the archaeology of asia-paciﬁc navigation978-981-32-9248-2/1.pdfhistorical four oceans sailing...

The Archaeology of Asia-Pacific Navigation

Volume 2

Series Editor

Chunming Wu, The Center for Maritime Archaeology, Xiamen University,Xiamen, Fujian, China

This series will publish the most important, current archaeological research on ancient navigation and sea routesin the Asia-Pacific region, which were key, dynamic factors in the development of human civilizations spanningthe last several thousand years. Restoring an international and multidisciplinary academic dialogue throughcross cultural perspectives, these publications underscore the significance of diverse lines of evidence, includingsea routes, ship cargo, shipwreck, seaports landscape, maritime heritage, nautical technology and the role ofindigenous peoples. They explore a broad range of outstanding work to highlight various aspects of thehistorical Four Oceans sailing routes in Asia-Pacific navigation, as well as their prehistoric antecedents, offeringa challenging but highly distinctive contribution to a better understanding of global maritime history.

The series is intended for scholars and students in the fields of archaeology, history, anthropology,ethnology, economics, sociology, and political science, as well as nautical technicians and oceanic scientistswho are interested in the prehistoric and historical seascape and marine livelihood, navigation and nauticaltechniques, the maritime silk road and overseas trade, maritime cultural dissemination and oceanic immigrationin eastern and southeastern Asia and the Pacific region.

The Archaeology of Asia-Pacific Navigation book series is published in conjunction with Springer under theauspices of the Center for Maritime Archaeology of Xiamen University (CMAXMU) in China. The first serieseditor is Dr. Chunming Wu, who is a chief researcher and was a Professor at the institute. The advisory andeditorial committee consists of more than 20 distinguished scholars and leaders in the field of maritimearchaeology of the Asia-Pacific region.

Advisory and Editorial Committee

Advisory Board:

Wenming Yan 严文明, Peking University, P.R. China

Qingzhu Liu 刘庆柱, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, P.R. ChinaJeremy Green, Western Australia Museum, AustraliaCharles Higham, University of Otago, Dunedin, New ZealandLothar von Falkenhausen, University of California at Los Angeles, USARobert E. Murowchick, Boston University, USAJames P. Delgado, SEARCH - SEARCH2O INC., USABarry V. Rolett, University of Hawaii at Manoa, USAHans K. Van Tilburg, NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, USAJohn Miksic, National University of Singapore, Singapore

Chenhua Tsang 臧振华, Academia Sinica of Taiwan, China

Editorial Board:

Laura Lee Junker, University of Illinois at Chicago, USAMing Li 李旻, University of California at Los Angeles, USARoberto Junco Sanchez, National Institute of Anthropology and History, MexicoMaría Cruz Berrocal, University of Konstanz, GermanyEusebio Z. Dizon, National Museum of the Philippines, PhilippinesTakenori Nogami, Nagasaki University, JapanChung Tang 邓聪, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, P.R. ChinaBo Jiang 姜波, National Center of Underwater Cultural Heritage, P.R. ChinaChunming Wu 吴春明, Xiamen University, P.R. China

Editorial in Chief:

Chunming Wu 吴春明, Xiamen University, P.R. China

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/16203

http://www.springer.com/series/16203

Chunming Wu • Roberto Junco Sanchez •

Miao LiuEditors

Archaeology of ManilaGalleon Seaports and EarlyMaritime Globalization

123

EditorsChunming WuThe Center for Maritime ArchaeologyXiamen UniversityXiamen, China

Roberto Junco SanchezSAS-INAHInstituto Nacional de Antropología eHistoriaMexico City, Mexico

Miao LiuDepartment of HistoryXiamen UniversityXiamen, China

ISSN 2524-7468 ISSN 2524-7476 (electronic)The Archaeology of Asia-Pacific NavigationISBN 978-981-32-9247-5 ISBN 978-981-32-9248-2 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9248-2

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or partof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmissionor information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt fromthe relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material containedherein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regardto jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,Singapore

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9248-2

Silver coin of New Spain struck in Mexico City Mint during 1634–1665, which was discoveredfrom southern coast of Fujian. Artifact collection of Fujian Provincial Museum

Introduction

During the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries, the Spanish navigators established andoperated the Manila Galleon maritime route which connected East Asia and NewSpain in the American continent. The galleons sailed across the Pacific via the hubseaports and trade centers of Manila in the Philippines and Acapulco in Mexico,forming a prosperous sea route for more than 250 years. This pioneering navigationof pan-Pacific regions promoted early global maritime trade as a new maritime SilkRoad between the East and the West.

The Manila galleon navigation is an important academic theme which had beeninvestigated and researched by multiple disciplines such as archaeology, history,anthropology, maritime navigation, and oceanology in last half century. Bothseaport sites and shipwrecks underwater of galleon affiliated are crucial importantcultural heritage contributing to archaeological reconstruction of the Spanish Pacifictrade history. An international academic workshop of “Early Navigation in theAsia-Pacific Region” was carried out at Harvard University in summer of 2013,focusing on the shipwreck archaeological heritage of galleon remains and estab-lishing an interaction platform promoting the understanding of maritime history ofearly globalization (Wu, C. editor, Early Navigation in the Asia-Pacific Region: AMaritime Archaeological Perspective, Springer Press, 2016).

