the “scientific revolution”fpubio.com/kunz/hist_phil_science/hps_resources/kepler... · 2019....
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THE “SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTION”
Kepler to Newton
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Johannes Kepler (student of
Tycho Brahe & contemporary of
Galileo) promotes a Platonic-
inspired Heliocentric Cosmology.
His laws of planetary motion
form the foundation of Newton’s
science.
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Rene Descartes describes
a mechanistic paradigm of
nature very different from
the teleological views of
Aristotle.
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Mechanistic science:
• passive, inert matter;
• atoms with only mass,
shape, velocity
• Bodies in space move
through vortexes…
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Francis Bacon outlines an
empiricist vision of science
and its benefits to society.
Natural theology as a
unifying force in Protestant
Christianity
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Scientific societies established that begin to take leadership
of science from universities. Below: French Royal Academy
of Science established 1666.
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The center of scientific
advance shifts from
universities to scientific
academies (e.g. left: Louis
XIV in the Academy of
Science. In England, the
Royal Society of London)
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Isaac Newton: Optics & mathematics;
weds observation, experimentation,
mathematics, empirical laws, and
theoretical insights
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Principia Mathematica 1687 combines laws of motion, law of
gravity and the calculus to give a unified explanation of
terrestrial and celestial movement.
This becomes the paradigm example of modern science.
The view of nature appears more deistic, though Newton
suggested a need for divine intervention to maintain stability in
the solar system
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Newton’s tomb in Westminster
Abbey
• Why should Newton be
enshrined in the Anglican
cathedral?
• Newton refused Anglican
ordination expected of a chair
at Cambridge.
• Secretly not trinitarian; Arian
views; sought hidden
mathematical meanings in
biblical texts
• Preoccupied with alchemy
• Adherent of natural theology
• Anglican church seeking to
show unity of faith and reason
• While Newton is ardently
theistic (though not orthodox),
his view of nature leads some
to 18th century deism,
agnosticism and atheism
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Did religion help or hinder the
development of modern science?