The ARMY HISTORIAN A PUBLICATION OF THE UNITE D STATES ARMY CENTER OF MILITARY HISTOR Y

Number 7 Washington, D.C. Spring 1985

Army Museums and Military History Education

Th" , ... .... y '" "'" MU")'fUOIn. Min.,! Y""' ""'" 1:'''. ,n' _)0 ...... ' ''Yet. f·i~M~W" \I'"l~

lndiYodu~1 ~ISIIS 10 AmenCI'5 mu~ms art now C>lirrwllcd ~I 300 millioo. yell!. SIA limes ~ num· ber of VlsitOl'S thmy yea.s aJ:" , Anendance IS gm,",'­inG faster .han l~ popul~liun. as more and more peOJPk om foUowing Joy~'I: '. Dublin dottm mto the mu~yroom They !Iff finding ;1 a d,fferem pl""" from ""1\,), it .. ·.s a gcllCfllhon ago. No Ionge. the exclus,"c ~r ... cs uf ......... Iars and collcc,OI1I, mu­Kums loday C81cr II) clienteles a$ varied ~s .hc l'um· muniucs lhey ",.vc. They hold out 10 vbi lurs of ~II ~se~ and b;o.:~I:J"OO'>lb the promise of ~ ri.:h vl$ual ~ IRlclk.-":1Ual upenence. one: Ih~t w,lI add per. sp«,,,'C 10 tlicir he< As lhe: Kcpool " f I"" Com­"",smn "" Mu~um. 10. M Ne ... · Ccmury put I!.

MU"'Ullk' II(fe. 11(I! erocOOn!." w"I! ... Iny. wl!I! the "" ... .. "I! wi." c. i,.,. ""'" :and wnh "'''''1 ;, """,bit "They .. , ..... I~ c ........ ,y. ,i." pk ....... . ,ftC ... """ u...,w,1. tdre . ""belln" K<fU>'IIIl>S .. ,!II the unfaml"_. «>lAlnl "' bt)on<.I the uf .. yor .. ·rut...., already"""". And ,lIty ,mplll1 a rre>hness to the fa.ni'i ••• ~'!o<Ios'ng mira.:l~ In .. h.! .... h.v~ Illng la~.n for ~lanlcd. Mu,","m, .rt lalh · 'rln, plxes. pi..:.> of di ..... ~I)' . plXh to fir.! qlloc' . '" c"""'mpl~'c :and '" be in>j>in:d TIley """ OIl •• 011«';'" 1'IW1l'IOfy. ou. chnlflOCIe cI hullWl c ..... j~;,y ....

AltllouSh .lItht)C definllm_ and roles apply 10 Army mu.cum~. lhere ~re IiOme irnl""bnl differ­ences between nlY'>Cums in til<: milnary ami dv;li~n museums. Whal ""Is Army mu~um' apl&n nlOlit !>Inkm,ly i~ i pen'''';''' mlSUn<k-N.andint of ,he" mlssioM and c h:u3Cler.i . All 100 often they are llioughl of as being ni«-to·havc vi~ilor ocnle'S. lro_ phy room< or ~ommunlly rel~',ons IOClivilics. ralher Ihan as lhe v,I.1 ,,· .. ining in~tllution, lhey really arc .

TIle largely misundcr>lood reality of Army muse_ UnlS IS ,ne~,nc."ly Irnktd 10 W r .. ""I;""s and usc ful",," of h",ory . il!lelf. Nenhe. ""Idler.< "'" CIV,I_ ians .... ould find much 10 d,sagree ... ·ilh in Se.:retaty of lhe Army ~h",h') wmm.nlS in IIIC'>C pa~es Illal. "An uodcrslanding of hislory sharpens judGnlents

and bmadens pcn.p«"tl"e, A knowledge of pall .~""f"Iig,,, and .... mmanders pm,ide_ ~i~arioo~ ~:\­JIC.ic;""c "'herw,~ unoblalnable .. F .... many in IlK nlllotary. """'ewer. Ih.s falls ""m,,,. h~1 Ihort of IlK nlll,k n.ry """nl lhe" I!istory 'n"'-'Sl~-d "".h visible. """lCdiale prxU~a llly NO! ""Ii,fitd wllII kno,,,ns whal happcntd.lhe:y need 10 know wily il hlppel\C<J atKI "hat use It i< 10 Ihem-and lhey Med In k,M.W

now ru 1l"IOS! <Oldocrs. hi!>lory is ""' an an",:""ir p;I>llme 10 bot. pondered ,n ""reaIM of ""pc lob"",: ... They would aiil hi!>lory to }lCld up ib Inwn~ dearly and ~m"nly. lessons lhat c .. " be lr'3.ns l~led inlo oclion.

S<'>ld'C1!; woold 3g=. if lhey gave n so ... " Ihuught. "'nh I."han phil~-r iknedello Croce. ..."" ""w hi,,<lIY as " III<: a<-1 of CUnlp!?l'ICnding , .. "I unden.,andmg ,nd'I<~"d by the: rt<Iuirclllcnl$ of ptlI( _

Ik.1 life." Crocc'~ t, i)lo.kal ph,to!ill!,hy i~. to be ,un:. very , nvol,·~'<l. bol baskaUy he .<aw hi'lory as c~po;.;cnce and eXfIC" cnce as hlw)fl<al Judgmenl . Ev.:ry judgmenl ... e make in our h,'es,~ a hi>l.on<:aJ judGfflCOi. and ooa: ""~ ."tahle Illat ,lUI e,'O)' Judl ­"lCnl i, depcndem Upoll hi,tory .... ·c comc to sec hi,I"ry in a new liGht . It become, Ihe oc..:peSI arid Gl1tndcst or diS(" ipli",,~. MlII<uminG all OIhers Wlltn. ,n .I>nr.. ,II<: siShl > un a rifle. "'"C.'

K.III'/NI. '" 1M ' ·orl ll""cllr."", H;,lorkal Ai_urn. Frv/ 1I_1t-.."...:.0 ....

Is II wonh,,·hilc. lhen. for ... ,I<lien 10 visit rtIU!iC­

urns. to :>lUdy hi:.IUfY' If we hd,cvc wllh Croce thai the~ 1$ ~ dim:! and immediale hond be!Ween hi~tor· ical ~!lQWlcdge ~nd ""'lion. then ",e must answer IhaI. ,t IS not OIIly worth,,·hi!c-il 'i among the mosl vallL:lble and practi<:~l Ihings soIdocr< can do. An army w .. tlOl.n a ~n~ of hi~tory . without an under­,tam"ng of the moml PUrp<h\l for " 'hieh ,t fights. ... ill be a~ effec .. ~e lIS I grdlin!; tlc.d of caule. not kIlO'" ,nl: how .1 got to p.lStun: or ",hen: it w,1I be 10tlIIIITUW Contented in tIS Illnor ........... it i) eVentu· ally led 10 sl~ul:h!cr.

