating off the coast after breaking away from ice shelves

Simple Past 4

259. “All we’ve seen has been very impressive and beautiful, extraordinarily beautiful,” he told reporters.

Simple Past 1

260. It was the first visit by UN chief to Antarctica. Simple Past 1 261. On Saturday, he was expected to continue his South American

tour at Chilean national park Torres del Paine Simple Past 1

262. its ice sheets hold some 90 percent of the fresh water on the Earth’s surface

Simple Past 1

263. “People are dying and getting injured as a result of trying to engage in traditional activities in much-changing conditions,” said Deborah Williams, a former Interior Department officials who heads an Alaska organization focused on climate change

Simple Past 1

12 November 2007 264. The institute’s Gatot said Sunday he had received at least 50

complaints via e-mail, over the telephone and by fax Simple Past 1

265. “We will hold a meeting Monday with these complaints to discuss the city’s perennial traffic problems,” he said.

Simple Past 1

266. A resident of Depok, West Java, who travels regularly on Jl. Metro Pondok Indah, in Pondok Indah, filed a complaint to the Jakarta Police last week after he was forced to spend four hours on the road.

Simple Past 1

267. he was forced to spend four hours on the road Simple Past 1 268. He said his daily trip usually only took one-and-a-half hours Simple Past 1 269. his daily trip usually was only one-and-a-half hours Simple Past 1 270. Gatot said the meeting would discuss ways to confront the

Jakarta administration and the city police in dealing with traffic jams

Simple Past 1

271. the meeting would discuss ways to confront the Jakarta administration and the city police in dealing with traffic jams

Simple Past 7

272. “We still don’t know whether we will file a (class action) lawsuit or just offer recommendations to the administration and the police,” he said.

Simple Past 1

273. The city administration, Gatot said, is supposed to have clear Simple Past 1


145

road development plans, while the police should enforce the traffic law

274. while the police should enforce the traffic law Simple Past 6 275. “Many underpass and overpass construction works have been

left unfinished, while most public bus and minivan drivers stop wherever they please. These factors also contribute to the city chaotic traffic situation,” he said.

Simple Past 1

276. Most of the people who complained to the institute do not oppose the busway program, he said, in fact, they are happy to support it as long as the Trans Jakarta management implements it properly.

Simple Past 1

277. who complained to the institute Simple Past 1 278. In order to cope with increased traffic congestion during rainy

season, Governor Fauzi Bowo said that the beginning Monday motorist would be allowed to use certain busway corridors during specific times.

Simple Past 1

279. the beginning Monday motorist would be allowed to use certain busway corridors during specific times

Simple Past 7

280. “The city mayors and police precinct heads have the authority to allow motorist (to use corridors),” he said.

Simple Past 1

281. The policy will be effective for 30 days, Fauzi said. Simple Past 1 13 November 2007

282. The city administration and the police deployed more than 5,000 personnel Monday to secure the implementation of a temporary traffic policy allowing motorists to use certain sections of the busway corridors

Simple Past 1

283. However, transportation expert criticized the policy, saying it was absurd and would backfire

Simple Past 1

284. it was absurd Simple Past 1 285. and (it) would backfire Simple Past 7 286. The policy will make the busway system no different from

other public transportation modes in the city, Tulus Abadi of the Indonesian Consumers Foundation told a press conference Monday

Simple Past 1

287. Under the policy, which became effective as of Monday for one month, motorists are permitted to use busway lanes during specific times, Jakarta Police chief Insp. Gen. Adang Firman said.

Simple Past 1

288. which became effective as of Monday for one month Simple Past 1 289. “I have to make it clear that the busway corridors will be open

to the public only during specific times, when traffic congestion occurs,” he told reporters.

Simple Past 1

290. Head of the city Transportation Agency, Nurachman, told The Jakarta Post motorists could use the busway corridors in 55 locations between 6 a.m. and 9 a.m., and 4 p.m. and 9 p.m.

Simple Past 1

291. motorists could use the busway corridors in 55 locations between 6 a.m. and 9 a.m., and 4 p.m. and 9 p.m.

Simple Past 4

292. The city administration introduced the busway system in December 2002 to ease chronic traffic congestion, with 15 planned busway corridors to be built across the city.

Simple Past 1

293. which started last month Simple Past 1 294. In response to the complaints, Governor Fauzi Bowo earlier Simple Past 1


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said motorists could use three corridors until the construction was completed.

295. motorists could use three corridors until the construction was completed

Simple Past 4

296. the construction was completed Simple Past 1 297. Firman said officers deployed to deal with traffic congestion

across the city would also take action against illegal parking operators and unauthorized traffic regulators

Simple Past 1

298. officers deployed to deal with traffic congestion across the city Simple Past 1 299. (officers) would also take action against illegal parking

operators and unauthorized traffic regulators Simple Past 7

300. “We will manage the traffic jams caused by the city’s public transportation vehicles, which often stop on the streets to wait for passengers (causing further congestions),” he said.

Simple Past 1

301. In response to Jakarta’s traffic problems, Deputy Governor Prijanto called for more discipline from the public when using the city’s road.

Simple Past 1

302. “I would like to ask all Jakartans to increase their self-awareness in order to help solve the traffic problems,” he said.

Simple Past 1

303. I would like to ask all Jakartans to increase their self-awareness in order to help solve the traffic problems

Simple Past 7

304. However, observers said allowing motorists use the busway lanes would not solve traffic problems.

Simple Past 1

305. allowing motorists use the busway lanes would not solve traffic problems

Simple Past 7

14 November 2007 306. she was placed under house arrest for the second time in five

days. Simple Past 1

307. With the political turmoil deepening, U.S. Deputy Secretary of State John Negroponte was headed to Pakistan

Simple Past 1

308. and (U.S. Deputy Secretary of State John Negroponte was) expected to reiterate Washington’s calls for Musharraf to lift the state emergency

Simple Past 1

309. the restrictions imposed by the military leader – including on independent media and rallies – would make it hard for upcoming parliamentary elections to be fair

Simple Past 7

310. UN Secretary-General Ban Kimoon urged the Pakistani government Monday to lift emergency measures imposed earlier this month.

Simple Past 1

311. “I would hope that the Pakistani government would do more, including the lifting emergency measures as well as release detained political leaders,” Ban told reporters after meeting Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva in Brasilia.

Simple Past 1

312. I would hope that the Pakistani government would do more Simple Past 7 313. the Pakistani government would do more Simple Past 7 314. British Foreign Secretary David Miliband said Tuesday that

military rule imposed by Gen. Musharraf must be lifted within 10 days.

Simple Past 1

315. The British government backed a call by Commonwealth ministers

Simple Past 1

316. Miliband said: “Absolutely, the Commonwealth position was one that the UK played an important part in creating.”

Simple Past 1


147

317. Absolutely, the Commonwealth position was one that the UK played an important part in creating

Simple Past 1

318. that the UK played an important part in creating Simple Past 1 319. Ministers from several countries, including Britain, threatened

Pakistan with suspension from the group unless Musharraf repeals emergency laws, restores the constitution and steps down as army chief by Nov. 22.

Simple Past 1

320. “That’s why the 10 days has become important,” Miliband told BBC radio.

Simple Past 1

321. Bhutto was trapped in a padlock house surrounded by thousands of riot police, trucks, tractors loaded with sand, and a row of metal barricades topped with barbed wire.

Simple Past 1

322. She said it was now likely her Pakistan People’s Party would boycott the January elections and ruled out serving another term as prime minister under Musharraf.

Simple Past 1

323. it was now likely her Pakistan People’s Party would boycott the January elections and ruled out serving another term as prime minister under Musharraf

Simple Past 1

324. her Pakistan People’s Party would boycott the January elections

Simple Past 7

325. and (her Pakistan People’s Party ) ruled out serving another term as prime minister under Musharraf

Simple Past 1

326. “I simply won’t be able to believe anything he said to me,” she told reporters by telephone from the house in Lahore where she was held to prevent her from leading a protest procession.