A further dialogue on the galleon trade history and maritime cultural interactionbetween the East Asia and New Spain, “The International Academic Workshop onArchaeology of the Manila Galleon Seaports and the History of Early MaritimeGlobalization” was organized by the Center for Maritime Archaeology of XiamenUniversity, China, on July 21–23, 2017, which mainly focused on the seaportarchaeological heritage of the galleon affiliated navigation. The archaeologists andmaritime cultural historians from America, Mexico, Japan, Philippines, MainlandChina, Hong Kong, and Taiwan met together again and shared their newachievements and knowledge of the investigations and researches on the galleonseaport archaeology. A series of presentations respectively on different galleontrade affiliated seaports including Acapulco and San Blas in Mexico, Humåtak atGuam, Manila in Philippines, Yuegang (Crescent Harbor), Xiamen (Amoy),Macao, Keelung in China, and Nagasaki in Japan opened a new window for the

vii

sighting and understanding of the social and cultural contents of this new maritimeSilk Road of pan-Pacific region in last 500 years.

The main topics of this meeting covered the new archaeological discoveries ofgalleon affiliated seaport and harbor heritages, galleon shipwreck remains, thehistory of navigation and maritime trade among galleon affiliated harbors, the

viii Introduction

origin, producing, transporting and trading of the galleon cargoes, etc. All of theseworks collaborated on a new perspective of maritime archaeology and tracked thedifferent paragraphs of the galleon trade and affiliated maritime history, respec-tively, summarized as the “Yuegang Outbound”, “Manila Entreportting”, and“Bound for Acapulco”, preliminarily reconstructing a panoramagram of the historyof Spanish pan-Pacific trade and early maritime globalization.

Part I: Yuegang Outbound: The Archaeology of Yuegang as the Key TransitTerminal for Manila Galleons

Yuegang is located at the lower reach and estuary of Jiulongjiang (九龙江) as thebiggest river of southern Fujian. Yuegang had been the flourishing trade seaport ofMing (明) Dynasty and the main transiting terminals for Manila galleons interactingwith mainland of East Asia. The investigations and excavations of Yuegang seaportheritage, export ceramics kiln sites along the Jiulongjiang basin, junk shipwrecksites along the coast of Southeast China, and the analyses and discussions on theYuegang maritime history related to the Manila and galleon trade were presented inthis panel.

Chunming Wu systematically reviewed the development of Yuegang seaportand the archaeological discovery of cultural heritages. His paper Bound forAmerica: A Historical and Archaeological Investigation in Yuegang Seaport as theMain Origin of Galleon Cargo presented the historical documents to show therising, changing, and decline of Yuegang seaport as the main transferring terminalsof galleon cargoes in Southeast China, and the archaeological remains as old harborarchitectures, exotic artifacts with multicultural types, and kiln sites of Yuegangexported ceramic, showing the flourishing navigation of Yuegang outbound forManila and its maritime trade history.

Chunming Wu

Introduction ix

Miao Liu focused on the development of export ceramics and kiln sites affiliatedto Zhangzhou seaport maritime trade in her paper The Cultural Change of the Kilnsand the Content of Export Ceramics on the Perspective of Development ofZhangzhou Seaports during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. She chronologicallydivided the changing of the Zhangzhou bay seaports and types of exported ceramicsinto successive five stages, which are the early stage of private trade of celadon ofsouthern Fujian kilns and blue and white of Jingdezhen kilns along the coast bay ofZhangzhou in mid Ming Dynasty, the flourishing trade of Zhengzhou kiln productsat Yuegang seaport in the mid and late Ming Dynasty, the exportation ofJingdezhen porcelains by Anhai and Xiamen seaports during the late MingDynasty, the ceramics from mountainous areas in southern Fujian traded by theKoxinga overseas trade group at Xiamen and Anhai seaports in the late Ming andearly Qing dynasties, and the last stage trade of ceramics of Anxi and Dehua kilnsby Xiamen seaport in Qing Dynasty. This historical division provided a clearunderstanding of changing and diversity of export ceramics of Southeast Chinaduring the period of galleon trade.

Nan’ao No. I shipwreck in east coast of Guangdong is one of most importantshipwrecks discovered along the coast of Southeast China, which was identified asthe Chinese junk bound for Manila trade during late Ming and Qing dynasties. TheInvestigation and Preliminary Analysis of Nan’ao No. I Shipwreck in Guangdongpresented by Chunshui Zhou made a comprehensive description of the archaeo-logical discovery of this shipwreck, including plan of the wreck remain and woodenhull structure, the content of cargoes of ceramics, bronze coins, copper ingots,stone, wooden, lacquer and bone artifacts, and a series of organic food and fruitremains. Further discussions on the characteristic of hull structure of the junk, theentreportting of porcelains from Jingdezhen to Yuegang, and the reconstructionof the sea route were also presented.

Being one of the most important transiting terminals trading center for galleoncargoes in mainland East Asia, Yuegang had not only been the exporting seaporttransferring Chinese cargoes for Manila and all over the world, but also the most

Miao Liu

x Introduction

important entrance for the variant oversea exotic cultures introduced into China bygalleons and junks. A Historical Review on the Social-Cultural Impact ofYuegang-Manila Navigation on the Ancient Chinese Civilization by Chunming Wuprovided the cases of maritime cultural interaction between the East and the West.He listed a series of the historical documents and archaeological evidences to showthe maritime cultural gifts which the ancient China had received from Manilagalleon trade, such as the domesticated grains (sweet potato, maize, tomato,tobacco, etc.), silver materials, silver coins from New Spain and firearms fromEurope, and types of west architecture, revealing the maritime cultural contributionsof Europe and America to ancient China via galleons and Yuegang.