Army policy hold. thai "~n Army museum is pnm.uoly for edunl,on '. I f "',Iilli/)' htstory is "'orth

lno"''"'' Anny museums mu>! b«al'l'le the focal I"'lnl' for iIS study at Anny inM~II:otion,. The Anny mu>cum is the 10&''':01 ~hoic" forille le:>dcrsh,p • .,Ie in fOSlering.he Mudy of h'~tory ",ilh;n lhe Anny . I! has the n:WUl\'n. Museum staffi an: ,,·cll·vcl'l>C<l in the h,slory of lhe: Anny and an: Up" 10 wn: lheir koo ... dcdge . Ar",y mU5CumS often ha>'c lihnoric~ lIS

pan of tlleir operations and can. al .1Ie very !cas!, malo.:e available li,I' of recoml'l'lended n:ao,li"t;.i. Army museums can "nen provide n:se=h and n:f­en:fW;C servl«S. ~nd in !lOr"" cases nn Io:.in ~Iidcl;. phoIO@raphs.and'·Klcotapcs_ Soon Army mu>cuJTJS ... ,11 be «juippcd "'ilh CUmpule"" thai will enable ."udents and rncarchers 10 make nalionwidc sean:hes and locale "a~1 ,.,,>QUnts o f m,liW')l h"IUf­..:al Infonnation Anny mU§Cllm. fl'n/ucnl ly hlo,.., rooms for quiet cOItlc"'plalion or for small ~~thcr_ tn~ ~nd di5CuSlion~ , fUO"" affording comfon~blc ~ulng.-infonnal and oollahor.ltlvc-r~thc, lluin .he c~, compl:llllvc alnro:sp/len: 01 classroom~

Army museUm~ h~~e "S.'Umed greatcr;rOO rnun.: polil1"'c rolcs in ooucMlion. U.u~lIy cducalln): inr.,..· mally. they are able 10 altracl lho!.e growing num­ber.. 0( adult~ seeking ~ k"""'ledge about their hiSiory. The first Stage in :on Anny m~urn', 00· UC31"'nal mi~~lon I~ to wllcct 'h,ngs. th""' dimentional rclic$ of bygone el'll~ . Actual repre~n'

talive objl:CIS of nur malerial cuhurc creale Ille aUnl of aulhenticily lhat helps the vi~i,or.O plug llUO the pa§t Ir tht: cncounler wnh the p;l~l i5 10 Ix firsthand. anirac:ts mU~1 occupy a ('(ntl'lll place in tile mu' seum'~ ~-.Jucalional5Clleme. II i> thi, alieglafW;e 10

ocluallU'lifacl~ .hat dlffcn:ntiate. lhe cu"'tor_ who IS .1>0 ~ <bIg,," and 30 educalor_from the wllldow-d=."'r.

The lo'ger educauooal ehanoclcr of an lIfIir",,1 comes inlo heing when lbe cUllIlor places it in a ronlUl thllt pramPI' the ,poetator', kllOwled~.nd fccling or the p;1S( . wt..o an lf1lflC. is nwIe 10

opcak Over decades 10 IIlfJ:C numbers of lcamel'll • • he muscum i~ fulfillin!; liS primary role and m3~inl: its bru...Jcsr impOCI .

,

CUratorS an: anist5: they .. lIuil the ideas of the pasl and g"'c ,hem crealive, """"o"e uprt'ssion . Spo::c!arors shan: in.he crealive pmce" by conlcm­plallOll and a~iation , and eventually by making tlle,r own conne<;tinno to lhe !ll1Ief spIn! 01 the p.l)-l .

The hlghHt functioo of.n can he !.aid 10 be in the C~p"'Ji.~ion and commun1clllion of ideu, There is I

c.:nain beau.y 10 be fwlld itt lhe comh.nalIon of a CUIllCor'~ ,~ucccssfu! e~prc~>i"'l of h i~IOl)' and l

spcdatUf'~ successful upcmncc of it. To di~[lC1 any IlrI$ering miSllppn:""'ru;ioni of " 'hat

Anny museums an:. II is n«C'S3ry 10 make clear whal they an: nOl-or should not be. Army rnu~·

urns are not ~loon:hou~s of molh~alen lunics caned In by cunou~ dcsccrodant);, nor = they filUll .-.:sling places 0( ru~tong mililU)'lCCOUrn:nxnts. They are not waxcd ~nd r"li,hed ~allc.ics from lhe w~lIs of whi,'11 ,lOll: down dead hcl'UCll . Anny m\llCums an: not-..- ~hould not he- be,,'ildt.';ng ~uccesslons of milil~ry rncmorablha or "'OOlly Ttto«b of unt (onn l' hanJlC" _ An Army mu§cum is , record of human aclivily and lhe manifestation uf lhe hiMOI)' of ideu and va)U~R plae<: when: hislory vihrllies in the 5O\IIs of lhe: $!iff and vi~i\Ors, MUS! imponantly. an Army museum IS an educational mSli1U11<Hl bnnging 10 the AmIY. its people, and Ihc: public not jusl ~1lQW1t:d!:c of hUI Ihe expcric",:e of hi~tOl)' .

Th" ,.-.)' '" nll&Styroont_ Mi..t your boou pn ""' .

Jum" F,nl~J is M~HW'" I)"",wr and P"JI I/"",""n, Fou Hutu:hu(Q. "';rmw.

C .. U fo r Articles

11ft Army Ifiu",wn is seckin, aniclco of f,om JOO to 2.SOO word, for publicalioo ia fi.t.Im! iMues.. Aniela on ....,h loPes. Army histori· cal loCfivi,ics. clllffllr l'aCarch. the: ~ of military hbtory and itt poorilion in .he Army. JNlic commanden' u .... 01 hbtory, mili ••• y his· toriography. program, promotin~ Ilistoriul minded-. and proleooinnal relidlna .re toc:i"8 <:OnSidered. Accq>ted ",bmiosior .. are edited for clarily and ""i •• bility. bul cvcr-y effort .. mlde to prtSeTVe . he .utho,,' individlUlL styles. Where pooo;ible. pho.o,raphic prin .. rcl •• ed.o lhe: ..,.kles would he very helpful, lJId will be rctumed to .u.han of aeeeptal ....... ...,rip .. """" req...... M ... .....-riptl tJtouId be double­spIC«I. in .wo cop;cs. aecompanial by. doly­elme telephone number .nd • brief dtseription or the writer's c urrent posi.ion. and IICnt \0

M ..... &inl Editor, 710t A""1 Hul<>M~, U.S. Army Cenler of MiliWy Hbtory. 20 M_­c hUSCIts Avcn ..... NW. WashinalOn. DC 20114-0200.