Simple Past 1

327. where she was held to prevent her from leading a protest procession

Simple Past 1

328. he said to me Simple Past 1 329. Her comments appeared to bury hopes of the political rivals

forming a pro-U.S. alliance against rising Islamic extremism. Simple Past 1

330. that paved the way for Bhutto’s return from exile last month to contest the parliamentary elections

Simple Past 1

331. In the southern city Karachi, Bhutto supporters fired on two police stations in a poor district where her party is popular

Simple Past 1

332. Police used tear gas to disperse demonstrators, senior police officers Fayyaz Khan said.

Simple Past 1

333. Police used tear gas to disperse demonstrators Simple Past 1 334. A 9-years-old boy and a 22-years-old woman were injured in

crossfire between demonstrators and police, witness said. Simple Past 1

335. A 9-years-old boy and a 22-years-old woman were injured in crossfire between demonstrators and police

Simple Past 1

336. Bhutto told the private Geo TV network that Musharraf was an obstacle to democracy and must resign both as president and army chief.

Simple Past 1

337. that Musharraf was an obstacle to democracy Simple Past 1 338. She accused Musharraf of in effect imposing martial law when

he declared emergency ruled on Nov. 3 – suspending citizens rights and rounding up thousands of his opponents.

Simple Past 1

339. when he declared emergency ruled on Nov. 3 Simple Past 1 15 November 2007

340. Strong winds and heavy rain brought down trees and billboards along Jakarta’s busy roads Wednesday, causing

Simple Past 1


148

massive traffic jams and injuring at least three people 341. A billboard crashed down on taxi in Kebayoran Baru. South

Jakarta, injuring the driver and two passengers Simple Past 1

342. The passengers were tended to at the scene Simple Past 1 343. while the driver was taken to Pertamina Hospital before being

released later that evening Simple Past 1

344. Another billboard fell on top of an internet café in Setiabudi, South Jakarta, shutting off power in the area.

Simple Past 1

345. A tree was downed near Tebet Hospital on Jl. MT Haryono, South Jakarta, causing a severe traffic jam as a line of cars snaked down the road, according newsportal detik.com.

Simple Past 1

346. a line of cars snaked down the road Simple Past 1 347. Several trees fell near train tracks, blocking the tracks and

cutting power to electric trains. Simple Past 1

348. Affected were the Jatinegara to Senen route, Manggarai to Jatinegara route, manggarai to Tebet route, and the Manggarai to Tanah Abang route.

Simple Past 1

349. Adi, who commutes from Depok by train, said passengers were forced to exit at the Pasar Minggu station, from where they caught buses, taxis and ojek, which affected traffic in the area.

Simple Past 1

350. passengers were forced to exit at the Pasar Minggu station Simple Past 1 351. where they caught buses, taxis and ojek Simple Past 1 352. which affected traffic in the area Simple Past 1 353. “It takes 20 minutes to go from my home to work, I think today

it took me two-and-a-half hours,” he said. Simple Past 1

354. it took me two-and-a-half hours Simple Past 1 355. In North Manggarai, a car was crushed by a fallen tree. Simple Past 1 356. The owner of the car looked hopelessly as workers cut away

the tree and hauled it away. Simple Past 1

357. workers cut away the tree Simple Past 1 358. and (the workers) hauled it away Simple Past 1 359. Nearby, the gate and wall of an Islamic school were crushed

under a huge tree, which blocked the entrance to the school. Simple Past 1

360. which blocked the entrance to the school. Simple Past 1 361. “We have to divide the day time session into two groups for a

different day, because they have their exams today,” school official Sumarno said.

Simple Past 1

362. He said the school had sent three requests to the city’s parks agency to remove the tree, but never received a reply.

Simple Past 1

363. but (the school) never received a reply Simple Past 1 364. The park agency said at lest 21 fallen trees were reported here

on Wednesday. Simple Past 1

365. at lest 21 fallen trees were reported here on Wednesday Simple Past 1 366. “I hope these are the last strong winds the city has to

experience,” head of the park agency, Sarwo Handayani, said. Simple Past 1

367. She said the agency would dispatch additional workers to clean up the trees and to complete replanting efforts.

Simple Past 1

368. the agency would dispatch additional workers to clean up the trees and to complete replanting efforts

Simple Past 7

369. “From the usual one work group, we will have two work groups in the field,” she said

Simple Past 1


149

370. Sarwo also said the agency would cover any damage caused by uprooted trees.

Simple Past 1

371. the agency would cover any damage caused by uprooted trees Simple Past 7 372. “Just drop off your complaint straight to the city parks agency,”

she said. Simple Past 1

373. In Tangerang, an uprooted tree on Jl. Taman Makam Pahlawan hit a motorcyclist, Deden S., who suffered broken leg and arm.

Simple Past 1

374. who suffered broken leg and arm Simple Past 1 375. “He was riding his motorcycle in the heavy rain and strong

wind. The tree was suddenly uprooted and it fell right on his arm and leg as he passed by,” said Tangerang Police chief Insp. Yusmantri.

Simple Past 1

376. The tree was suddenly uprooted Simple Past 1 377. it fell right on his arm and leg Simple Past 1 378. he passed by Simple Past 1 379. Tangerang spokesman Saiful Rachman said the administration

removed a number of old trees from along the city’s roads earlier this year.

Simple Past 1

380. the administration removed a number of old trees from along the city’s roads earlier this year

Simple Past 1

16 November 2007 381. The economy grew more rapidly than expected in the third

quarter at 6.5 percent from the same period last year on continued strong exports and consumer spending, the Central Statistic Agency (BPS) reported Thursday.

Simple Past 1

382. The economy grew more rapidly than expected in the third quarter at 6.5 percent from the same period last year on continued strong exports and consumer spending

Simple Past 1

383. Compared with 2007’s second quarter, the economy expanded by 3.9 percent to Rp 2,901.3 trillion (US$322), with a particular pick up in fixed investment during the three months to September.

Simple Past 1

384. which would give the country a GDP of Rp 3,761 trillion Simple Past 7 385. The BPS also announced that there had been no revisions of

its first and second quarter growth figures of 6 percent, respectively.

Simple Past 1

386. “More growth in the labor-intensive agricultural sector should also provide more employment ahead.”

Simple Past 6

387. BPS head Rusman Heriawan said export had continued to increase on the back of continuing high global demand and prices for Indonesia’s main commodities of coal, palm oil, and rubber.

Simple Past 1

388. These were the main locomotives of growth in the third quarter, growing by 7.8 percent to contribute 3.6 percent to on-year growth.

Simple Past 1

389. Consumer spending, meanwhile, grew by 5.3 percent to add another 3 percent to on-year growth.

Simple Past 1

390. This was likely due to easing inflation and the central bank’s rate cuts

Simple Past 1

391. which increased purchasing power Simple Past 1 392. and (which) spurred demand Simple Past 1 393. Government spending grew by an on-year 6.5 percent Simple Past 1


150

394. but (government spending) contracted 0.5 percent on a quarterly basis to contribute only 0.5 percent to overall on-year growth

Simple Past 1

395. that this year’s budget was in surplus to the tune of Rp 17.6 trillion as of the end of October due to slow spending

Simple Past 1

396. Sector-wise Rusman made a special mention of Indonesia’s agricultural sector

Simple Past 1

397. which grew by 8.9 percent Simple Past 1 398. and (which) contributed 1.3 percent to on-year growth on

higher output of rice and corn Simple Past 1

399. “This is favorable for the economy in the sense that sluggish growth in agriculture usually reduces the over-all growth figures,” he said

Simple Past 1

400. For next years, the World Bank said in its latest reported was projecting a 6.5 percent growth despite though challenges a head stemming from predicted slowdown in the global economy as a result on high oil prices and the U.S. sub prime mortgage crisis.

Simple Past 1

17 November 2007 401. Hundreds of people died and tens thousands were left homeless

after a powerful cyclone smashed improvised Bangladesh with huge waves, sever winds and torrential rains in Bangladesh, officials said yesterday

Simple Past 1

402. Hundreds of people died Simple Past 1 403. tens thousands were left homeless Simple Past 1 404. a powerful cyclone smashed improvised Bangladesh with huge

waves, sever winds and torrential rains in Bangladesh Simple Past 1

405. Cyclone Sidr, described as the worst storm in years to hit low-lying and disaster-prone Bangladesh

Simple Past 1

406. (Cyclone Sidr) crashed into the southwestern coast Thursday night before sweeping north over the capital Dhaka

Simple Past 1

407. The ATN Bangla television network said 550 lives had been lost,

Simple Past 1

408. while the private UNB news agency said at least 425 people had died

Simple Past 1

409. Government officials put the confirmed death toll at 143 and climbing

Simple Past 1

410. Wind speed of 220-240 kilometers an hour were recorded as the storm – visible from space as a huge swirling white mass that moved north from the Bay of Bengal – left a trail of devastation in poor rural areas.