Part II: Manila Entreportting: Discovery of Galleon Trade Heritage atManila, Macao, Keelung and Nagasaki

As the premier entreport of Spanish galleon trade in East Asia, Manila had been oneof the most important seaports like Malacca, Batavia, Macao, and Canton of EastAsia where economically and culturally connected with Europe and America sincethe middle sixteenth to the early nineteenth century. Besides Manila and Yuegang, afew of other seaports such as Macao in East Asia had also acted as essentialtransferring hubs for import and export of the galleon cargoes. A few of papersfocused on Manila and these affiliated seaports presented plentiful archaeologicaldata revealing the complicated trading history of galleon cargoes linking the Eastand the West.

As the top wanted international commodity, Chinese ceramics had been the maincargoes for Europeans including Portuguese, Dutch, and Spanish. The diversity oftypes, designs, and quality of the Chinese ceramics resulting from these differentEuropean markets was an important topic of export ceramic study. According toceramics discovered from shipwreck and land sites along the galleon routes,Guanyu Wang presented An Analysis on the Chinese Porcelain in the Manila

Chunshui Zhou

Introduction xi

Galleon Trades and generally classified the changing of the ceramics of galleoncargoes and their interactions with other European cargo ceramics. Three stages ofgalleon ceramics were revealed in her study, of which the early stage of Spanishtrade had collected any kind of Chinese porcelains which mainly included the blueand white Jingdezhen wares in the middle sixteenth century, the second stage hadinvolved in the trade of Fujian local Zhangzhou porcelain wares with similar pat-terns and shapes but different quality as Jingdezhen in late sixteenth to early sev-enteenth century, the third stage of galleon trade shipped diverse ceramics resultingfrom the changing Jingdezhen and Zhangzhou wares adjusted to satisfy the widerworld market after the arrival of Dutch and other Europeans since the middleseventeenth century. She emphasized that the three stages of the interaction of tradehad assimilated the ceramics cargos of the Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch for theirsharing the Chinese export porcelain wares produced for the world market.

Guanyu Wang

Nida T. Cuevas

xii Introduction

The intensification of the Manila galleons had brought a great amount ofChinese ceramics to the Philippines, which were uncovered in both the ship-wreck galleons and a series of land sites. Fujian and Japanese Ware: A 17thCentury Evidence of the Manila Galleon Trade Found from SelectedArchaeological Sites in the Philippines by Nida T. Cuevas located the distri-bution of Fujian and Hizen wares in the Philippines, focusing on the land-basedsites within Intramuros and outside the walls or “extramuros” in Mehan andArroceros in Manila, Porta Vaga in Cavite City, and Boljoon in southern Cebu.The study showed us contextual difference of ceramic wares found in differentsites, discussing the significance of Fujian and Hizen ceramics in the Manilagalleon maritime exchange.

Archaeological Researches on the Manila Galleon Wrecks in the Philippinesco-authored by Sheldon Clyde B. Jago-on and Bobby C. Orillaneda presented ageneral introduction and overview of the hitherto underwater archaeologicalinvestigations of galleon shipwrecks in Philippines waters, from the waters offCatanduanes Island to the Embocadero (San Bernardino Strait in NorthernSamar) and to Cavite and vice versa. Most of the sites had been exploredextensively using state-of-the-art underwater surveying equipment, includingEspiritu Santo (1576) and San Geronimo (1601), The San Diego (1600),Nuestra Señora de la Vida (1620), The Encarnacion (1649), The San Jose(1694), Santo Cristo de Burgos (1726), and San Andres (1798), of which onlySan Diego and Nuestra Senora de La Vida were so far been discovered, posi-tively identified and studied.

Sheldon Clyde B. Jago-on

Introduction xiii

Taiwan and Macao had been two vital transit seaports for the international tradeduring early maritime globalization of the seventeenth century. The KraakPorcelains Discovered from Taiwan and Macao, and Their Relationship with theManila Galleon Trade by Tai-kang Lu described the archaeological discoveryof the Chinese Kraak porcelains from Taiwan and Macao, and Japanese Kraak-styleHizen wares from Taiwan, which had been traded by the Spanish, Dutch, andPortuguese. The presentation revealed the phenomenon of multiceramic transittrade of Chinese and Japanese ceramics in the international maritime trade.

As one of the important seaport of East Asia, Nagasaki had also traded withManila galleons from 1570 to 1639, resulting some interesting aspects such asmigration, ceramics, and art influence to New Spain via Manila. Etsuko Miyata’spaper Ceramics from Nagasaki: A Link to Manila Galleon Trade introducedarchaeological materials of traded porcelains from Nagasaki, analyzing the typesand quantities, and compared the recovered pieces from Mexico of the sixteenthand seventeenth centuries. This research proved connection of Nagasaki with thePacific galleon trade, majorly via the Chinese merchants who directly connectedNagasaki, Manila, and Fujian.

Tai-kang Lu

Etsuko Miyata

xiv Introduction

Historical documents recorded that the Acapulco-bound galleon San Franciscohad sunk in 1609 near modern Onjuku town, Chiba Prefecture of Japan. JunKimura reported the Searching for the San Francisco (1609), a Manila GalleonSunk off the Japanese Coast with the information of the ongoing maritimearchaeological project on this wreck searching since 2016, leaving us the hope andpotentiality for further discovery in coming future.

Part III: Bound for Acapulco: The Archaeology of the Pacific and America asthe Galleon Navigation Record

As the east destination of galleon navigation, the New Spain colonization in con-temporary Latin America had received a great amount of cultural feedbacks fromEast Asia. Archaeologists investigated and excavated not only the underwatershipwrecks of galleon along the west coast of America, but also a series of landsites at Acapulco, San Blas, Rio Chiquito, and Panama seaports and many inlandsites of central American regions, revealing numeral maritime trade heritages fromEast Asia, mainly including Chinese porcelains.