CHIEF'S BULLETIN r.trkk ). Holl and

By 1~ time !IllS edmon of T/rp Army Hisror j(1r! is off the pros. Col. Wilham A S10ffi ",-ill ha~ :IS .

wme<:l lhe duties of Dief of MililllJ)' Hi\.lQl')' . He oomn eminently '1ualilicd 10 tile posilion . lils lin· dergraduate work "-3.' in American hi510f)'. he I>o]d_ a Masle(~ in EurOJlC'" hi,lory. and he hll5 com· pleted COO,,,,,,,'oR. f<.>r a Ph.O. in RUr.5,an hi'lory . Col"",,1 Sloffl held comm;md and lIaff positIOns in Eurupc and the: United Siaies. and cornpIclCd , ...... ,"",,; in Vil:tnlm. lie served on the Am, y j./.rr in Washington. working on officer education in lhe Ofro • .., of tIM: Chief of Staff. and is a gradu"IC of the Command and ~neral SlaffCuliegc and lhe Army W. Colkle lie served lWO lOUr< on the CGSC f.cully ~s l1li instructor of military hiSl"'Y ~OO Mr;U · tgy, including fi\'c yean L<; I>"u lor of the CQltlbal Siudies Institute. Colonel Sioffi oomes 10 the Center 41i=lly from an a.~~;gnmenl a~ Assistant Dcpuly Commandant of the Command and Geller-II Slaff College. I ~oow I 'pea~ fOf evcl)'Ollt in the Anny"5 historieal and m ... "',,'" oommunitk5 in ""t'kominl him and .... ,sh,ng him "'-clio

The ARMY HISTORIAN n.. Ani<)' Hmcnrtn (ISSN 0741_2299) i, pub­riWdbyw~""rheAnny.U. S Army C~nle'...r Mil,,"')' Ill""')' Upon""" .~"",....-.I ,n lbi, I"'bh(lnOtl do IlOl ~ ... rily ... 0"", ,he ()ffi · d.1 po>li<y "r ,he Depanmtn, of tire A'my Of ,he Cenler 0/ M,l ilary Hi .,"')' . The "'pro<kI<lion of anir:1r:s f .... ~1IC"ional.,...1"P'*S i, """"""'~

S«rtI,,~ oj 1M "' .. ~ loon O. M>I1II . Jr.

/lrllll, Chj~f of M,/,mr)" IIIIIDry Col. P.uic~ I . H"Il,nd

C:hi4 III.-iiuo 00-. [)avrd I'. Trut

FA"", J)r. Brooks E. Kkhe.

M""",in, Ed/I'" Bruce Drumar lIank2Sl1e

c~ ond ",h<mploon ~ shou.ld ht add"",1(d I" rNnagin8 Ed",.. TItt- .... ,.,y III,,.,· rion. U.S. Anny Cen'e!" of Military Hi>lury. 20 M.ssachusells Ave""". NW. W:l$lun.llton. DC 20314-0200. Telephone AUTOVON 285_1278 Of

commm:r.al (202) 272_1271. Ua of fIInds tOf printi~ Ihi. publicl'ion lias bc<1I opprt»"ed by !bo De~", of tho: Army on Stpremhtr 17. 1983. in ~an« .... ilb tire P"""~"" of AR 310-1. Third·elas, .... '''age paId III W .. hingLon , OC.

,

During !he past months, I had • lilt to learn . Everywllt:re I _n!. r enoountcn:d a . pirit of IIt:lp· fulnc:ss and dctlia ,,;"'" II mack my JOb usier. and I ~rn d""ply appn,;r,·iltiv(. The t~~1:$ Yo"t' had bc:fOle ... s ,,·hen Gene.al Kinnard dcp.m«l lUI Noyembc:r were f.i rly str:Iightf"",·ard: to keep ... p lhe mr::rmr.:n­Iurn lIChic,"t'd in Center h,stone.1 puhlicat;.....s. mlintain COOtacts wllh lhe f .. ld. COOt;n"" prug~~~

tOYo·~rd II .. ~a!iL1I1{)n of a Nation.1 Museum of ltoe United States Amty, and )lCrform smoothly our many ~sponsibilit,ei to the Army $I:.ff. Thanks to !he cfforu of peopt.: II.! ~II k:~cI~ in the Center and the field. _ tu",,:: ~ept ... p the momenlum 00 pub)i. carron~; archile<:wra! planning for the Nation~1 Mu· seurn i~ proceedinG lpa<"t'; we·ve COnduCled twO large COI,ferenl:e s 10 bring tho: Center cl~r 10 e ... rl· 101"' and hi,;l"';~n, in ,toe field; ;md 1)111 ~U PI'"'I to ltoe Army ,;Iaff. <lItoer ;agenCies. and the publ;'; Iur~ coollnood u .... bated. With adduronal offlCCTS in \lUr RC!rC=h and Anal ysis D, y"ion. lhe Cenler has u ­".!twed its historical analy.i~ fur lCt' ... n, .... ith seve",1 publications due ~hort ly. In ,..[dilion. important ,;1([15 ha,"t' been taken 10 improve the post ... re of the Army·s M'litary History DrtadUntnlS. an iw.c USAREU R·, Hill SIIOCy ''''''''S In thIS ,S'ue. A ralio­nal and pragmatic progrolm for MHI) eOlploYOlcUt in peaceliOle anrJ in the eVent of an armed connkt should be in piKe this SlImmer.

Thu p;tSt wlnler·s Iwo important confer­cnc:es--the Thinccnlh Annu~1 Army Museum Con· re~""e . hekl in January 'n soo"'·y San Anlon,o. Teus. and lhe Si.lh Biennial Army Hi,torian , Conference. IrI:ld in February ,n sunny Cry .... 1 City. Virgrn,a- broughl home to us ,"0 imponant lessons. lbcsc an: IlIat II"Io:n: are many lalenled pro­fe~siooal' in lhe fw:ld ",·110 mU:e the: ArOlY·S mU· sturn and hi~tor il::.1 programs Yo.Oft: , and lbat ~11 of us have to do ~ better job communIcating and ~oor­

din~ting OUr efforts .... ith each other. Curat"", and hislori.ans. as James Finley's anicle in It.e,,;e p:!.les mal;es clear . I""rform s ,mllar m.osions with dIffer_ ent lools. We are seekrng bc:ner inlcDClion amonl Ihi~ te~m in lhe future.

One or IIU r prindpaJ respon sibi lities is 10 keep Itne~ or conununication .. ·ith lilt: freJd open . n<.JI ju~t thrnr.rgh coore~nces but rootinely th"",,,,,",,,t !he year. This public-alion is one ~uch attempt . Abo. fw:ld his.!onan! sbould = more vi~il~ from us and IhI;", .... ill be!7lQrt: emphasis on the Annual Histori_ cal Revie .... . In summary. the Anny Historical i'T()o gram i ~ progressIng l()y,·anI moreeohc:rence. We are Iookin, kr the f .. ld foc help in improvi", oonununi_ Cllions and inll'l"3o:lI"" everywhc:re-up. do .... n • .and sideways-arid to the rear.len of this publication for s,,"estions on ho .... Yo·e Ca n make hi$1Ot)I ..,,,,e ,he Anny .

THE COMMANDER AND MILITARY HISTORY

Capturing the Historical Record

in a Future European Conflict

Willi,,,, L S .. ..,.