Simple Past 1

411. (the storm) left a trail of devastation in poor rural areas Simple Past 1 412. that moved north from the Bay of Bengal Simple Past 1 413. Disaster management official Nahid Sultana said the official

death toll of 243 tolls would rise as reports were yet to come in from two districts known to have been worst hit – southern Barguna and Jhalokati – because of communication problems.

Simple Past 1

414. the official death toll of 243 tolls would rise Simple Past 7 415. reports were yet to come in from two districts known to have

been worst hit – southern Barguna and Jhalokati – because of communication problems

Simple Past 1

416. “We are expecting many dead bodies will be found there,” he Simple Past 1


151

told reporters. 417. Most deaths were caused by trees crushing flimsy homes made

from bamboo and tin. Simple Past 1

418. In Madaripur district between Dhaka and the southwest coast, an AFP reporter saw devastated villages, one after the other.

Simple Past 1

419. A local businessman in the affected area, Mollik Tariqur Rahman, told AFP that 80 percent of the homes in his village had been flattened

Simple Past 1

420. “I cannot describe how devastating it was. It was like doomsday, the most frightening five hours of my life. I thought I would never see my family again,” he said.

Simple Past 1

421. how devastating it was Simple Past 1 422. It was like doomsday Simple Past 1 423. I thought I would never see my family again Simple Past 1 424. I would never see my family again Simple Past 7 425. A navy spokesman said five ships had been dispatched with

supplies of food, medicine, and relief materials. Simple Past 1

426. The European Commission said it was releasing 1.5 million euros (US$2.2 million) in emergency relief aid to the country.

Simple Past 1

427. “Preliminary indications are that the most pressing needs will be food, safe drinking water, emergency shelter, clothing, blankets, and medicine,” Commission spokesman John Clancy told journalist in Brussels.

Simple Past 1

428. Rescue workers, however, had yet to reach many remote areas Simple Past 1 429. and roads, telephone lines and power supplies were also cut Simple Past 1 430. “The electricity went off across the entire country,” said

Mohammad Iqbal Hossen of Bangladesh’s energy ministry. Simple Past 1

431. The electricity went off across the entire country Simple Past 1 432. The storm saw hundreds of thousands of people spend the

night bunkered down in a network of special shelters set up by the government to avoid the mass casualties of previous disasters.

Simple Past 1

433. Experts described Sidr as similar in strength to the 1991 storm that triggered a tidal wave, killing estimated 138,000 people.

Simple Past 1

434. that triggered a tidal wave Simple Past 1 435. Another cyclone in 1970 killed up to half a million people. Simple Past 1 436. The head of the Bangladeshi metrological department,

Samarendra Kamakar, said the shelters as well as an evacuation program should spare the country mass casualties.

Simple Past 1

437. the shelters as well as an evacuation program should spare the country mass casualties

Simple Past 6

18 November 2007 438. that killed more than 1,600 people Simple Past 1 439. and (that) pummeled the improvised country Simple Past 1 440. Cyclone Sidr smashed into Bangladesh’s southern coastline

late on Thursday night with 250-kph winds. Simple Past 1

441. that whipped up a 5-meter tidal surge Simple Past 1 442. it was the strongest cyclone since a 1991 storm killed some

143,000 people in this country. Simple Past 1

443. since a 1991 storm killed some 143,000 people in this country. Simple Past 1 444. Navy ships scoured coastal areas for hundreds of people Simple Past 1


152

reported missing and to clear river channels clogged with sunken vessels to restore normal navigation, officials said.

445. Navy ships scoured coastal areas for hundreds of people reported missing and to clear river channels clogged with sunken vessels to restore normal navigation

Simple Past 1

446. Helicopters flew sorties to devastated areas, dropping food, drinking water and medicine for the survivors.

Simple Past 1

447. The official death toll rose to 1,595 late on Saturday Simple Past 1 448. and disaster ministry officials said it was likely to rise further Simple Past 1 449. it was likely to rise further Simple Past 1 450. Private television channels said the death toll had already

crossed 2,000 Simple Past 1

451. An ATN reporter traveling the coast on Saturday said bodies littered the crumpled rice fields and that mourning relatives were joining “processions of death” as they try to bury them.

Simple Past 1

452. bodies littered the crumpled rice fields Simple Past 1 453. Fakhruddin Ahmed, head of Bangladesh’s army-backed interim

government, asked officials in disaster areas on Friday to “ensure bodies are buried quickly” to avoid the spread of disease.

Simple Past 1

454. “It will take several days to complete the search and know the actual casualty figure and extent of damage to property,” said food and disaster ministry official Ayub Miah.

Simple Past 1

455. Bangladesh had yet to receive a formal offer from the U.S navy, Foreign Secretary Touhid Hossain told Reuters.

Simple Past 1

456. Bangladesh had yet to receive a formal offer from the U.S navy

Simple Past 1

457. The U.S Navy helped after devastating storm in 1991 Simple Past 1 458. Televisions showed on Saturday people in the cyclone-hit

districts returning to what looked like heaps of debris Simple Past 1

459. what looked like heaps of debris Simple Past 1 460. “Where is my home? Where is my family?” wailed an elderly

woman, showing flattened remains of a house, covered with fallen tree branches.

Simple Past 1

461. “Why have I come back? How shall we live?” said another woman in Mathbaria village.

Simple Past 1

462. Most of the country plugged into darkness on Friday after the electricity grid was knocked out.

Simple Past 1

463. after the electricity grid was knocked out Simple Past 1 464. Parts of Dhaka, the capital city of 10 millions people, were still

without power in Saturday. Simple Past 1

465. “Our relief teams have started emergency distribution, with an initial coverage of 100,000 people,” said Vince Edwards, World Vision’s Bangladesh national director.

Simple Past 1

466. “However, several areas are inaccessible right now due to fallen trees,” a World Vision statement quoted Edwards as saying on Saturday.

Simple Past 1

467. In many areas, 95 percent of rice crops awaiting to be harvested in a few weeks have been badly damaged, officials said.

Simple Past 1

468. Hundred of shrimp farms were washed away Simple Past 1 469. while vegetables, rice and pulses were also damaged. Simple Past 1


153

470. “This is a major tragedy with hundreds already known to have died and hundreds of thousands suffering from this disaster,” said Louis Michel, the European commissioner responsible for development and humanitarian Aid.

Simple Past 1

471. In New York, John Holmes, the U.N. undersecretary-general for humanitarian affairs, said his office would make available “several million dollars” in emergency aid.

Simple Past 1

472. his office would make available “several million dollars” in emergency aid

Simple Past 7

473. Red Crescent officials said some 1,000 fishermen were still unaccounted for in the Bay of Bengal, onboard about 150 boats.

Simple Past 1

474. some 1,000 fishermen were still unaccounted for in the Bay of Bengal, onboard about 150 boats

Simple Past 1

475. The Category 4 cyclone and the tidal surge it spawned devastated three coastal towns and forced 3.2 million people to evacuate, officials and aid agencies said.

Simple Past 1

476. The Category 4 cyclone and the tidal surge it spawned devastated three coastal towns

Simple Past 1

477. and (the Category 4 cyclone and the tidal surge it) forced 3.2 million people to evacuate

Simple Past 1

478. Aid workers said the death toll would have been far higher if not for the good preparations by skilled rescuers and a volunteer army who spread warnings and helped evacuate people.

Simple Past 1

479. who spread warnings Simple Past 1 480. and (who) helped evacuate people Simple Past 1

19 November 2007 481. the charter would help transform the grouping into a more

cohesive and ruled-based organization Simple Past 7

482. Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsein Loong said Saturday the charter would make ASEAN a more cohesive and dynamic organization and help promote a culture that supports the effective implementation of agreements

Simple Past 1

483. the charter would make ASEAN a more cohesive and dynamic organization and help promote a culture that supports the effective implementation of agreements

Simple Past 7

484. and (the charter would) help promote a culture that supports the effective implementation of agreements

Simple Past 7

485. He added it would also put a rules-based framework in place, which would include measures for monitoring compliance and provisions for the settlement of disputes.