Jun Kimura

Joseph Quinata

Introduction xv

At the intermediate range of Manila–Acapulco navigation, Guam had been animportant provisioning station for galleons, leaving us a series of interesting his-torical and cultural heritages at Humåtak Bay seaport. Joseph Quinata’sDevelopment of Humåtak Village: The Life Line of the Manila-Acapulco GalleonTrade shares with us a lot of materials of the galleon affiliated sites at Guam anddiscussed the cultural exchanges after the Spanish colonized.

The senior maritime archaeologists of California Edward Von der Porterreported Clues to Internationalism in the Manila Galleon Wreck of the late1570s in Baja California shared us the new achievement of the investigationsalong the western shore of the Baja California peninsula since 1999. The arti-facts collected from the site were dated to the early period of the galleon tradeand was supposed to be the remains of the San Juanillo of 1578. Furtheridentification on the artifacts reveals diverse sources of cargo artifacts andprovides us rich clues for understanding the internationalism of galleon tradewhich included the Spanish and European sheets of lead, Spanish colonial coins,fragment pottery of Iberian, wax of Manila galleon cargos from Indonesiaproduced in the Philippines, stoneware Martaban jars from China or SoutheastAsia, Chinese porcelains including early Zhangzhou and Jingdezhen wares,Chinese enameled boxes, bronze mirrors, brass locks, plates, bronze coins, andSoutheast-Asian matchlock firearm, giving us a remarkable view of worldwidecommercial ties of the galleon trade in 1570s.

Edward Von der Porter

xvi Introduction

Archaeological Distribution of Chinese Porcelain in Mexico co-authored byPatricia Fournier and Roberto Junco Sanchez comprehensively deals with thedistribution of Chinese porcelains archaeologically recovered from several Mexicansites located both in the urban and rural settings, mostly from the Mexico City andAcapulco seaport. More than 5000 shards of Asian ceramics had been studied,showing the types of ceramics cargo galleon to New Spain throughout the colonialperiod. The authors overviewed the archaeological evidence attesting the content,date, and spatial distribution of Chinese export porcelains transported to New Spainfrom the late 1500s to the early 1800s, reflecting the commerce and consumption ofAsian ceramics as “fragments of globalization”.

The San Blas in Nayarit of Mexico located at the Pacific coast of Mexico had notonly been an active and important seaport as a stop for the galleon navigation fromManila to Acapulco, but also been an official Maritime Department of New Spain

Patricia Fournier

Roberto Junco Sanchez

Introduction xvii

during eighteenth century. Roberto Junco Sanchez, Guadalupe Pinzón, and EtsukoMiyata co-authored The Chinese Porcelain from the Port of San Blas, Mexicoreported the latest discovery of the archaeological program on the San Blas seaportin 2016 and 2017. The authors analyzed the Chinese porcelain shards collectedfrom the site including both mostly the Jingdezhen wares, and a few of Zhangzhouwares and Dehua wares. Most of these porcelains were dated from 1740 to 1780sperfectly fitting with the duration of the Maritime Department. Typologically, theseceramics covered both the traditional Chinese types as blue and white with “willowpattern” and red painting over glaze “Guanzai”, and some westernized types ofceramics as Western motifs painting pattern on the wares. Anyway, these materialsadded the new and important information to understand the transpacific commercialhistory of galleon trade.

After arriving in New Spain by the galleon trade, the Chinese ceramics hadpassed from Acapulco to Veracruz through the New Spain, not only providing theelite with luxury goods, but also being the most important sources of inspirationinfluenced the local majolica potters of New Spain. A Study of the Chinese Influenceon Mexican Ceramics by Karime Castillo and Patricia Fournier presented aninteresting and enlightening comparing research on the ceramics cross-culturalexchange between Mexican and Chinese. This study focuses on the influence ofChinese porcelain in colonial Mexican majolica with a particular emphasis onornament understood as a term that articulates both surface and decorative motifs.The paper reveals that the Chinese ornament was adopted and adapted by colonialpotters into a style of their own, reflecting the insertion of majolica in which someof these Chinese elements had been abstracted to be part of the traditional Mexicanmajolica in the global networks of maritime cultural exchange.

In brief, our international workshop on the archaeological investigations andresearches of galleon affiliated seaports made a multiparagraph reconstruction ofSpanish galleon transpacific navigation. Along this pan-Pacific sea route, Yuegang,

Karime Castillo

xviii Introduction

Macao, Keelung, and Nagasaki as the transiting seaports of galleon trade, Manila asthe general entreportting hub of galleon connecting the East and the West,Hamatak, San Blas and Acapulco as the midpoint stops and destinations of galleon,exposed rich and diversified maritime cultural heritages, presenting a macropanoramas of the Manila galleon trade well known as the New Maritime Silk Roadacross the Pacific during the sixteenth to nineteenth century. This co-authoredmonograph not only revealed the magnificent galleon navigation across Pacific, butalso showed the exciting pictures of multicultural interactions between two sides ofPacific resulted from the maritime globalization.