The U.S. Army. Ell", (USAREUR). has oc'l!n aneml'""g 10 "'am from hiMOf)' or. IIIOI'e prtt"i~l)'. froollihe hir.lorkal record-cotlectmg experiences of 11M: U S. Am,), during the )a\ llhree wars. {)rJe oflhe I",,,,,", (he Am,y has aPilaremly 001 learned very well f.om paSI comb3t ~Apc,,(n<;e5" how pn.>pcrly In uhhze m;ll1at)' hislor)' detachments (MHDs) in wanm-.e.

(\5 Roben K. Wright uullin.,d in hI, "Clio in Combat ~ Evoluoon of ~ Mihl3l)' History 1)::.

tadunenf' (TAli, W,nIC. 1985). tlM:re ~ Ixo:n all

ongomg debate concemin, !he m,,,ions and < .... rn"'l of MHIK Simply !d~led. ;l/"C M I [Os a higher hciOd· '1uancr~ a.",. or do lhey ~Iong 10 the commandc:n '0 "'hom lhey are auignW'! 1\ subsidiary issue is whelher MH Ds should emphasize Ilisiorieal data c'Qlk-clio l1 or "na ly.is ("""SOilS learned"),

[)Uring WOfld W u II, In tile Korean Wu , and apm in Viemam, the Army wreSlled wilh I~ iu """. n.", ""ndulum swu"l bel","n ut~~ of C(:nlnl1i7.alion and !k(:tnlrallUllOII, In e;,ell e~se. qualily of prodUCI ulumatdy depended upon the .bilitics or lhe dc:t:ochment~ and the ~uppon they n:ccivoo from the uni t~ 10 which lhey "'ere as· signed . Dr. Wri"ht concluded hll ~urvey of M~IDs

by calling for a roorltan'1.1t'on of military IImory t.kt;,ehmon", that wwld enable them to proVide ··lnIined. profe~~iooal hiSlOf;~'~ "'orking 00 !he tw· tlcrr.eld 10 ~uppon boIb the fteld CQI1lnlllndc:rs and their colleagues at !he Center of Military Hi.<Jory .··

In planning for hi storical "",'eng<: of a po"'ble European conmcI. the USAREU R Militlry HI~tory

OffICe has had to face several <'\lnmeting reahtles that preclude it from satisfyin~ all intcrc.red p.:lmes. The first constraint is Ihat there arc ~imply 1\01

enough MHOs in the Active Anny and Reserve COmpoMnts 10 provide <'\lVC1age do",n 10 the dlvi · ~IOIW and scpar.>te brigll<.lc level,. Plans call for !he Center of Military Il iMOf)' to tnl;n and d,spluch ad­dnlOIlal units. which ",,,,,id a llow the e~~ns,ve coy.

cnge CVCryOrlC w~nts UnfOl1una~l y. Just about cvcry analysis of....,w • war in Europe would cvolve cmphasiles it~ speed and intenslly: \I is unlikely th.t there would be lime 10 mAn. lrain. and deploy Itddi­liQflal MHOs. To deal wilh thiS problem. cu"" n!

•

pia"" concentratc sevcnl MilOs at sclecled helld· qU*r1cr$. ",·hen: they ",,,51 attempt 10 cover a Ito'Jde array of combat <lpCrallOOs. II IS probable Ih3.t th,~ arr~ngen.,nl would lea~e the Center d,ssalLsfied "illl lhe limiled ~1II"Ulli M roneeted dala II ","QUill ,eed.-c . and the Io<;ul COlnm~ndcr; wQUld be diss;<l· i~fled becau!ie Ihey would no! necessarily ha.'c lralned ·· IIL~torical seclion1' to;> :occompli ~h I""ir v~r_ lOllS after·action. 1c»on~·lcamOO. and hiSlOlical­~ports requirements .

lltcn: i. IoOrne rne3SU~ of n:lief for this (\e;u1h of MHIls assigned 10 USA REUR. Although USA REIJR·. ,,,,111"'1' h'5101')' progr.>'" I~. cspc'.

nany in ih full· limo sl~ffi ng. primarily c;vilian. lhere i~ ~ lrend toward designaling Ihe:;.: hi,toriaM ··cmerJ:ency-C~!iCnli~I" ~rsonnd In It-.: evCnt of war. lhey ,,'fluld n:rnarn behind to manage the pm. gram ~nd aid ,n the collection of the hi,IOfical n..:urd. USA RI:;U R'$ IImonaro, an: a vcry ~mall group. hovo'(:ver. and lhe rmjot' n:sponsibility for J;3H,ering and prnc ..... ,"1 the: hiSiorical record will ",main with !he MIIOf and !he part-limc Uno! h,slo­mu". Or.rr prinllLT)' .. ';mIme: planning goal is 10 morgc lhe a<-<;cts capablillies of these Ihree gmup"­full'lim" civil ian hi~lonan5. military hillOlY dctlLCh· menlS. and part .timc Unll hl~torians-inlo a rational structure Ihol can bUI ac:compli~h lhe w~"inlC O1i5-.~

rNring REFORGER (Return of Nm::s 10 ~r· mottLy) 85 earlie. lhili yur. USAREU R h3rJ lhe 0p­portunity 10 ",fine lheK very genr:rali~c:d pI~,".

Wltcn he dons hLS mllilary cap. Dr Wnrtht IS

commander o f lbe I 16th Military Hblory Iktac:h· ment ofd", Virginia Army Nal;ona! Guard. In plans for the alignlllCnl of Resc: ..... e Compl)flCnl, or the Army with IICtive units In wartime. II", I 16th is ··CAPSTONEd·· 10 USA RE UR headq"ulus. USAREUR !k(:ided 10 gl"'" Ca~ain Wright an 0p­

portunity 10 'esl hiS ItIeones on lbe ..r..ployme:nt of MHOs I>y involYIns him and bi. umt ,n ·"nal· "..,..IrI· planmng. and 10 .tlcmpt 10 ,mplemenl lIS

mony of his proposals as <"""SlrainlS would allow. Tlrcn: were sc,·tral fllCtullL making REFORCiER 1\5 an opportune time to pl"n for wartime and CQfltln_ geney MHD opc:r.llioM. First. there Wl S a l-olK:n:nl

nw ARMY HtsroRJAN

suuc,u,c alrcaody in being or pI;mnal for c_'C'(:lJ1iun mould ,..Mr break 011' in I!urope. In 0I1le:. ,,-<>rd ••• 1le: I 16th M HI) could have a preny good idea what .he .Ile:a.~. "rue,,,,,,, would look hke and 00,,' biG .he JOb wa'. Second. bc.,,'ttn ,he de':K:hmen. and .he USAREUR Miln...-y Ihs.Cory Off..:.: lhe .... was a fund or Vie.nam Wu e~peneocc. I>oIh in.he opc:u_ lionol ~'I<I hhlorkal an:;a!O. Third, ~!ld ""maps mosl i"'purt~nI. lhe I 16th would be wootinG " 'ilh a lnaJOf oornmand .hal was dclcln"ocd'o le •• 1le: best ~i­ble fi~ 011 lhe problem. ,.,,,h p«:S<"1ll and projeCled rewur«5.

lni.ially. the II6Ih MHO had a limiled mi~S IOl'

fo.- IIle: ncrc,'oC; 10 dcvelup standllll! oper.uin, 1""" cedun:< (SOP,,) for il •• ro.ns .. ion to " .... and wartime ~rlIlIon~ n.... ,kl<'unw:nl " ...... Id be ..,1Il 10 ,~he.