Simple Past 1

486. it would also put a rules-based framework in place Simple Past 7 487. which would include measures for monitoring compliance and

provisions for the settlement of disputes Simple Past 1

488. The ASEAN secretariat said in a statement the blueprint was aimed at ensuring the full and effective functions of the ASEAN economic community in order to generate more growth and create more jobs.

Simple Past 1

489. the blueprint was aimed at ensuring the full and effective functions of the ASEAN economic community in order to generate more growth and create more jobs

Simple Past 1


154

490. Yudhoyono would use the opportunity to take a stronger stance on the junta

Simple Past 7

491. “We (will) commit to the common goal of establishing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration in the long run at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate,” a draft of the Singapore Declaration on Climate Change, Energy and Environment read.

Simple Past 1

492. that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate

Simple Past 7

493. Prime Minister Lee said the EAS countries have a keen interest in the situation in Myanmar.

Simple Past 1

494. “The meeting will be an opportunity for leaders to have a frank exchange of views,” he said.

Simple Past 1

495. Lee said the summit hopes to hear from Myanmar Prime Minister Thein Sein on how the military government plans to move forward, stressing a key outcome of the EAS meeting will be the strong endorsement of UN special envoy Ibrahim Gambari’s mission.

Simple Past 1

20 November 2007 496. Temasek Holdings was found guilty by the KPPU on Monday

of cross-ownership in the domestic mobile telecommunications industry,

Simple Past 1

497. a move that led to an abuse of dominant powers in the marketplace and a monopoly

Simple Past 1

498. The Singapore-owned company will now be forced to either let go of all indirect shares in PT Telekomunikasi Selular (Telkomsel), or in PT Indosat, and to pay a fine of Rp 25 billion for breaching the anti-monopoly law, the Business Competition Supervisory Commission (KPPU) said.

Simple Past 1

499. “We hereby order Temasek and its business group to let go of all shares in either Tekomsel or Indosat, no more than two years (after) this decision takes effect,” head of the KPPU’s panel of judges Syamsul Maarif said.

Simple Past 1

500. The divested shares, Syamsul said, must not exceed five percent for each buyer

Simple Past 1

501. Eight other companies, which include Temasek’s subsidiaries and other strategic partners for investment in Indosat and Telkomsel, were also found guilty of violating the law, particularly article 27 on cross-ownership.

Simple Past 1

502. The eight companies were fined Rp 25 billion each, including Singapore Technologies Telemedia (STT), STT Communications, Asia Mobile Holding Company, Asia Mobile Holdings, Indonesia Communications Limited, Indonesia Communications Pte.Ltd, Singapore telecommunications and Singapore Telecom Mobile.

Simple Past 1

503. Meanwhile, the largest market share holder, Telkomsel, was found guilty of violating article 17 of the law, particularly for abusing its dominant power to determine the interconnection tariffs among operators.

Simple Past 1

504. The KPPU also told Telkomsel to stop the practice, lower average tariffs of mobile communication services up to 15 percent, and to pay a fine Rp 25 billion.

Simple Past 1


155

505. “Telkomsel is found guilty of creating abarrier-to-entry by determining the interconnection among operators and engaging in price leadership, which led to excessive pricing and revenue,” Syamsul said.

Simple Past 1

506. which led to excessive pricing and revenue Simple Past 1 507. KPPU said their activity was helped by the indirect influence

of Temasek through its subsidiary STT in Indosat, which had forced Indosat to postpone its network development, to make way for Telkomsel.

Simple Past 1

508. their activity was helped by the indirect influence of Temasek through its subsidiary STT in Indosat

Simple Past 1

509. “Due to the dominant abuse of power that led to excessive prices, the consumers suffered a total loss of between Rp 14.7 trillion and Rp 30.8 trillion from 2003 until 2006,” Syamsul said.

Simple Past 1

510. the consumers suffered a total loss of between Rp 14.7 trillion and Rp 30.8 trillion from 2003 until 2006

Simple Past 2

511. Despite this, the KPPU did not have the capacity to order the firms to pay loses.

Simple Past 1

512. The figures came from a comparison with average prices of telecom services and other countries in Southeast Asia, the KPPU said.

Simple Past 1

513. The figures came from a comparison with average prices of telecom services and other countries in Southeast Asia

Simple Past 1

514. Temasek’s lawyer Todung Mulya Lubis said the company would appeal to the district court within two weeks.

Simple Past 1

515. the company would appeal to the district court within two weeks.

Simple Past 7

516. “The decision was forced as the KPPU justified their own ideas and reasoning on this matter.”

Simple Past 1

517. the KPPU justified their own ideas and reasoning on this matter

Simple Past 1

518. Among the flaws in the decision, he said, was the KPPU’s failure to name Temasek and eight other firms as a single business group.

Simple Past 1

519. Among the flaws in the decision ... was the KPPU’s failure to name Temasek and eight other firms as a single business group.

Simple Past 1

21 November 2007 520. an agreement targeted to improve the livelihood of half a

billion Southeast Asians Simple Past 1

521. The ASEAN Charter would see the 40-year old regional grouping become a formal organization.

Simple Past 7

522. and it aimed to transform ASEAN into a more cohesive and ruled-based body

Simple Past 1

523. Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsein Loong said the charter would enable faster and deeper integration of member countries.

Simple Past 1

524. the charter would enable faster and deeper integration of member countries

Simple Past 7

525. “It will make ASEAN a more effective and cohesive organization...and will streamline decision making processes,” he said.

Simple Past 1


156

526. Former Indonesian foreign minister Ali Alatas, who was part of the charter’s formulating team, said ASEAN may have to change its name by 2015, the target date for integration.

Simple Past 1

527. Presidential spokesman Dino Patti Djalal said the charter was historic, having “in a significant way enabled ASEAN to continue to be relevant regionally and globally”.

Simple Past 1

528. the charter was historic Simple Past 1 529. a significant way enabled ASEAN to continue to be relevant

regionally and globally Simple Past 1

530. Dino said the Indonesian government would now concentrate on ensuring its immediate ratification of the charter.

Simple Past 1

531. the Indonesian government would now concentrate on ensuring its immediate ratification of the charter

Simple Past 7

532. “We all have the obligation to make it a living document,” he said.

Simple Past 1

533. Theo L. Sambuaga, head of the Legislature’s commission I on defense, security and foreign affairs, and a Golkar member, said the most significant point of the charter was the promotion of democracy and human rights – two concepts once regarded as “western” by a number of the region’s leaders.

Simple Past 1

534. the most significant point of the charter was the promotion of democracy and human rights – two concepts once regarded as “western” by a number of the region’s leaders

Simple Past 1

535. “The inclusion of a provision (for) a human rights body in the charter is the most significant,” Theo told The Jakarta Post from Jakarta.

Simple Past 1

536. Coordinator of Indonesia’s NGO Coalition for International Human Rights Advocacy Rafendi Djamin said that as the region’s “most democratic country and the one with best record of human rights” Indonesia should take the lead with establishment of a human right commissions.

Simple Past 1

537. Indonesia should take the lead with establishment of a human right commissions

Simple Past 6

22 November 2007 538. “Whoever wants to do business in Indonesia has to comply

with local law. Other people often tell us to obey the law, so they must do the same as regards Indonesian law,” Kalla said.

Simple Past 1

539. Kalla said that Temasek and the other eight companies found guilty of breaching the Monopoly Law should not be overly upset by the ruling.

Simple Past 1

540. that Temasek and the other eight companies found guilty of breaching the Monopoly Law should not be overly upset by the ruling

Simple Past 6

541. “They shouldn’t be angry if they are subjected to sanctions and then go about saying our investment climate is bad,” Kalla was quoted Wednesday as saying by Antara.

Simple Past 1

542. They shouldn’t be angry if they are subjected to sanctions Simple Past 6 543. Kalla said that every country had anti-monopoly legislation to

ensure healthy market competition. Simple Past 1

544. that every country had anti-monopoly legislation to ensure healthy market competition.