We are grateful to all of the participants and contributors who come from bothsides of the Pacific, working together and presenting these wonderful papers withdeep insights, promoting further understanding on the early pan-Pacific navigation.We dearly cherish the memory of our old friend and colleague and the seniorgalleon archaeologist, Edward Von der Porten who worked with us closely in lastfew years for promoting the research of galleon history, but unfortunately passedaway before the publication of this co-authored work. Heartfelt thanks to Mr.Jianzhong Song, Deputy Director of National Center of Underwater CulturalHeritage of China; Mr. Qisheng Fu, Director of Fujian Provincial Bureau ofCultural Heritage; Mr. Kan Zhang, Director of History Department in XiamenUniversity, who supported our meeting and presented their highbrow commentsafter our discussions. We own our debt to the Center for Maritime Archaeology ofXiamen University, which provided financial support and organized the meeting,and Springer Nature which undertakes the publication of this proceeding.

Jianzhong Song

Introduction xix

December 2018 Chunming WuRoberto Junco Sanchez

Miao LiuPhotographer Yuzhen Huang

Qisheng Fu

Kan Zhang

xx Introduction

Contents

Part I Yuegang Outbound: The Archaeology of Yuegang as the KeyTransit Terminal for Manila Galleon

1 Bound for America: A Historical and ArchaeologicalInvestigation in Yuegang (Crescent) Seaport as the Main Originof Galleon Cargo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Chunming Wu

2 The Cultural Change of Kilns and Contents of Export Ceramicson the Perspective of Development of Zhangzhou SeaportsDuring Ming and Qing Dynasties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Miao Liu

3 The Investigation and Preliminary Analysis of Nan’ao No. IShipwreck in Guangdong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Chunshui Zhou

4 A Historical Review on the Social-Cultural Impactof Yuegang-Manila Navigation on the Ancient ChineseCivilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Chunming Wu

Part II Manila Entreportting: Discovery of Galleon Trade Heritageat Manila, Macao, Keelung and Nagasaki

5 Chinese Porcelain in the Manila Galleon Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Guanyu Wang

6 Fujian and Hizen Ware: A 17th Century Evidence of the ManilaGalleon Trade Found from Selected Archaeological Sitesin the Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Nida T. Cuevas

xxi

7 Archaeological Researches on the Manila Galleon Wrecksin the Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Sheldon Clyde B. Jago-on and Bobby C. Orillaneda

8 The Kraak Porcelains Discovered from Taiwan and Macao,and Their Relationship with the Manila Galleon Trade . . . . . . . . . 147Tai-Kang Lu

9 Ceramics from Nagasaki: A Link to Manila Galleon Trade . . . . . . 161Etsuko Miyata

10 Searching for the San Francisco (1609), a Manila Galleon Sunkoff the Japanese Coast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Jun Kimura

Part III Bound for Acapulco: The Archaeology of the Pacificand America as the Galleon Navigation Record

11 The Development of Humåtak Village: The Life-Lineof the Acapulco-Manila Galleon Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Joe Quinata

12 Clues to Internationalism in the Manila Galleon Wreckof the Late 1570s in Baja California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Edward Von der Porten

13 Archaeological Distribution of Chinese Porcelain in Mexico . . . . . . 215Patricia Fournier and Roberto Junco Sanchez

14 The Chinese Porcelain from the Port of San Blas, Mexico . . . . . . . 239Roberto Junco Sanchez, Guadalupe Pinzón and Etsuko Miyata

15 A Study of the Chinese Influence on Mexican Ceramics . . . . . . . . . 253Karime Castillo and Patricia Fournier

xxii Contents

Contributors

Karime Castillo UCLA-Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, Los Angeles, USA

Nida T. Cuevas National Museum of the Philippines, Metro Manila, Philippines

Patricia Fournier Escuela Nacional de Antropología E Historia (ENAH), InstitutoNacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH), Mexico City, Mexico

Sheldon Clyde B. Jago-on Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage Division,National Museum of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines

Roberto Junco Sanchez Subdirección de Arqueología Subacuática (SAS),Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH), Mexico City, Mexico

Jun Kimura Department of Maritime Civilizations, School of Marine Science andTechnology, Tokai University, Tokyo, Japan

Miao Liu The Department of History, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

Tai-Kang Lu Department of Art History, Tainan National University of the Arts,Taiwan, China

Etsuko Miyata Japan Society for Promotion of Science, Keio University, Tokyo,Japan

Bobby C. Orillaneda Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage Division,National Museum of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines

Guadalupe Pinzón Universidad Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City,Mexico

Joe Quinata Guam Preservation Trust, Hagåtña, GU, USA

Edward Von der Porten San Francisco, USA

Guanyu Wang Art Museum, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T.,Hong Kong

xxiii

Chunming Wu The Center for Maritime Archaeology, Xiamen University,Xiamen, China

Chunshui Zhou National Center of Underwater Cultural Heritage, Beijing, China

xxiv Contributors

List of Figures

Fig. 1.1 Sea routes of East Ocean recorded in navigationguide books of ancient China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Fig. 1.2 Map of 1575–1580 from Spanish manuscriptshowing geographic situation of East and SoutheastAsia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Fig. 1.3 Antonio de Herrera’s map of 1601 showing thepower sphere of Spanish in the Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Fig. 1.4 Boats from East and West sailing to Manila Bay,1619 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Fig. 1.5 The distribution of archaeological heritagesinvestigated around Yuegang seaportin Fujian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Fig. 1.6 The distribution of the historical landscapes ofYuegang harbor recorded in Haicheng Xianzhi(Chronicle of Haicheng County) of QianlongPeriod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Fig. 1.7 The painting of landscape of Zhangzhou in 1622when Dutch fleet arrived . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Fig. 1.8 The site of Yuegang seaport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Fig. 1.9 Canvas painting of waterfront landscape of Amoy,