USAII.EU K.orientc,1 MilOs for u~ 3S a model. $c"clOll f;W:lors. huwever. cUII5pin:4 10 lurn REo r-oRGI:.K !15 ;nIO. much ~r ~h,,"le 10 lrans· form 11le: enlin: USAREU R MHO program The USAKI:UM. Command Group ~how1.'d greal inlere'" In lhe ~llbj..'"<'1 M~J . Gen. Charie.> J. Fiala. USAItEUR Chief of Slaff. was IX'rtlCul.rly anAious Ihou Ih .. <>ppnr1uni.y '0 recasl !he fJI"O&I>I'" bo.: fully uUlil.ed. Ccncr:al Fi;aJa, as "'"" ~nlOl" USARI!UK offiC<:flO. "."~ "~'Y con«med ~boul ,mcgrnling IIle: U.S , Army effort III I!uropc into the ov~rall NATO mi~~ion and wuclure. Quite nalurally.1le: wanted our pI~11) 10 provide hlst<lric:al e<)vcra!.'C for NA'IU. He al", h:ool mlSg",' IIISS aboullhe .~III slo"'l"OC!o~ ,n e ... Sling pl~", f.,.- <Jcploymg ~I HI),; ,0 Eurnp.: and IIle: ,...her . ",all number of "OIlS avail~blc in .Ile: R~~,,'t Componenl "ruet"re _ 'J'k 11"""'''''''' "f ""v· ~r;aJ otlle:r MHO!. ill Europe for KER1RGER prl'.

Stnted a I>CC'<lnd ''1'f''J'1unit)". The ks:'o,,, bulh lhe: MilOs ~nd the ,,,,iIS they supported le~rncd in tile: uerci~ cou ld ",,"!ribule sisnificanlly lo.he deV<"1 opment of our ... ~rtinw: pl;ms. The roaJc:sn,1I<"C of theg f~ me~nllh<lt tile: II(:'(h MH[) ~..,..1d make full u>e o f ii' 'po.."<"ial skills and background by spendlllg Iwo to lhl"« weels .n do->c ~oopc:rallon WIth IIle: USAREUR Mllnary HI liOf)' OffICe. lhe Ch~f of Staff, orrl«. and otbc:r clements of llle: Command Group pound,ng 01.11 a rcal"ri<: and "m­abie wart"n/: SOP for IIIlh.ary history ",-·.""hnw:nt. dcploYlllg In Eu~ .

What . tocn. "cre lhe ~sult. of alilhi, hlgh·!evcl IlIIereil . uten,",'e suff d,,",union. and pI;mning'! Most ",,,,,,,.lialely. tile: "",nime SOP model ... ·" dc,eloped and is beIng staffecl It shoold bc: 1m::_ semed in <klail dUllng the MH[) Training W(N~ ­

!hop to be held ,h,s sunil"'" al Cltlhsle Barrat~ s,

I-'enn"yIY~ni ... buliU nlllJO< fcalures nn bc: oulh •• ,:d .. ". I!ssenllally, rhe plan stands upoo tllC dual con­

cepts o r Thea(e. Hi.'unan conlrol and pc.,ling The

,

e,,·,ltan Thealer H I~on~n WIll !It:rvc n tile: Cen.er of ~hhl:UY HIStory'. 3j:Cl1t and pom. of conlXI. aoo hi) office will prowi<k In·hni,·.1 5upervi,ion of.1I military hi"O<) ~"'~IS in (Ile: l"1le::tter I\mly n,is CQIl(orms ID t "m::rn US. Army and NATO due­tnllC'. ~nd 1m:~enIS many of !he pmblelns thaI arose 01.1. of rack "rL'Cnlral ron\1Q1 and unifo""iry in Caf­her wars . Puolin~-and IhlS "'a~ lhe princip;ol ron · triOOtlOO. or lbe I 16th MHIJ"s "'or~ in Europe- ",III P'0~I<Jc )01,,110115 to Immedlale 'h<.>rtagn wlthou. lhe K .... an Wu problem of <WL .. ..,.,"' ..... hled d,rec· Ii"n During llle: Inl1lal slagc> of " Europe~n ~0fI·

lI,e·t, the handful of MHDs ava.lable will be Ile:ld in pool.~. tile: C<tUlv~lent~ of """"" or roc:ld army Ile:ad. quarter£ lltc The~tel Hi_~onan will delemllllC' lhe "',sIX'ICII of COOIXI leam<, noM full MilOs. through. WI the comm~nds to condUCI key aCI1Vllle~ on a priority bam. depending upon wlle:re tile: "",.oon is

• 116tA MHO u USAR1WR IIHdquarl.n, H.whl!Hr,. 11'." a.,mlUly. or ... hen: """".lIillj; of hl:>ioric:al •· .. 1"" needs 10 be rc:corded Allhough a reJI''''nrkl tornp",r",..,. pooI_ IIIg h:os a numbt;r of ad"~mlilgc' It idenllfic' lho."" <klllChrncntj Ih~t "'Ill wm~ loge lher in W~","oc: all" en.ble) their trollnlng to be c......roinatC'd In peace­I",,,, Pooling allo,... Sf"'C,,.I"·.lIticJn: some MH[h ",II dcol ""h t.:IClIcal CQIlol!,., . wme " 'itll Iogl"I1"'; and SlIl'I"-'rt. and $Ome wilh ''''oc. ..... lating to com· hilled :md joinl ~,,"on<. 11 "1I,,w$ MHOs 10 gain w",~ing c~pelleoce ,n pca<.'Ctinw: cxen:lse~ ",," lhe I1'I:IJOIlle:adquartcr.. .he)· ,,-,II SUpport. PoolIng will ,1,;0 fostcr leam ..... ork ",.hin and belw",,,. MIlOs. "","""Ihlnl! (hre.:: WIll'S have shown to IJc lhe only ,,'ay small . h.ghly Il"c:hlllcal unlls can ru .... ·11<KI ef· f~I,,·cly.

A$lde fro", the illlmedlalc pbn. lhe nerel;': ,..,11 ha,e """eral Iong-... ~nge coo~ucoccs. The plan­mng rcveak-d ~ :;CIIOllS shon"~c of hi~.ori~ns in USAKEUR dunng llle: cady 101"' .... ' of a Europc~n

connlCt. :md !he IIt'nI (or the Army to <k:.'elop a new TOE tQ prov;!k the otalKbrd MHD .... ith mun: personnel to t arry I>IIt il) mi",;"" USA REUR ,,",-, proposed K vcr;l.1 CAPSTONE rcali&",,"'nts Ihal will better utilize scarce MI~D rrs""",,cs 1nc com­rrwld h:u m:juested that tIM: cktiK'hmenu. opeclally me "controlling units. M arn,-c earlicr in the mom­h7.l1lton pcnod Illan prevIOUsly planned . .... nd . per­haps ,T)()l;t importantly, USi\REUR is ~t all kvels finall y ~taning 10 plan rt~It~lIcally for the tmploy' me", or MHo" in wartime and contingency I>pC r;I.­

lions.