Simple Past 1

545. Who once floated the idea that the government stake sold to Simple Past 1


157

Temasek’s subsidiary, Singapore Technoligies Telemedia (STT), should be bought back

546. that the government stake sold to Temasek’s subsidiary, Singapore Technologies Telemedia (STT), should be bought back

Simple Past 6

547. Such legislation was particularly important for Indonesia, whose economy had in the past hampered by monopolistic practiced, he said

Simple Past 1

548. Such legislation was particularly important for Indonesia Simple Past 1 549. Kalla further welcomed Temasek’s decision to file an appeal

against the ruling of the anti-monopoly agency, the KPPU, as allowed under the Monopolies Law.

Simple Past 1

550. The KPPU found Monday that Temasek, along with eight other firms, mostly its subsidiaries, including STT and Singapore Telecommunications (SingTel), had broken the Monopoly Law, which prohibits a company or business group from owning two or more companies with a combined market share of more than 50 percent.

Simple Past 1

551. The ruling also implied price fixing, stating that Telkomsel had abused its dominant market position by charging excessively high tariffs.

Simple Past 1

23 November 2007 552. “It’s very hard to understand, and for that reason itself it

creates an unfortunate impression and negative message. The law seems clear enough, but the application of the law by the KPPU to this particular situation is very confusing,” chairman Peter G. Fanning told The Jakarta Post on Thursday.

Simple Past 1

553. The Business Competition Supervisory Agency (KPPU) found Monday that Temasek Holdings and eight other companies, including Temasek’s subsidiaries, Singapore Technologies Telemedia (STT) and Singapore Telecommunications (SingTel), were guilty of breaching the Monopolies Law, which prohibits a company or a business group from owning a two or more companies with a market share of more than 50 percent.

Simple Past 1

554. Temasek Holdings and eight other companies, including Temasek’s subsidiaries, Singapore Technologies Telemedia (STT) and Singapore Telecommunications (SingTel), were guilty of breaching the Monopolies Law

Simple Past 1

555. In addition to imposing hefty fines, the anti-monopoly agency ordered the Singaporean state holding firm to relinquish its indirect stake in either Tekomsel or Indosat.

Simple Past 1

556. Since it was announced Monday Simple Past 1 557. State Minister fot State Enterprises Sofyan Djalil deplored the

decision, especially the KPPU’s ruling that Telkomsel, the market leader, was guilty of price fixing.

Simple Past 1

558. Telkomsel, the market leader, was guilty of price fixing Simple Past 1 559. He said the decision could have a huge impact on the

performance of state-owned telecoms firm PT Telkom, the majority shareholder of Telkomsel.

Simple Past 1

560. the decision could have a huge impact on the performance of state-owned telecoms firm PT Telkom, the majority

Simple Past 4


158

shareholder of Telkomsel 561. Sofyan Wanadi, chairman of the Indonesia’s Employers

Association (Apindo), slammed the ruling as lacking legal basis, adding that SingTel’s and STT’s entry to the local market was legitimate as it had been approved by the government.

Simple Past 1

562. that SingTel’s and STT’s entry to the local market was legitimate

Simple Past 1

563. Fanning shared Sofyan’s concerns, saying that it was an “apparent set-back” to the effort to create a more favorable business climate.

Simple Past 1

564. that it was an “apparent set-back” to the effort to create a more favorable business climate

Simple Past 1

565. “I’m not commenting on the content (of the ruling), but more on the impression it creates. What everybody wants is court and tribunal proceeding that are clear and transparent so as to generate confidence,” he said.

Simple Past 1

566. that reform of the judicial system and bureaucracy were what the country most needed to succeed.

Simple Past 1

567. what the country most needed to succeed. Simple Past 1 568. However, perhaps diplomatically, Fanning said he believed

Indonesia still had much to offer investors. Simple Past 1

569. he believed Indonesia still had much to offer investors. Simple Past 1 570. Indonesia still had much to offer investors Simple Past 1

24 November 2007 571. Indonesia has made great strides combating rights abuses since

autocratic president Soeharto was ousted in 1998, but torture of detainees in police custody still appears rife, a U.N. investigator said on Friday.

Simple Past 1

572. since autocratic president Soeharto was ousted in 1998 Simple Past 1 573. Manfred Niwak, the U.N. special rapporteur on torture who is

on a two-week tour of detention centers across Indonesia, said he had arrived at three police stations as beatings were actually in progress.

Simple Past 1

574. beatings were actually in progress Simple Past 1 575. “The problem of police abuse appears to be sufficiently

widespread as to warrant immediate attention,” he said in a statement.

Simple Past 1

576. He said the types of police abuses reported, and backed up by medical examinations, included beatings by fists, rattan, or wooden sticks, cables, iron bars and hammers.

Simple Past 1

577. the types of police abuses reported, and backed up by medical examinations

Simple Past 1

578. and (the types of police abuses ) backed up by medical examinations

Simple Past 1

579. In other instances, police had shot detainees in their legs from close range, or electrocuted them, he said, adding that in most cases the purpose appeared to be extract confessions.

Simple Past 1

580. (police) electrocuted them Simple Past 1 581. that in most cases the purpose appeared to be extract

confessions Simple Past 1

582. He urged Jakarta to speed up plans to make torture a crime and Simple Past 1


159

to ensure that perpetrators were brought to justice. 583. that perpetrators were brought to justice Simple Past 1 584. “In all the meetings with government officials nobody could

cite one case in which a police officer was ever found guilty and sentenced by a criminal court for ill treatment or other abuse of a detainee,” he told a news conference.

Simple Past 1

585. In all the meetings with government officials nobody could cite one case in which a police officer was ever found guilty and sentenced by a criminal court for ill treatment or other abuse of a detainee

Simple Past 3

586. in which a police officer was ever found guilty Simple Past 1 587. and (a police) sentenced by a criminal court for ill treatment or

other abuse of a detainee Simple Past 1

588. Nowak urged that the time a suspect could be held in police custody be limited to 48 hours, adding that detainees were more vulnerable to abuses because they were liable to spend many weeks or even months in police custody without seeing a judge.

Simple Past 1

589. that the time a suspect could be held in police custody be limited to 48 hours

Simple Past 4

590. that detainees were more vulnerable to abuses Simple Past 1 591. because they were liable to spend many weeks or even months

in police custody without seeing a judge Simple Past 1

592. He called for the setting up of an independent criminal investigation mechanism against alleged perpetrators of torture along with an effective complaints system.

Simple Past 1

593. an independent criminal investigation mechanism against alleged perpetrators of torture along with an effective complaints system.

Simple Past 1

594. Under Soeharto’s rule, which ended amid mass protest, security forces were routinely accused of abusing detainees.

Simple Past 1

595. which ended amid mass protest Simple Past 1 596. Asked for his general conclusion on the situation in Indonesia

now, he said: “Certainly I cannot find that torture is systematic in the country, it’s systematic in a few places.”

Simple Past 1

597. Nowak said that treatment in prisons he had visited appeared generally better, including in Papua where security forces have been accused of right abuses.

Simple Past 1

598. that treatment in prisons he had visited appeared generally better

Simple Past 1

599. He noted, however, serious overcrowding in Jakarta’s Cipinang jail and the Pondok Bambu pretrial detention facility.

Simple Past 1

600. He also expressed concern about the high death toll, often officially put down to natural causes, in some places of detention, where autopsies were rarely carried out.

Simple Past 1

601. where autopsies were rarely carried out. Simple Past 1 25 November 2007

602. Australia’s Labor leader Kevin Rudd, a mandarin speaking former diplomat, swept into power at national elections on Saturday on a wave of support for generational change, ending 11 years of conservatives rule.

Simple Past 1

603. “Today Australia has looked to the future,” Rudd, flanked by Simple Past 1


160

his wife Therese and family, told jubilant supporters. 604. The surge to Labor left conservative Prime Minister John

Howard struggling to win even his own parliamentary seat, which he has held since 1974, putting him in danger of becoming the first prime minister since 1929 to lose his constituency.

Simple Past 1

605. Rudd, 50, presented himself as a new generation leader by promising to pull Australian combat troops out of Iraq and sign the Kyoto Protocol on climate change, further isolating Washington on both issues.