Fujian in 1900 with a lot of European sailingboats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Fig. 1.10 Tomb of the Spanish galleon seaman MANUEL DEZESPEDES Y—CARRIAZO (1759) at Gulangyu ofAmoy in Fujian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Fig. 1.11 Spanish colonial coins of 16–18th century discoveredin Southeast China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Fig. 1.12 European type canons investigated at Donggu siteof Dongshan county in southern Fujian. . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Fig. 1.13 Huazhailou Kiln site in Pinghe county of southernFujian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

xxv

Fig. 1.14 Xiayangkeng Kiln site in Hua’an county of southernFujian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Fig. 1.15 Ceramics from kiln sites along Nansheng streamvalley of Pinghe County in southern Fujian . . . . . . . . 22

Fig. 2.1 Celadon from Hushang Kiln site of Anxi counutyof Fujian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Fig. 2.2 Jingdezhen porcelains of Mid Ming Dynastydiscovered at Anhai port of Fujian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Fig. 2.3 The early blue and white porcelains from Anxicounty of southern Fujian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Fig. 2.4 The early blue and white porcelains found in Anhaiport of southern Fujian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Fig. 2.5 Porcelains from Zhangzhou Kiln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Fig. 2.6 Zhanzhou Kiln wares from Nan’ao No. 1 Shipwreck

of eastern Guangdong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Fig. 2.7 Porcelains from the Wanli Shipwreck in South China

Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Fig. 2.8 Porcelains from Donggu shipwreck

of Fujian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Fig. 2.9 Porcelains of late Ming and early Qing Dynasty from

Anxi Kiln sites of Fujian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Fig. 2.10 Porcelains of mid and late Qing dynasty from kiln

sites of Dehua and Anxi in southernFujian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Fig. 2.11 Porcelains from the shipwreck of Xisha Islands inSouth China Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Fig. 3.1 Plan of the remnant Nan’ao No. I shipwreck inEastern Guangdong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Fig. 3.2 Porcelains loaded in the compartment at the situ ofNan’ao No.1 shipwreck. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Fig. 3.3 The collection of porcelains from the Nan’aoNo. I shipwreck. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Fig. 3.4 A dark reddish brown glazed pottery jar with pastedphoenix design from Nan’ao No.1 shipwreck . . . . . . . 54

Fig. 3.5 Zhangzhou wares from the Nan’ao Ishipwreck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Fig. 3.6 Jingdezhen wares from the Nan’ao No.I shipwreck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Fig. 3.7 Comparison of the blue and white porcelainsbetween the Nan’ao No. I shipwreck and Erlong Kilnin Zhangzhou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Fig. 3.8 Comparison of the blue and white porcelainsbetween the Nan’ao No. I shipwreck and GuanyingeKiln site of Jingdezhen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

xxvi List of Figures

Fig. 3.9 A Wucai bowl painted with four panels of egret andlotus from Nan’ao No. I shipwrecksite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Fig. 4.1 A map of the East Indies by William Dampierin 1697 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Fig. 4.2 Distribution of the earliest centers of grains’domestication in the world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Fig. 4.3 Historical image showing the commodities in AztecEmpire market including a series of American nativedomesticated goods as potato, sweet potato, tomatoand pineapple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Fig. 4.4 Tobacco culture of native American Indian. . . . . . . . . 74Fig. 4.5 Pipe from Donggu shipwreck next to Yuegang

region in southern Fujian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Fig. 4.6 Ferangi canon and Iberian armed merchant ship

of 16th century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Fig. 4.7 Chart of Farangi cannon recorded in Chouhai

Tubian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Fig. 4.8 The chart of imitated Ferangi Wudi Shenfei Pao

in Ming Dynasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Fig. 4.9 The cannon investigated underwater of Nan’ao

No. 1 shipwreck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Fig. 4.10 Historical red brick building landscape of north port

at Yuegang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Fig. 4.11 Remnant of Tianyi Xinju building at north port of

Yuegang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Fig. 5.1 The international maritime trade routes of 16th and

17th centuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Fig. 5.2 The location of Jingdezhen in Jiangxi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Fig. 5.3 Painting showing the porcelain production and

trading process in late 18th century. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Fig. 5.4 The location of kiln sites in Jingdezhen of Jiangxi . . . 96Fig. 5.5 Shards of Jingdezhen wares from the Guanyinge

Kilns site, Zhushan Imperial Kilns site andLuomaqiao Kiln site in Jiangxi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Fig. 5.6 The location of kiln sites of Zhangzhou, Fujianprovince . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Fig. 5.7 Shards of the Zhangzhou wares unearthed fromthe Wuzhai and Nansheng kilns sites in southernFujian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Fig. 5.8 Blue and white dish from the Xuande shipwreck inSouth China Sea and comparative blue and whitedish from the collection of the Palace of Santos inLisbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

List of Figures xxvii

Fig. 5.9 Comparative porcelain wares discovered from theNão Espadarte shipwreck unearthed from the NorthBay of Macau and from the collection of the Palaceof Santos in Lisbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Fig. 5.10 Comparative porcelain dishes from the localcollection of the Philippines an unpublished site offthe California coast and excavated from the Doncelesstreet, Mexico City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Fig. 5.11 Porcelain dishes from the shipwrecks of San Felipe,San Isdro and the Nan’ao No. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Fig. 5.12 Jingdezhen over glaze enamelled porcelain waresdiscovered from the Nan’ao No. 1 shipwreck . . . . . . . 105