The C .... PSTONE Proanm.~ ~,gnl'd 10 enrollr­age unilS to 10'00; together on a conlinuing b.15;S.

Fmm the USi\REUR persp<-'<:ti.'c and quite a.~ ,de

from lhe groundwort. laid f ..... ocploying nHliwy

hi>Wry OClllCh",.."Mo; in 'oWIlnne . the mosl .mport:lM Ia;.on k:~mc.~1 during !he f'l'('Cnl exercise .... 'H !hill the MHOs arc va luable ... ~u. The command in· tends tu uli lile the", fu lly whenever they uerci51: in Europe In.til l ~port. from our major subordinate l"Ofl1mand~ IOOklle Illal lhey IO-Crr equ.aJly pleastd .. ,th tIr MHOs a»igned 10 them and lhai thty Will tit .. wking ckDI:ly .... 'ilh them," 1M fUlurr. A pro­cns is underway th.1 could lead 10 a realizalion of thai fine balance Ihat will allow lhe mililary hiSlol)' dctxhnxms SIICCt"fully 10 l'C,,"e Iw .. maslen-lhe Center of Milit ary History ~nd the field ronunand­

=. W,lham S"",y, a jlli/f~urM;an In 1M USAREUR Mililaf'J H"t"')' Offirt. """'1/('" ,h, CAPSTONE Pro/lmm at II I. "i'f'I,,,J lit ""/'W'1 hi<lM,. J~'Il('~,"n".

Military History in the ROTC

R ... ~. Clt1t/o

Convincing professional historians thlt mili_ Ulry hislo.y has I place in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps might II fint blush seem as worthwhile as carryina: coals 10 NewcllStle. The Englilh town is til) tonier the coal produc_ e. it on« was. or 50 I British friend tt=11s me. but wt..,t of the need to carry military history to the ROTC? The U.S. Anny T raining Ind Doc. trine Command has ;nSlitutio~i:red I mHiUlry hislOfy instruction program through TRAOOC Regulation 3:50- 13. but its impicmenillion, in both the leiter and Spiril of the regulation. rests in the hands and hearts of the implemcntcrs in the field .

Much of Ihe responsibility for milit.ary hUta-­ry" havin, fallen into the doldl11llU in the 19701, It least as far IS the ROTC is concemtd. can he Ittributed II III levels 10 lhe implemm· ten. All too often, professors of military seiene(: we.e rued on enrollments. numbers of commis· sions I warded, and the comparAtive ptrform· ~ of MS III ', (Ihird·yetr cadets) It summer camp. To Ihose of III at the lower levels of the system, the "objectives" by which we were manlged seemed to nca:lect education for more easily quantiftable factors.. It is not $urprning that tOO many profesaorl of milit.ary seience ignored, wived, IJId occasionally dropped miliary history for priorities of higher com­mand ,nterest.

Now. with the ROTC prospering as it h.~n't for OVer a decade. pI.t of Its new look is 10 pul

6

its curriculum back on track. Curing ROTC'. ills in the Irel o f miliary history, however, has turned into a continuing billie. Several intil;a­lives to reverse the trends of the 19105 are beirtj implemented. A revamped TRADOC re&ula. lion detailina: responsibiliries has bten written. and there il heightened support from all levels of command, from the Secretary of the Army down to the ROTC Regions,

The Combal Sludic& Institute has produced I how·to-teach mi litary history pacut oomplett= with lesson outlines for the non-historian Arm y offICer teachinl military hillOry in the ROTC. Over a hundred copies in drln have been issued In response to requests by 5Chools and instruc· ton. part of a con tinuing policy 10 get needed .... Ierials in to the fIeld unlil the final prOd..ct can be printed. U~ing the ltandard ROTC text. the Center of Military Hist()ry', Amf ricDn Mm. rary H lslOry. as • bas;s, the packel alISists the inSlruCtor in teaching a wic thirty-class·hour COlIne. expandible 10 forty_five houn- Modules of varyina: lertjth can be used 10 fill • l\Omlal three-crcdit-oour IICn\eSter, allowing the in· structor to tailor his course to local eondili()ns. In addition, four military professional kn()wl· edge subjects I .e i!>eluded as part of the forty­five hour course.

.."., establishment or the Combat Studies InStitule's Military H;story Education Commit­tee mlso providct a significant advance in sup' porting and moniloring ROTC as well as

branch school hislOry iMtruction. The CQmrrUt­t«·s live members are tasked not only with providing assisancc: to tM field. but with con­ducting a miliary history instructor .... orksbop for ROTC insttuctors a.Wgned to teach military hiSlOry.

The u.s. Miliary Academy at West Point continues to cond uct Its workshops for civilian military hislOrianS who Icach in conjunction with ROTC detachments as members of thei r own academk: institutiQns' hi$tory departmenu.. The pre§Cnt regulation enoourages the ap­proech of Iuoving academic depanmenlS teach miliary history. Many detachments. how1:~r. continue to retain their own courses.

My first military history course was taught by Col. Samuel W. Patten. then a professor of mili tary Kience at Syracuse University. He was a r.re combination of model told ier and model Khol.,. Colonel Plnen', COUf1(: did for my ei&l6rTU1tes and me what T RADOC Regulation )~lltoday eoc:ounges, II laught us what the Army does and has done. how il has CQntribut. ed 10 !IOciely, and its plaoe in nalional afTairs. Uling the principles of war, we lraced and did rough analyses of I dozen campaigns. We learned tbe bases ofcivil-mililary reladons from George Washington·, time, of the Army's peaa:time oontributioD', and that for CQuDIIns thou$ands il had been the true melting pol and aVeDue 10 Citizenship.

Twelve years looter, when] was myself In ROTC military history inslructor. ] tried to live up to tM lIandards Patten had 5CI. He operaled according to two major tenell. The fust Wit

that cldets who demonstrate In interest in mili. tary history are usually the besl recruiting can. didalCII. They are likely to know what the Army is, what it does, and how il worn, and will at 1".,1 enter il undenl.tnding the require. menl' of the profess.lon. His second tenet was thll Ihe study of the profcseion iI the bedmck of otrlcership. Few academies] have mel CQuld rival the breadth and depth of Co.lonel Patten', knowledge of military history; he had read it continuously since hi! llradullion from West Point a quaner-cenlury before. Becluse he had lived it so thoroughly. it was an easy COfICCpt for him to seU.

For leaching military h.i:$tory in an ROTC detachment, flJlding yourself I Sam Pau.m iI a must. The prime requirements of Ihe instructor are hard work, enthusiasm for Ihe subject. and the desire 10 teach. Profc$$Ol"$ of military sc:i. enee will flJld a good military history program IIOt only a boon 10 Iheir deuchmenl3, but an

7

imponanl CQnlribution to each of their cadcu' fUlure prof~nal deveJopmt:n ..