Simple Past 1

606. but on Saturday again (Rudd) promised Australia would retain its close alliance with the United States

Simple Past 1

607. Australia would retain its close alliance with the United States Simple Past 7 608. His message of new leadership attracted a swing of more than

five percent across the nation from previous election, locking in only the sixth change of government since World War Two.

Simple Past 1

609. “We‘ve all got goose bumps that finally we might have a leader who is passionate about fairness in this country,” Celeste Giese, 39, told Reuters at Rudd’s victory party.

Simple Past 1

610. that finally we might have a leader who is passionate about fairness in this country

Simple Past 4

611. “Finally, after 11 years, it’s happening,” she said. Simple Past 1 612. The election was fought mainly on domestic issues, with

Labor cashing in on anger at workplace law and rising interest rates which put home owners under financial pressure at a time when Australia’s economy is booming.

Simple Past 1

613. which put home owners under financial pressure at a time when Australia’s economy is booming

Simple Past 1

614. During the campaign, Rudd said one of the first actions would be to lead his country’s delegation to December’s international climate talks in Bali, emphasizing that Australia hopes to take a lead role in efforts to combat global warming.

Simple Past 1

615. one of the first actions would be to lead his country’s delegation to December’s international climate talks in Bali

Simple Past 7

616. Howard, who had won four consecutive elections and held power for 11 years, conceded his government had lost power in front of a crowd of supporters in Sydney late on Saturday, saying he took full personal responsibility for the defeat.

Simple Past 1

617. saying he took full personal responsibility for the defeat Simple Past 1 618. “This is a great democracy and I want to wish Mr. Rudd well,”

Howard said. Simple Past 1

619. than it was 11-1/2 years ago Simple Past 1 620. Election analyst Anthony Green predicted Labor would win

more than 80 seats in the 150-seat parliament, giving it a clear majority in its own right for the first time since it lost power to Howard in 1996.

Simple Past 1

621. Labor would win more than 80 seats in the 150-seat parliament Simple Past 7 622. since it lost power to Howard in 1996 Simple Past 1 623. and (Howard) was Australia’s second-longest serving prime

minister behind Liberal Party founder Sir Robert Menzies Simple Past 1

624. A Staunch U.S. ally committed to keeping Australian troops in Iraq, he offered voters income tax cuts, but few new policies,

Simple Past 1


161

instead highlighting his strong economic record and attacking Labor’s links to the trade union movement.

625. With 73 percent of the vote counted in Howard’s seat of Bennelong, election officials put him just behind Labor’s high-profile rookie candidate, former national television political journalist, Maxine McKew.

Simple Past 1

626. “This has been an amazing night, a wonderful night for Labor, a fabulous, I hope transforming, moment for the country,” McKew told cheering supporters, adding it might be weeks before a winner is declared.

Simple Past 1

627. it might be weeks before a winner is declared Simple Past 4 628. “I just hope the public now gives John Howard some kudos for

what he’s done over the years,” said David Bennet, a member of the Young Liberals, the youth wing of Liberal Party.

Simple Past 1

26 November 2007 629. President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono became the first

world’s leader to congratulate Labor Party leader Kevin Rudd as the new Australian prime minister, with analysts predicting better bilateral relations between the two countries

Simple Past 1

630. “We welcome the election of Kevin Rudd. President Yudhoyono has called him to convey his congratulations. Both leaders agreed to cooperate to constructively improve both countries’ bilateral relations,” Indonesian spokesman Kristiarto Soeryo Legowo said.

Simple Past 1

631. Both leaders agreed to cooperate to constructively improve both countries’ bilateral relations

Simple Past 1

632. He said the fact that President Yudhoyono was the first leader to congratulate Rudd showed how it was important for both countries to have good relations.

Simple Past 1

633. the fact that President Yudhoyono was the first leader to congratulate Rudd showed how it was important for both countries to have good relations

Simple Past 1

634. the fact that President Yudhoyono was the first leader to congratulate Rudd

Simple Past 1

635. how it was important for both countries to have good relations Simple Past 1 636. In their conversation, Yudhoyono immediately invited Rudd to

attend the UN climate conference in Bali, with latter accepting the invitation

Simple Past 1

637. “President Yudhoyono formally invited me to attend the Bali conference, which will of course deal with climate change and where we go on Kyoto. I responded positively,” he was quoted as saying by Reuters from Brisbane, Australia.

Simple Past 1

638. President Yudhoyono formally invited me to attend the Bali conference

Simple Past 1

639. I responded positively Simple Past 1 640. The conservative John Howard’s nearly 12 years in power

ended Saturday when he was ousted by center-left Labor Party leader Rudd, who has pledged to pull the country’s troops out of Iraq and sign the Kyoto Protocol.

Simple Past 1

641. when he was ousted by center-left Labor Party leader Rudd Simple Past 1 642. Rudd said he discussed Kyoto’s ratification with Yudhoyono

and unveiled planned talks with officials and advisers about Simple Past 1


162

administrative arrangements for the ratification as soon as possible.

643. he discussed Kyoto’s ratification with Yudhoyono Simple Past 1 644. and (he) unveiled planned talks with officials and advisers

about administrative arrangements for the ratification as soon as possible

Simple Past 1

645. “I also emphasized to President Yudhoyono the absolute importance of a strong bilateral relationship between ourselves and Indonesia and I look forward also, some time in the new year, to further visit Indonesia to extend and broaden our relationship with that country,” Rudd was quoted as saying by AFP.

Simple Past 1

646. I also emphasized to President Yudhoyono the absolute importance of a strong bilateral relationship between ourselves and Indonesia

Simple Past 1

647. Indonesian analysts and lawmakers were also buoyant with Rudd’s election, foreseeing much better relations between the two countries in the future.

Simple Past 1

648. International relations expert at Indonesian Institute of Sciences Dewi Fortuna Anwar said Rudd represented new generations that are very comfortable with their Australia while having an awareness of being part of Asia.

Simple Past 1

649. Rudd represented new generations that are very comfortable with their Australia while having an awareness of being part of Asia

Simple Past 1

650. “The new generations are becoming more and more comfortable with Asia so the election of Rudd will open the possibility of Australian engagement in Asia. Also, it can be expected that Indonesian economic and cultural relations with Australia will improve further under Labor,” she told The Jakarta Post on Sunday.

Simple Past 1

651. Bantarto Bandoro of the Centre for Strategic and International Studies and head of the House of Representatives’ Commission I on international affairs Theo L. Sambuaga of the Golkar Party concurred with Dewi

Simple Past 1

652. Indonesia nad Australia would have much better relations with Rudd as the prime minister.

Simple Past 7

653. The tree also agreed that Rudd’s plan to have Australia sign the Kyoto Protocol would somewhat change the atmosphere of the climate change meeting in Bali, with fewer opportunities for the U.S. to “ruin the agenda” of parties in Kyoto.

Simple Past 1

654. that Rudd’s plan to have Australia sign the Kyoto Protocol would somewhat change the atmosphere of the climate change meeting in Bali

Simple Past 7

655. But Dewi said Indonesia-Australia relations would still be marred with problems, with Papua as an ongoing source of tension, and the possibility of the Balibo Five controversy becoming prominent because both issues concern Labor constituents more than Liberal supporters.

Simple Past 1

656. Indonesia-Australia relations would still be marred with problems

Simple Past 7

27 November 2007


163

657. Flights were delayed Simple Past 1 658. thousands of passengers were left stranded Simple Past 1 659. the toll road to and from the airport was impassable Simple Past 1 660. as floodwaters from the sea off North Jakarta inundated parts

of the city Monday Simple Past 1

661. An ignored warning of a cyclical high tide and neglected sea barrier, which broke over a week ago, contributed to the congestion and confusion at the Soekarno-Hatta international airport.

Simple Past 1

662. which broke over a week ago Simple Past 1 663. Floodwaters submerged Pluit and Penjaringan suddistricts,

disrupting traffic and forcing residents to flee their homes in North Jakarta’s coastal areas.

Simple Past 1

664. Traffic was paralyzed with congestion stretching from the Soekarno-Hatta tollgate to Slipi in Central Jakarta at around 8 p.m.

Simple Past 1

665. As water reached the Kapuk turn pike Simple Past 1 666. traffic was brought to a standstill Simple Past 1 667. In the afternoon, firemen and subdistrict officials, using four

rubber dinghies, evacuated 50 Muara Karang Timur residents who were trapped in their homes.