Fig. 5.13 Jingdezhen over glaze enamelled porcelain waresexcavated from an unpublished site off the Californiacoast, excavated at the Casa de Martín Calvo de laPuerta, known as the Casa de la ObraPía, Havana,Cuba, and excavated from Santa Fe La Vieja,Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Fig. 5.14 Jingdezhen over glaze enamelled porcelain bowldiscovered from the San Diego shipwreck in thePhilippines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Fig. 5.15 Jingdezhen and Zhangzhou wares of Kraak stylediscovered from the San Diego shipwreck in thePhilippines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Fig. 5.16 Zhangzhou dishes, covered boxes and covered bowlswith over glaze enamels discovered from the BinhThuan shipwreck in southern Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Fig. 5.17 Zhangzhou covered box discovered from the BinhThuan shipwreck in the southern Vietnam,Zhangzhou covered box from the in the SeikadoBunko Art Museum, Tokyo and Jingdezhen coveredbox with over glaze red and green from the collectionof Shanghai Museum, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Fig. 5.18 Zhangzhou covered bowl discovered from the BinhThuan shipwreck in southern Vietnam, Jingdezhenbowl discovered from the Nan’ao No. 1 shipwreckand Jingdezhen bowl from the collection of theBritish Museum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Fig. 5.19 Zhangzhou plates in the Seikado Bunko ArtMuseum, Tokyo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Fig. 6.1 Trade route of the Manila Galleon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Fig. 6.2 The town of Cavite showing the location of Porta

Vaga site in the Philippines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

xxviii List of Figures

Fig. 6.3 Satellite image of Manila showing locations ofarchaeological sites in Intramuros, Mehan Garden,Arroceros Forest Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Fig. 6.4 Beaterio de la Compaña de Jesus, Intramuros 17thcentury Blanc de Chine Figurine Male Fu Dog orBuddhist Lion Dehua Kiln, Fujian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Fig. 6.5 Beaterio de la Compaña de Jesus, Intramuros blueand white dish with phoenix design 17th centuryfrom Fujian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Fig. 6.6 Blanc de Chine Porcelain Jar let, Dehua Kiln, FujianArroceros Forest Park, Manila 17th century . . . . . . . . 123

Fig. 6.7 Satellite image of the town of Boljoon,Cebu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Fig. 6.8 Boljoon, Cebu Under glazed blue and whiteporcelain dish Fujian, China, Second half17th century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Fig. 6.9 Japanese over glazed enamel bottle of Arita Kiln,Hizen area Boljoon, Cebu, ca.1650–1670 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Fig. 6.10 Japanese overglazed enamel large dish of YoshidaKiln, Hizen area Boljoon, Cebu, ca. 1650–1670 . . . . . 126

Fig. 6.11 Japanese blue-and-white small double-gourd bottleof Arita Kiln, Hizen area Boljoon, Cebu, ca.1650–1670 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Fig. 7.1 Map of the Philippine archipelago showing thedifferent trade routes, including easterly and westerlyroutes of the Galleon trade and the underwaterarchaeological sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Fig. 7.2 Nautical chart showing the San Bernardino Strait andthe Galleon routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Fig. 7.3 Nautical Chart showing the survey areas inCatanduanes in the Philippines from 2002 to 2008looking for the Galleons Espiritu Santo and SanGeronimo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

Fig. 8.1 Location of Taiwan, Macao and mainlandChina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Fig. 8.2 Kraak porcelain of Chin-te-chen Kiln discovered insouth Taiwan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Fig. 8.3 Chinese ceramic discovered in northTaiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Fig. 8.4 Kraak porcelain and related heritage discovered inMacao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Fig. 8.5 Japanese Hizen ware discovered in Taiwan. . . . . . . . . 158

List of Figures xxix

Fig. 9.1 Old map of Tojin-yashiki (Chinese quarter) inNagasaki of Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

Fig. 9.2 Jingdezhen blue and white ware collected fromNagasaki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Fig. 9.3 Blue and white large dish of Zhangzhou Kiln fromNagasaki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

Fig. 9.4 Kraak porcelain and Kosometsuke dish ofJingdezhen products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

Fig. 9.5 Blue and white Zhangzhou large Kraak dish fromNagasaki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Fig. 9.6 Blue and white Zhangzhou large platefrom Nagasaki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Fig. 9.7 Blue and white Zhangzhou large platefrom Nagasaki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

Fig. 9.8 Blue and white Jingdezhen Kraak ware plate fromNagasaki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

Fig. 9.9 Dehua small bowls from Nagasaki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Fig. 9.10 Fujian and Yi Xing Kiln spoon from

Nagasaki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168Fig. 9.11 Blue and white bowl with Yongzhen reign mark

of Jingdezhen Kiln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Fig. 9.12 Blue and white bowl with floral design of Jingdezhen

product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Fig. 9.13 Blue and white bowl with 梵 (Fan) letter of Fujian

product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Fig. 9.14 Blue and white Dehua dish from Nagasaki . . . . . . . . . 170Fig. 9.15 Blue and white landscape cup with handles of

Jingdezhen Kiln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Fig. 10.1 Location of Onjuku in Chiba of Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . 174Fig. 10.2 Clock of Ieyasu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Fig. 10.3 Onjuku along the coastal cliffs extending northward

in Chiba of Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Fig. 10.4 The multi-beam sonar recording the seabed

topography of Tajiri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Fig. 10.5 Oval shaped volcanic stone from the study area at

Onjuku in Chiba of Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Fig. 11.1 The sea route of Manila Galleon navigation . . . . . . . . 188Fig. 11.2 The landscape of the Humåtak port in

Guam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188Fig. 11.3 New architectural building after Spanish

encountering in Guam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Fig. 12.1 George Kuwayama’s (1997) book on Chinese