The ROTC military hi~tory program is pin· ing Itren8th .fter. decade .nd a half of lleglect Ind turbulent change. The prognun·s success and ultimate survival, however. remain in thc hands of the imp!cmente".

MiJ)or Ci,iIIo if a Il'Qcltl~, /tllo., al In, OJ"rbal S,udin 1IUII'"I •• F(J/"llAu"~_1I. KlmSGS.

Drums & Bugles Comer Thi~ issue·, selection of purple prose o'er Karlel battlefield:

S ... ,fl(r thilll an orogle. "ron~r Ih3n ~ lioo .... .. T umcr A,hby Ihat d.y . An-i,i"S a' ,he 'po!. he ... ~I IlOl slow to """ II,., boo .... on: II>d been s, .. n, "": hu, _ ~"nM My""" (."", whom. 10 lrasn deli. ni .. ty lOb, had ~n ~ 0Iher I"'n ""'I. tits. ptQIt" ftghl h..d occum:d. he pulbtd madly on the hne of .eunt \<lI.:~n by the e ... ",y Such ...... the ,rnpo'""",'y .1Id t3pidity of the m."''' ........ Ih>I he Wai IlOl long in """"ng 'M~ of the enemy in

lhey ocruPJtd Kelly·, l>land .... [),srov~rint them jU>l os ,hey .. ~~ ,n the oc' "r finni. he nlpidly .. heeled hi' rn<n off lhe u"d of the ,..Uro.Jd, formed them ufI<lor 1"'- rovel of the c","'nkrn<nl. lind ... ith • shoIIl ... hkh mlOde the .... ood. rinS . he rried OUI. '""CtwJe tllem. tncn. _nd II them ... ·ilh )'«It boot ... lniy"";· and tllen da<hing h .. horw .nto ,he Pommoc. o_ly ''''lowed by 'en .u..n ..... ""nu. poocecdtd h,m",'( fO obey the COItImDId The rm:: ..-hodl they now """""'"lCra! wao a clol.e and he~vy one. ""'",y.nc 'WO of tile .addle.. JU>I as the hule band ~¥hod 1hI: "I.nd ~ReS<',,·~ Y''''' fh ..... n. ~nd., .hem .. ·ith)'QUr bo .. ·ie.bI,,·u.~ cried ,he COlonel. ·"brlng up lhe ~serv~ lind dn.e 4wayat them .. • And 31 the", tlH:y w~n' . Soch ;m. Pl'lUOSi,y and we" duh Were =s"liblo, _lid """" ,he Colonel 5.1W the errec' or his >ltalCgy lind hero­ls.m in the blue lacb of I ~lKatint f\le. SU§pCCtin8 IIw some harm h..d befallen II" brochor. he rouJllt ...·i'h. lClribit rou...,.,. and .host .. bo wow the .... Id glanc:c 01 hIS .~ and """'d ,he .-. or hi. ~ them. boys, charte them!" ... ·ill _. .... er forgc1 il.. .. The C"konrl. Ihoup aJ..-a)'ll .n the fronl, "",inll emptied dc •• n oul of I ...... I'~ ~yhnden of hi .... ,,,1 .. ,,. klllina thn:c of It" .n· lag'''';'''. """pod ... illl only . ,,101111 wOIInd Up"" (lit Inner lidt or hil kg from. b.oJl .. ·hieh pused IlYough his horw. bo, ... ,,10 " ·"ICh wound ,hi. h"h rn<ukd .."ma1 bel« hi. """"e rider th""'~h the Ii,bl. and at the c_ . .. heft the .. ~Ik.in ... -u O"3i,,& .. ,Ill the (been 01 the louie band of yictoriou. COQ. fcdcra!e.. he. ( tilt h,gh-""'Ikd .."mat-Ed ) f.1I extwoOlCd frem ,he loss of blood. Fit """,itm f<ll .... h. noble iIIi"",t .

bmcs II . Avirell. Tn., M,//WI'$ qfGmual Tw,.,." ItJllbywrd H~C""'IHm (fhllimom: ~Jby &. nu. lany. II!67). pp. 11().lll.

PERSPECTIVE

A Message for Field Historians:

Your Work is Important

TM ""rn)' 1/;'(ff;"11 "'''U ll oa Oc'" II> "",ii:, or gue>1 conlrib,u 'om on the 51~l( of military h,,,OI)' T1>c ("th'''' 'in! c ••• y i. ad'pll"d from a ,ark dehvo,..d., ,he Si>lh 8 ~,"ual Anny Hi .... ,.;;.,,, coor.",,,,,,, in Febnl.vy 198~ Dr Gokllx:,~" ,be Hif>!'" n:m .'IIlb" Off"", of the Sc<TeI>ry of per""",

Al1he Third Bicnn;1I1 Army H,slorians Conf.,." "lICe III May 1979, J ,;haired a <;ess,on on 5CrviC(' hiMoriul programs and Sy.<IC ,,1S . I "xpn:s~ my plearure ~nd satisfaction Ihal1he =in cmpllll"~ of 1M p;ipen " '05 un ,,,,Jd hi~'onn. " 'hkh I con.il.k:rcd moSI importa ... and u<;eful In !he Q~e",11 l",:hc,,,,, of

lhe st:/VIl.'Cl!' Ilistor;"al pr\lgl1lms. I was panicularly ~ruck by II"" I'Cm.rh of tile ~brine COfp~ "'1'",,,,,/1. lative . who $Ir=<;c<i the Implll't3ncc Qf the promo­tion Qf hi$loricaJ aw~ne$S ~s one of the dut ies of Manne Corps hislonans . lbc Mari ..... h'$Iorian~

must be "~'t)' ~oocI aJ this. fOf surely Ihis nlust be one uf 1he reasons thnt the M;uine CUI'p) hiMoricl1 progrJITI is amung the bes l-1upponed and 010.1 cf­f«live pru£1lUJJ> in govemmcm.

Throughoullbc historical programs of aU lhe mil_ ilar)' S(:ro,.jc.,~ tbcn: ~Id be a com;nuinll effUfl 10

promote hlMoric~1 ..... are~" and rMke a'·ail~bl" histoneal dal " of currenl utility and ,dev"",-..: . Fidd history Prullral"ns can conlnbule much (() this a"·are­nelOS. TIw: more far·n.:xhing lhe program. tlw: more people: :art a .... ;m of ;1 IUld pemaps !he more dis­~ the:y;m 10 make U!Iie of it' prodOCIS ;md ".,­vi"",.,. The ~ propl.: make uole of history in the rocld. the 1l"loOl"e likely they are to he aware of it and to us<: it It the lop eommands and in Washing· lun-.. ·bC;n they getthe:re . (And they do gellhm:.J In Ihi~ way , lhen ..... e un look un the rocld hiSIOfy programs io ~JI of the S(:rvtcC5 as a lnlinin, yound for future lcadcrli and staff offiCI:"" in MWnreness of and employment of h;,;IOfY in doing their jobs. If a sense of hislory is a good thing for anyone: 10 ac­quire and culti,.",c , the:n il i, a """Illy g<J.Kllhing for oor military .nd civilian k:>dc ... 10 ha,-e: .