Simple Past 1

668. who were trapped in their homes Simple Past 1 669. The muara Karang embankment burst on Nov. 15 Simple Past 1 670. but nothing was done to repair it, despite the warnings of

cyclical high tide. Simple Past 1

671. An official from the Penjaringan subdistrict office, Satiri, said the administration had warned residents of the possibility of a high tide, sending a circular to residents to prepare for it on Nov. 26 or Nov. 27.

Simple Past 1

672. The residents, local officials and the city apparently ignored the warnings.

Simple Past 1

673. Residents scrambled for safety and shelter. Simple Past 1 674. while the city tried to fortify the embankment with sand sacks Simple Past 1 675. after water began to flood the city Simple Past 1 676. “Most of the wealthy residents went to stay at their relatives’

homes or apartments, while others evacuated to the nearby mosque,” Satiri said.

Simple Past 1

677. . Most of the wealthy residents went to stay at their relatives’ homes or apartments

Simple Past 1

678. while others evacuated to the nearby mosque Simple Past 1 679. The administration hastily prepared a temporary shelter and a

public kitchen for victims of the flood. Simple Past 1

680. Goang Rusdianto, a resident of Muara Karang, said he did not see the flood coming because as far as he knew the embankment was fine after the administration repaired last year.

Simple Past 1

681. he did not see the flood coming Simple Past 1 682. because as far as he knew the embankment was fine after the

administration repaired last year Simple Past 1

683. he knew the embankment Simple Past 1 684. after the administration repaired last year Simple Past 1 685. “We have got used to floods here,” he said. Simple Past 1


164

686. “However, this time, the water came too quickly; we did not have time to save our belongings,” he said.

Simple Past 1

687. the water came too quickly Simple Past 1 688. we did not have time to save our belongings Simple Past 1 689. Goang said the tide began to rise at 10 a.m. and reached its

peak one hour later with the water reaching as high as an adult’s chest.

Simple Past 1

690. the tide began to rise at 10 a.m. Simple Past 1 691. and (the tide) reached its peak one hour later with the water

reaching as high as an adult’s chest Simple Past 1

692. Local officials and the police were not prepared for the flood Simple Past 1 693. and residents had to help regulate traffic. Simple Past 1 694. Ahmad Pasha, a security guard from Pluit subdistrict, said he

blocked a street despite protests from motorists. Simple Past 1

695. he blocked a street despite protests from motorists. Simple Past 1 696. “I only allowed trucks or buses to enter because they were high

enough to pass through the flooded area,” he said. Simple Past 1

697. I only allowed trucks or buses to enter Simple Past 1 698. because they were high enough to pass through the flooded

area Simple Past 1

699. The water started to recede in the afternoon. Simple Past 1 700. as Public Works Agency and Public Order Agency officials

attempted to fix the embankment Simple Past 1

701. and (Public Works Agency and Public Order Agency officials) began pumping water out of the residential area

Simple Past 1

702. “Officials have delivered water pumps and sand sacks to several spots in the area to help reduce flooding,” said Teguh Budiono, an official at the Jakarta Crisis Center.

Simple Past 1

703. Separately, a component leader from the Flood Hazard Mapping-Jakarta Floods Project, Jan Japp Brinkman, said the high tide around Pluit pumping station and Muara Angke was caused by an 18-and-a-half-year cycle.

Simple Past 1

704. the high tide around Pluit pumping station and Muara Angke was caused by an 18-and-a-half-year cycle

Simple Past 1

705. In an email sent to The Jakarta Post on Sunday, Brinkman said the flood would be worsened by North Jakarta’s low coastal defense.

Simple Past 1

706. the flood would be worsened by North Jakarta’s low coastal defense

Simple Past 7

707. He mentioned that although the administration had increased the height of the sea barrier in Muara Angke over the past few weeks, it was still too low.

Simple Past 1

708. it was still too low Simple Past 1 709. He predicted the tidal levels would continue to increase until

2009 and would slowly drop to the lowest levels in 2018. Simple Past 1

710. the tidal levels would continue to increase until 2009 Simple Past 7 711. and (the tidal levels) would slowly drop to the lowest levels in

2018 Simple Past 7

712. He added the cyclical high tide was not related to climate change.

Simple Past 1

713. the cyclical high tide was not related to climate change Simple Past 1 28 November 2007


165

714. the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)announced Tuesday.

Simple Past 1

715. “The HDI report looks back at a measure of health, education and income ... the standard of living among 177 countries and Indonesia is number 107 this year, one step further than last year,” Hakan Bjorkman, UNDP country director for Indonesia, said.

Simple Past 1

716. “The change is related to other countries which are improving more. But, slowly, Indonesia is improving in these areas, but maybe not fast enough,” he told The Jakarta Post upon the launch of the Human Development Report.

Simple Past 1

717. “The improvement is not as fast as in Vietnam, but Cambodia and Myanmar are much slower than Indonesia,” he added.

Simple Past 1

718. Indonesia rose respectively from 67.2 to 69.7 and from US$3,609 to US$3,843.

Simple Past 1

719. This year, the UNDP especially focused its report on climate change conference in Bali in December.

Simple Past 1

720. “Since 1990 we have published the annual Human Development Report, but this year’s report differs from last year’s in that it is not from a narrow economic point of view, but from the climate change point of view,” said Bjorkman.

Simple Past 1

721. “This report is a good reference for climate change issues,” he added.

Simple Past 1

722. “The impact will be serious on the poor countries. If we don’t do the right things right now, climate change will sabotage the Millennium Development (Goals),” said Bjorkman.

Simple Past 1

723. Bjorkman also said that most of the climate change has been caused by carbon emissions in developed countries over the past hundred years.

Simple Past 1

724. “As a good example of global solidarity between rich and poor countries, it’s a big responsibility for rich countries to support the countries that most effected, which are the poor countries, in terms of mitigating, fighting climate change or transplanting technology,” Bjorkman said.

Simple Past 1

725. Indonesia should also be able to rely on international support. Simple Past 6 726. Governments established some funding mechanism Simple Past 1

29 November 2007 727. “This will get worse in years to come. It has been estimated

that by 2050, 25 percent of Jakarta will be inundated,” said Armi Susandi, a climate change expert at the Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB) on Wednesday.

Simple Past 1

728. He added that the poor city planning, bad zoning systems and a lack of infrastructure were contributing to the problem.

Simple Past 1

729. He received his Ph.D on climate change in 2004 from the University of Hamburg, Germany.

Simple Past 1

730. He said regional climate change such as has take place in Jakarta has the potential to increase local temperatures “inviting” more rain.

Simple Past 1

731. “The city’s severe pollution has created regional warming. This warming has moved the rain from Bogor in the south to Jakarta in the north,” he said.

Simple Past 1

732. “We have managed to record and identify the pattern of the Simple Past 1


166

shifting rain – how the rain keeps moving to Jakarta. The increase in the city’s rainfall rate could reach up to 5 percent per year,” he said.

733. The increase in the city’s rainfall rate could reach up to 5 percent per year

Simple Past 4

734. The increasing sea level and the lack of buffer zone due to the decreasing size of the mangrove forest that once covered the area would certainly aggravate the erosion of the beach and floods in coastal areas of the city, he said.

Simple Past 1

735. The increasing sea level and the lack of buffer zone due to the decreasing size of the mangrove forest that once covered the area would certainly aggravate the erosion of the beach and floods in coastal areas of the city

Simple Past 7

736. that once covered the area Simple Past 1 737. He added that the fact that the city’s land has sunk by 0.85

centimeters per year due to the pressure imposed by concrete buildings and skyscrapers as well as the massive exploitation of underground water springs hasn’t helped the city in dealing with the worsening floods.

Simple Past 1

738. Armi said that currently 40 percent of the city already lies below the sea level.

Simple Past 1

739. The government, he said, should construct a buffer zone in the coastal areas to prevent the sea’s waves from entering the city.

Simple Past 1

740. The government ... should construct a buffer zone in the coastal areas to prevent the sea’s waves from entering the city

Simple Past 6

741. The buffer could be made of mangroves or a six-meter-tall concrete wall.

Simple Past 4

742. “When dealing with climate change-related problems, our country has a very low adaptation capacity. In fact, all we have to do is decide whether we will plant mangroves or construct a wall. Otherwise, we need to relocate the residents who live along the coastal areas,” he said.