Ceramics in Colonial Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

xxx List of Figures

Fig. 12.2 Raymond Aker’s reconstruction of asixteenth-century galleon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

Fig. 12.3 The investigation of the remote site on the west coastof Baja California in 1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

Fig. 12.4 The desert shore with low dunes and sand flatscovered with shells in Baja coast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

Fig. 12.5 Porcelain sherds were covered by 10 cm of blowingsand in four days. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

Fig. 12.6 A sheet of lead with iron tack heads is characteristicof Spanish and Portuguese long-range tradingships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Fig. 12.7 Spanish-colonial coins heavily encrusted with sandand patination products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

Fig. 12.8 The piece of eight weighs approximately 1 ounce, or28 g identified as production in Mexico City in 1572and in Potosi, Upper Peru, in 1574 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

Fig. 12.9 European form sounding lead from the site. . . . . . . . . 197Fig. 12.10 This small “splash”, or dribble, of lead

from the site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Fig. 12.11 Compass gimbals similar to the five other ones of

English, Basque and Dutch shipwrecks dating from1545 through 1596 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

Fig. 12.12 Compass and sounding lead replicas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198Fig. 12.13 Iron-core lead shot was a common type in

sixteenth-century Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199Fig. 12.14 Pottery fragment identified as western Iberian type . . . 199Fig. 12.15 Iberian “olive jars” descend from the classical

amphorae which Spaniards still used in their trade . . . 200Fig. 12.16 Beeswax remains on the site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Fig. 12.17 Stoneware Martaban jar fragment from the site. . . . . . 201Fig. 12.18 Zhangzhou ceramic ware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202Fig. 12.19 Zhangzhou ceramic ware featuring a black-faced

spoonbill bird . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Fig. 12.20 Jindezhen ceramic ware phoenix plate. . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Fig. 12.21 Jindezhen ceramic wares with high quality, and

incompletely fired plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204Fig. 12.22 Bowl with a pattern of Xi Wang Mu (the Queen

Mother of the Western Paradise) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204Fig. 12.23 Landscape bowls transferring the design from scroll

painting to porcelains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205Figs. 12.24–12.26 Porcelain wares made for export trade

with Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

List of Figures xxxi

Figs. 12.27, 12.28 Porcelain designs for Japanese markets . . . . . . . . . . . . 206Figs. 12.29–12.31 Kraak wares with different designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206Fig. 12.32 Small metal object of Chinese design . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Figs. 12.33, 12.34 Small metal object of Chinese design . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Figs. 12.35, 12.36 Bronze securing pin and brass key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Figs. 12.37, 12.38 Chinese bronze mirror and disc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208Fig. 12.39 Brass lock plate from a Chinese or

Southeast-Asian matchlock firearm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208Fig. 12.40 Cloisonné was an uncommon element in the

Chinese–Spanish trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209Fig. 12.41 A sherd of a polychrome sculpture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209Fig. 12.42 Calligraphy bowls with a few clearly painted

characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210Fig. 12.43 Chinese bronze coin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210Fig. 12.44 Buddhist “singing” prayer bowl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211Fig. 12.45 Bronze Buddhist guardian male lion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211Fig. 12.46 An artist’s depiction of the “ghost galleon” San

Juanillo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212Fig. 13.1 Map with the distribution of Chinese porcelain found

in Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222Fig. 13.2 Wucai style lids, Wanli period, from the San

Jerónimo Convent in Mexico City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223Fig. 13.3 Zhangzhou dishes and plates with overglaze

enameled designs from the San Jerónimo Convent inMexico City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

Fig. 13.4 Transitional period blue on white cups and bowlsfrom the San Jerónimo Convent in Mexico City . . . . . 224

Fig. 13.5 Canton pattern, blue on white plate rim,c. 1785–1821, from the San Jerónimo Conventin Mexico City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

Fig. 13.6 Kangxi “famille verte” plate rim, from theOtumba area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

Fig. 13.7 Ming period Wanli (c. 1570–1580) “Deer in thePark” plate, Jingdezheng blue and white porcelainplate from the excavation at downtown Acapulco . . . . 230

Fig. 14.1 Chinese porcelain shards collected fromarchaeological work at San Blas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243




xxxii List of Figures















Fig. 15.1 Primary vessel shapes copied from Chinese porcelainin New Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Fig. 15.2 Composition in panels of Mexican majolica andChinese porcelain from Mexico City. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

Fig. 15.3 Porcelain found in the San Jerónimo Convent,Mexico City, showing different decorative motifs . . . . 259

Fig. 15.4 Animal designs of Mexican majolica and Chineseporcelain from San Jerónimo Convent, MexicoCity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

Fig. 15.5 Flower designs of Mexican majolica from TemploMayor, Mexico City and Chinese porcelain from SanJerónimo Convent, Mexico City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Fig. 15.6 Artemisia leaf motif of Mexican majolica fromTemplo Mayor, Mexico City and Chinese porcelainfrom San Jerónimo Convent, Mexico City . . . . . . . . . 262

List of Figures xxxiii

Fig. 15.7 Chinese porcelain with arabesque motifs(San Jerónimo Convent, Mexico City) . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

Fig. 15.8 Artists decorating contemporary Mexican majolica at“Talavera Uriarte”, Puebla,México . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

xxxiv List of Figures

List of Tables

Table 7.1 List of Manila Galleon shipwrecks in the Philippines . . . . . . . . 143Table 8.1 The type and quantity of ceramics transported by ships from

Taiwan to Manila in the records of Spanish customs between1664 and 1684 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

xxxv

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