the appendicular skeleton
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The Appendicular Skeleton. The Appendicular Skeleton. These consist of the limbs and their girdles. Their major function is to carry out movement. The Appendicular Skeleton. These consist of the limbs and their girdles. Their major function is to carry out movement. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Appendicular Skeleton
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The Appendicular Skeleton
These consist of the limbs and their girdles.
Their major function is to carry out movement.
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The Appendicular Skeleton
These consist of the limbs and their girdles.
Their major function is to carry out movement.
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The Appendicular Skeleton
The pectoral girdle consists of the clavicle and scapula.
1) Only the clavicle attaches to the axial skeleton (sternal end)
2) The scapula is designed for flexibility
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Figure 7.24a The pectoral girdle and clavicle.
ClavicleAcromio-clavicularjoint
Scapula
(a) Articulated pectoral girdle
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Figure 7.24b The pectoral girdle and clavicle.
Acromial (lateral)end(b) Right clavicle, superior view
Posterior
Sternal (medial)end
Anterior
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The Appendicular Skeleton
The scapula has three borders.– Superior border– Medial border which lies toward the vertebral
column– The lateral border which has the glenoid
cavity
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Figure 7.25a The scapula.
Acromion
Coracoidprocess
Suprascapular notchSuperior border
Superiorangle
Subscapularfossa
Medial border
Inferior angle
Glenoidcavity
Lateral border
(a) Right scapula, anterior aspect
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Figure 7.25b The scapula.
Superiorangle
Medial border
Coracoid processSuprascapular notch
Acromion
Glenoidcavityat lateralangle
Lateral border
Infraspinousfossa
Spine
(b) Right scapula, posterior aspect
Supraspinousfossa
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Figure 7.25c The scapula.
Coracoidprocess
Glenoidcavity
Acromion
Infraspinousfossa
Spine
(c) Right scapula, lateral aspect
Infraglenoidtubercle
Supraglenoidtubercle
Supraspinous fossa
Subscapularfossa
Inferior angle
Supraspinousfossa
Infraspinousfossa
Subscapularfossa
Posterior Anterior
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The Appendicular Skeleton
The humerus articulates with the scapula at the shoulder and the ulna and radius distally.
The proximal head has the greater and lesser tubercles and anatomical neck which is where the rotator cuff muscles attach.
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Figure 7.26a The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow.
GreatertubercleLessertubercleInter-tubercularsulcus
LateralsupracondylarridgeRadialfossaCapitulum
Head ofhumerusAnatomicalneck
Deltoidtuberosity
CoronoidfossaMedialepicondyleTrochlea
(a) Anterior view
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The Appendicular Skeleton
Just distally is the surgical neck, the most frequently fractured portion of the humerus.
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The Appendicular Skeleton
• The deltoid tuberosity on the lateral side is for the attachment of the deltoid muscle
• Distally there are two condyles, the medial trochlea which articulates with the ulna and the lateral capitulum which articulates with the radius.
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The Appendicular Skeleton
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Coronoidfossa
Radius
Radialtuberosity
Head ofradius
CapitulumTrochlea
(c) Anterior view at the elbow region
Humerus
Medialepicondyle
Coronoidprocess ofulna
UlnaRadial notch
Figure 7.26c The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow.
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Telling Left from Right
• Orient the bone so that the rounded head is superior (up) and pointing medially.
• Look for the deep olecranon fossa on the posterior side.
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The Appendicular Skeleton
What is the medial epicondyle famous for?
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The Appendicular Skeleton
What is the medial epicondyle famous for?
The Funny Bone
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The Funny Bone
The ulnar nerve is the largest unprotected nerve in the human body unprotected by muscle or bone), so injury is common.
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The Funny Bone
This nerve is directly connected to the little finger, and the adjacent half of the ring finger, supplying the palmar side of these fingers, including both front and back of the tips.
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The Funny Bone
The clawed hand can be a result of ulnar nerve damage.
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The Appendicular Skeleton
The ulna and radial bones form the distal lower limb.
The ulna is medial and the radius is lateral.
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The Appendicular Skeleton
The olecranon process (elbow) and the coronoid processes are the major land marks on the proximal portion of the ulna.The ulna plays no major role in wrist movement.Its only action is extension and flexion of the lower limb.
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(c) Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view
Olecranon process
Trochlear notch
Coronoid process
Radial notch
View
Figure 7.27c Radius and ulna of the right forearm.
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The Appendicular Skeleton
The radius is shaped like the head of a nail. Its head is concave.Its distal end is highlighted by the styloid process.The radius allows for pronation and supination of the wrist.
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Telling Left from Right
• Place the ulna so that the trochlear notch faces you, if the radial notch faces left, it is the right ulna.
• Place the radius so the distal styloid process is lateral. The radial tuberosity is to the right. It is the right radius.