Simple Past 1

743. “In January 2008, the floods, I believe, will be worse than the ones we had in 2007 provided that the rainfall rate doesn’t change,” he said.

Simple Past 1

744. the ones we had in 2007 Simple Past 1 30 November 2007

745. Last year Indonesia was placed above Malaysia, and not far belo Brunei Darussalam.

Simple Past 1

746. The report categorized Indonesia as a country with education expenditure of less than 3 percent of its GNP.

Simple Past 1

747. Globally, UNESCO said, world education is on the right track, with the number of children starting primary school increasing sharply since 2000, more girls being in school than ever before and spending on education and aid rising.

Simple Past 1

748. Nicholas Burnett, director of the 2008 report and recently appointed UNESCO assistant director general for education, concurred, saying that at the midway point, UNESCO’s assessment leaned toward the positive direction.

Simple Past 1

749. UNESCO’s assessment leaned toward the positive direction. Simple Past 1 Notes:


167

Simple Past 1 = Conveying actions that take place at particular point of time in the past

Simple Past 2 = Conveying actions that take place over a period of time and having been completed

Simple Past 3 = Conveying the past abilities Simple Past 4 = Conveying the present possibilities actions Simple Past 5 = Conveying the contingent actions (the main verb) in the past

conditional clause Simple Past 6 = Conveying obligations and logical necessities of the actions in

the past Simple Past 7 = Conveying the probabilities of the future actions that state in the

past Past Progressive Tense in the Articles No. Finite Clauses Grammatical


1. a recommendation by the law commission of the House of Representative to reopen the case, which was issued by a special committee a month ago, was being used by Laksamana’s political opponents

Past Cont. 1

4 November 2007 2. One resident, Yono, was evacuating on his motorcycle with

his wife and son, carrying a big bundle. Past Cont. 1

3. that authorities were getting tough Past Cont. 1 4. AFP they were focusing on evacuating 60,000 Past Cont. 1 5. Another local, Sumarni, was also fleeing by bike with her

husband and three children. Past Cont. 1

8 November 2007 6. Tuesday the government was considering limiting the sales of

subsidized fuels to private vehicles to help reduce the rising fuel subsidy resulting from the surging oil prices

Past Cont. 1

15 November 2007 7. He was riding his motorcycle in the heavy rain and strong

wind Past Cont. 1

16 November 2007 8. in its latest reported was projecting a 6.5 percent growth

despite though challenges a head stemming from predicted slowdown in the global economy as a result on high oil prices and the U.S. sub prime mortgage crisis

Past Cont. 1

17 November 2007 9. it was releasing 1.5 million euros (US$2.2 million) in

emergency relief aid to the country Past Cont. 1

18 November 2007 10. Military ships and helicopters were trying on Saturday to

reach thousands of survivors of a super cyclone that killed more than 1,600 people and pummeled the improvised country.

Past Cont. 1

11. that mourning relatives were joining “processions of death” as they try to bury them

Past Cont. 1

25 November 2007


168

12. At a somber Liberal Party headquarters, party faithful were putting a brave face on the defeat.

Past Cont. 1

26 November 2007 13. Although Howard was also trying to have a closer relations

with Asia, among others by becoming part of the East Asia Summit and concluding a defense agreement with Indonesia

Past Cont. 1

29 November 2007 14. that the poor city planning, bad zoning systems and a lack of

infrastructure were contributing to the problem Past Cont. 1

Notes:

Past Cont. 1 = Past Progressive Tense which is used to show the limited

duration of an action in the past

Past Perfect Tense in the Articles

No. Finite Clauses Grammatical Reasons

1November 2007 1. whether we should have separated conventions like Kyoto

Protocol for adaptation Past Perfect 2

3 November 2007 2. that the sale of the two tankers to Bermuda-based Frontline Inc.

for US$ 184 millions in 2004 could have inflicted state losses Past Perfect 3

3. it had not found any irregularities in the sale Past Perfect 1 4 November 2007

4. volcalonogist instruments high at the peak had not been damaged

Past Perfect 1

5. there had been a magmatic eruption Past Perfect 1 6. some trucks had pick up residents in their village Past Perfect 1

6 November 2007 7. he had been proven not guilty of committing graft and forest

destruction in Mandailing Natal Regency, North Sumatra Past Perfect 1

8. Prosecutors had earlier charged Adelin, PT Keang Nam Development Indonesia (KDNI) financial director, to 10 years imprisonment and Rp 1 bilion (US$ 111,000) fine for violating Law No. 31/1999 on corruption and Law No. 41/1999 on forestry.

Past Perfect 1

9. which had never used state funds for its operations Past Perfect 1 10. the company had obtained a forest concession permit (HPH) Past Perfect 1 11. because the panel of judges had failed to put into consideration

a number of important matters Past Perfect 1

12. he had received information that certain parties wished to rearrest his client due to the ruling

Past Perfect 1

8 November 2007 13. which had also lured speculators to the fray Past Perfect 1

12 November 2007


169

14. Sunday he had received at least 50 complaints via e-mail, over the telephone and by fax

Past Perfect 1

14 November 2007 15. They had held months of talks that paved the way for Bhutto’s

return from exile last month to contest the parliamentary elections.

Past Perfect 1

15 November 2007 16. the school had sent three requests to the city’s parks agency to

remove the tree Past Perfect 1

16 November 2007 17. there had been no revisions of its first Past Perfect 1 18. The central bank had estimated growth at 6.3 percent in the

third quarter Past Perfect 1

19. export had continued to increase on the back of continuing high global demand and prices for Indonesia’s main commodities of coal, palm oil, and rubber

Past Perfect 1

20. The Finance Ministry had earlier reported that this year’s budget was in surplus to the tune of Rp 17.6 trillion as of the end of October due to slow spending

Past Perfect 1

17 November 2007 21. 550 lives had been lost Past Perfect 1 22. at least 425 people had died Past Perfect 1 23. that 80 percent of the homes in his village had been flattened Past Perfect 1 24. five ships had been dispatched with supplies of food,

medicine, and relief materials Past Perfect 1

18 November 2007 25. the death toll had already crossed 2,000 Past Perfect 1 26. the death toll had been far higher Past Perfect 1

20 November 2007 27. which had forced Indosat to postpone its network development Past Perfect 1

22 November 2007 28. whose economy had in the past hampered by monopolistic

practiced Past Perfect 1

29. Monday that Temasek, along with eight other firms, mostly its subsidiaries, including STT and Singapore Telecommunications (SingTel), had broken the Monopoly Law

Past Perfect 1

30. Telkomsel had abused its dominant market position by charging excessively high tariffs

Past Perfect 1

23 November 2007 31. it had been approved by the government Past Perfect 1

24 November 2007 32. he had arrived at three police stations as beatings were

actually in progress Past Perfect 1

33. police had shot detainees in their legs from close range, or electrocuted them

Past Perfect 1

34. treatment in prisons he had visited Past Perfect 1 25 November 2007

35. We‘ve all got goose bumps that finally we might have a leader who is passionate about fairness in this country

Past Perfect 1


170

36. who had won four consecutive elections Past Perfect 1 37. and (who had) held power for 11 years Past Perfect 1 38. his government had lost power in front of a crowd of

supporters in Sydney late on Saturday Past Perfect 1

39. Howard had won four consecutive elections and was Australia’s second-longest serving prime minister behind Liberal Party founder Sir Robert Menzies.

Past Perfect 1

40. He had trailed in opinion polls all year. Past Perfect 1 27 November 2007

41. By midday the water had reached as high as 1.5 meters in several subdistricts.

Past Perfect 1

42. the administration had warned residents of the possibility of a high tide

Past Perfect 1

43. although the administration had increased the height of the sea barrier in Muara Angke over the past few weeks

Past Perfect 1

Notes: Past Perfect 1 = Describing an activity/ action which extend in the past and

seen from the past current relevant Past Perfect 2 = Describing the obligation or logical necessity of the past

event which is seen from current relevant in the past Past Perfect 3 = Describing the possibility of the past event with relevant

point in the past


the analysis of the tense choices in the jakarta post

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