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The Hand
The “hand” is composed of 8 carpals and 5 metacarpals.Distally are the phalanges, these begin at the knuckles.
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Figure 7.28 Bones of the left hand.
• Trapezoid• Trapezium
• Scaphoid
Phalanges
Carpals
Radius
• Proximal• Middle• Distal
• Triquetrum• Lunate
• Capitate• Hamate
• Pisiform
Metacarpals
Carpals
(b) Posterior view of left hand
Ulna
• Base• Shaft• Head
• Trapezoid• Trapezium
• Scaphoid
Carpals
(a) Anterior view of left hand
Radius
Sesamoidbones
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The Hand
Carpal tunnel syndrome is pain, tingling, and other problems in your hand because of pressure on the median in your wrist.It is a common repetitive injury.
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The Appendicular SkeletonThe Pelvic Girdle
The pelvic girdle attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton.
The hip is also known as the os coxaeIt is made up of three separate bones:– Ischium– Ilium &– Pubis
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Figure 7.29 Articulated pelvis showing the two hip (coxal) bones (which together form the pelvic girdle), the sacrum, and the coccyx.
Coxalbone(os coxaeor hip bone)
llium
Sacroiliacjoint
Iliac fossa
Pubicbone
Ischium
Sacrum
Base of sacrum
Sacralpromontory
Pelvic brimAcetabulum
Pubic crestPubic symphysis
Iliac crest
Coccyx
Pubic arch
Anterior inferioriliac spine
Anteriorsuperior iliac spine
Pubic tubercle
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The Appendicular SkeletonThe Pelvic Girdle
During infancy and child hood, these three bones are separate and fuse to one large irregular bone in adulthood.
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The Appendicular SkeletonThe Pelvic Girdle
Important Land Marks on the Ilium include:– Acetabulum which is a socket that
receives the head of the femur– The ala or wing like projection of the ilium– The greater sciatic notch where the sciatic
nerve passes– The gluteal lines which are the point of
attachment for the gluteal muscles
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The Appendicular SkeletonThe Pelvic Girdle
Important Land Marks on the Ischium include:– Ischial spine which projects medially into
the pelvic cavity and is where the sacrospinous ligament attaches
– Ischial Tuberosity bears our weight when we sit, also a point of attachment for the ham string muscles
– Lesser sciatic notch where a number of blood vessels & nerves to the genitals pass
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The Appendicular SkeletonThe Pelvic Girdle
Important Land Marks of the Pubis include:– Superior and inferior rami– Obturator foramen which is a large empty
circle– Pubic symphysis which is where both
pubic bones attach.
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Figure 7.30c Bones of the bony pelvis.
Anteriorgluteal line Ilium
Anteriorsuperioriliac spine
Anteriorinferioriliac spine
InferiorgluteallineAcetabulum
Pubicbody
Pubictubercle
Inferiorramusof pubis
Posteriorgluteal line
Posteriorsuperioriliac spine
Posteriorinferioriliac spine
Greatersciatic notch
Ischial spine
Ischium
Ischial body
Lessersciatic notch
Ischialtuberosity
Ischial ramus
(c) Lateral view, right hip boneObturatorforamen
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Dimples of Venus
These are indentations sometimes visible on the human lower back, just superior to the gluteal cleft.
They are directly superficial to the two sacroiliac joints, the sites where the sacrum attaches to the ilium of the pelvis.
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Table 7.4 Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (1 of 3)
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The Femur
The femur is the longest and strongest bone of the body.
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The Femur
The femur is the longest and strongest bone of the body.
Its identified by having a large and have a
distinct rounded head
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The Femur
The femur has a distinct neck separating the head from the rest of the bone.
The neck is the most common area of fracture in the elderly.
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The Femur
Important Features:• The fovea capitis is the attachment point
for the ligament between the head of the femur and the acetabulum
• The greater and lesser trochanter are the attachment point for the thigh muscles
• The gluteal tuberosity, linea apsera and supracondylar lines are sites of the “ham string attachment”
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The Femur
• Medial and lateral condyles articulate with the tibia.
• Medial and lateral epicondyles • Patellar surface articulates with the patella• Intercondylar fossa is the attachment point
for the cruciate ligaments
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Figure 7.31b Bones of the right knee and thigh.
Neck Foveacapitis
GreatertrochanterInter-trochantericcrest
Head
Intertrochantericline
Lesser trochanter
Gluteal tuberosity
Linea aspera
Lateralcondyle
Lateralepicondyle
Intercondylar fossa
Medial andlateral supra-condylar lines
Medial condyle
Medialepicondyle
Adductortubercle
Anterior view Posterior view(b) Femur (thigh bone)
Lateralepicondyle
Patellarsurface
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The Patella
The patella is a triangular, sesamoid bone enclosed in the quadriceps tendon.It helps to improve leverage of the thigh muscles on the tibia.
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Figure 7.31a Bones of the right knee and thigh.
Posterior
Facet formedialcondyleof femur
Facet for lateralcondyle of femur
Surface forpatellarligament
ApexAnterior
(a) Patella (kneecap)
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Dislocation of the Patella• Kneecap (patella) dislocation is often seen
in women. • It usually occurs after a sudden change in
direction when your leg is planted. This puts your kneecap under stress.
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Dislocation of the Patella
• Dislocation may also occur as a direct result of injury. When the kneecap is dislocated, it can slip sideways and around to the outside of the knee.
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The Tibia and Fibula
The tibia is medial and the fibula is lateral.
Only the tibia is weight bearing.
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The tibia is a large, heavy bone and thus potentially confused with the femur or humerus.
Note that its superior end is rather flat-topped and lacks any sort of a rounded head.
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• Two large proximal condyles which articulate with the femur
• Intercondylar eminence is the attachment for the cruciate ligaments
• Tibial tuberosity is the attachment point for the patella tendon
• Medial Malleolus articulates with the talus(“ankle”
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Figure 7.32a The tibia and fibula of the right leg.
Medial condyle
Articular surface
Tibial tuberosity
Interosseous membraneAnterior border
Tibia
Medial malleolus
Intercondylar eminence
Proximal tibiofibularjoint
Distal tibiofibularjointLateral malleolus
Lateral condyle
Fibula
Head
(a) Anterior view
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Figure 7.32b The tibia and fibula of the right leg.
Medial condyle
Articular surface oflateral condyle
Articular surfaceof medial condyle
Articular surface
Interosseousmembrane
Tibia Fibula
Head of fibula
Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus(b) Posterior view
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Figure 7.32c The tibia and fibula of the right leg.
Lateralcondyle
Tibialtuberosity
(c) Anterior view, proximal tibia
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The Fibula
• Articulates with the tibia proximally and the talus distally
• Major land mark is the lateral malleolus
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Injuries to the Tibia and Fibula
• Pott’s Fracture is a common injury involving the fibula, tibia or both it’s a “broken ankle”
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Injuries to the Tibia and Fibula
A SHIN SPLINT IS INFLAMMATION AND PAIN ALONG THE INNER PART OF THE LOWER LEG. IT INVOLVES THE TIBIA (SHIN BONE).
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Injuries to the Tibia and Fibula
SHIN SPLINTS OCCUR WHEN THE TISSUE THAT CONNECTS MUSCLES TO THE LINING OF THE TIBIA BECOMES IRRITATED AND INFLAMED.
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• RISK FACTORS FOR A SHIN SPLINT INCLUDE: • IMPROPER STRETCHING OR FAILURE TO WARM UP
BEFORE EXERCISING• ACTIVITIES THAT INVOLVE REPEATED POUNDING OF
THE LEGS ON HARD SURFACES, SUCH AS RUNNING, BASKETBALL, OR TENNIS
• INCREASING INTENSITY OF EXERCISE OR MILEAGE OF RUNNING WITHOUT PROPER PREPARATION AND CONDITIONING
• WORN-OUT OR ILL-FITTING FOOTWEAR• IMPROPER RUNNING TECHNIQUE OR PROBLEMS WITH
THE WAY THE FOOT HITS THE GROUND WHEN RUNNING
• A STRENGTH IMBALANCE BETWEEN TWO OPPOSING MUSCLE GROUPS IN THE LEG
• FLATTENED FOOT ARCHES• RUNNING ON A SLOPE
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Figure 7.33a Bones of the right foot.
Medialcuneiform
Phalanges
Metatarsals
TarsalsNavicular
Intermediatecuneiform
Talus
Calcaneus(a) Superior view
Cuboid
Lateralcuneiform
Proximal54321
MiddleDistal
Trochleaof talus
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Figure 7.34 Arches of the foot.
Mediallongitudinal archTransversearch Laterallongitudinal arch
(a) Lateral aspect of right foot (b) X ray, medial aspect of right foot
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Problems with the Foot
• Each of your feet has 26 bones, 33 joints, and more than 100 tendons, muscles, and ligaments. No wonder a lot of things can go wrong.
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Problems with the Foot
Here are a few common problems:Bunions - hard, painful bumps on the big toe joint
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Problems with the Foot
It have several causes, including:• arthritis, a hereditary
condition, • an injury, • or ill-fitting shoes
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Problems with the Foot
Corns and Callouses - thickened skin from friction or pressureUsually caused by poorly fitting shoes or abnormal gait.
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Problems with the Foot
Fallen arches - also called flat feet Usually caused by failure of the arch of the foot to develop.
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Flip Flops and the Foot