TIw: mtlilal)' c.>pXiaJly I\;\ve "" obliJ:ation to kttp lhemselves .nd the public well·informed . The De· fense Dcpanmenl hlOS 10 be concerned !1bout the hIstorical n:cord, IUId the: authuril3tive record must be embodied in histories, not in puhl ic relations handouts . Make 00 mi'lake aboullhe poICnlial U5C­fulneu of yoo' work . You :In: providing moch of lhe uflderlying structure of the ove .. ~l1 history of the Am,y IltId of the Defense Depart ..... nt We histori·

8

ans have an oI:titgation to keep the govemnocnt and the JlIlhlic informed about what Ihe govemnoenl is doing . In the long run Illis i~ prob<tbly ou, ",Olit tOtponOlm Ilmellon.

The potential utihly of YOU' histories is kftov,·n 10

you. I cm leslify [lCrsonally 10 lhe value of roeld histones. I listorkal stooics pmdoced to lhe mitilary ~""'Ices at diffcn:nt levels Ita~e freq uently helped save time. money , """"'C,''. and effort . Out of III is mnSIVe pn.odU<..111)n of paper. lhe~ emerges ttlUfC

III"" enougll of in>lam and endun"l v&luc 10 j u,;.t ify aU of the: COlit ollhc hi~orical pro!I1II1lS 10 the Am,y and to the whole Dcpa,t",ent or Defense.

We hi'lorillOS are often confronlo;o.l with quesltOfls aboul the u1illlY of" wllal "'·c do: Wh~t u.;c to th is h"torit;al J1ll'8.rvn1 What can il 00 r .... us? [~ tl haveap;tyufl1

On '>Cvc,.,.t OCCIOSIOOS. [ have had 10 defend again'l CIIC""CS lhe eXistence of the Department of Defense hi storical program. Anti I usc the term en· emin advi:;cdly . ·l1lcre;m periodic allach OItlM progl1lm from poopIc-usuJly relirW rniliwy offi · CI: ... (Is t"'l ~1J:nirtCalll?}-who ,,·rile 10 the I'rcsi . dent of Ute United StiteS or the SecJ\:I~ry of Defense urging the abolition of all milil:tr)' !iCtvice hi slol"lcal programs benusc they arc useless and a wa.'le of money. The following is an Uantple of the letters· iotempel1llc lone and l"lOdocal 5OtUIl0",,":

De,", Mr. P, .. tdrlM: I "'OIIld like N, _,ugl"'" some areal In ,..hich the De­

fen.e budl:"l ntigltt be rNU~ ",ilhl .. t affecting 1\.:11101'1.1 ,"""u";ly.

~1nI. all()h~ the ent;"" hi""'")' IlIV<"Mc ... .1 can only cMnpoIah: f""'" bmilC<l ~ ~Itd&e. bu' ....... ioerV)\ive nil""""'" 01 the d,rea .. vinp ... ........ 1d .""",nl '" SIS- 20 mi1li<ln annually lndi.c<:t savinS' ·. ,..""IJ ",t..t3nllally Incn:aSl: that flIU" .

Althou&h the ..avings is ISI(I mo.odes! relative to tM cnlin: Def ...... budjlCI. ~ .. one ... ~h """Id be "",Iiud "'ilh absolut.ly lID eff ..... 0lIl our clefc"",, "",,<ft . From pc..-al e.pcn.~. 1 mow that ..... uat ~ .. e vic: ... cd,.. DOdtlnl but a v:a>l nu,~no<e by the.-a<l map· ;ty of offoe~ ... ; the n ... in .~C(POOl'l be;~ the f.w ... ho have. vcalctl int ... Slln them. I ...... bI ;rthc~ 'S' 'IOSI" commander In any OJ<."T\';c,,. at any level , wllo ... oold not

tl«'l0 aboli!oh hi. hi....,. .. .J off"" ,f pn:scn'td w"h 'hat opt""''' tilt :aI~"..lt.e of CU,till8 hi. OVC"" ...... , 1'<"""" nel b"dgel by ,he ",me amount . The '"fi)' matJtn.:ally u~ul inf....."." .... contpilN ,n "","n<: .,,,,,teI< It .. ",,;es """kl ... <I,ly N fI'OVidtd by """Or mod,flCalion. 'n KCOIdltqtlnl prOCCtlurn, ... hoch """'kl tlUl ~"" uy ..:Idmo .... 1 po ....... nel

I, beo:~nlC my 10110 an~"'-er 5ueh lenen. orlOdraft ,he IOn) ",'cn. for ,;omronc: elsc's slgna'u~. The~ t . e",;..:) e.uloCd me ,0 (:h-c SCriOUS though, 10 .he ,·"Iue. of lho: program and p,ln.eularly , iIosc: .hDt are utililarian a, di~linsulshed from humanistic . Since (-OS, and payoff aR major emeria of u.illly, I fell impollt:(!,o ftnd and ci.c in.,ances when: lho: hi slur­Itll pro,rJm~ ha>-c saved tt.:. govenlmcnl money­enough money 10 pay for themselyes Army hi stOll­;ms may be ;ntercstM in how the Defense Ot.pan­menl h'SlQn\:al program has e<.>ntribu.~-..J'o.he bellcr :md more «o."o .. "c.' functioning of It.,; milliary ... rvoen and the government'"' a whole

An Cllmple that ;,. e,",~ to quanlify ;nvoolvM !TIC' personally, and I offer i, here bt.-..:.usc ii ,s It.:. most spec,fic ,nSlalK'e o f ",,'imll'ed IUJ:c doIllIJ $aVo

lOp I know of. [)uring the 19SOs, I wrotc" ponlOlt of Volume VI of lhe "'my Air FOIws in World War II. dealtng w,lh the logislical history of lhe AI\P and induding chaplcn. on re",arch and devdopmcl11 and procuremenl h, P"'paring Ih,s work. I u!>ed documenls, case histori~~, and 51udie5 from many k:.ell TI>e ricld-k"eI histories ""e~ e~pecilny L1SC­

ful in pro.,di .. , ~I",cific instances of prwt'du~s ~nd pr.t(~ t(e~ ,

Aboul the lImoo: I had fini . .Jw..-..J .... ri" .. , the~ ~hap lers I "'-U ,"SlIW hy a dck:galion of lawyers .md intdhg<n« offt(,.I. from the T ",~s"ry Departmenl :md lhe Internal Revenue s.: .... i<.'e They "1U1t~ help ,n ddenthng lhe govemn",m·. inlel'C>l in eases brou~h' "gamSI ;1 by allllOSl all of the major .irchft romplnies Ihat had pmd~ aircnorl fIJI lhe Army Air Forees and lhe Navy during World War II. All of these e()n'p~nics-Ruc ,"g, Conwhdatt:(! · Vul'tt, ()ougla., l.nckhccd, N""hrop, and othen we~

sUlOg for .he relurn uf hundreds of millton~ of dol-1= p;l.d hy lhem in eH'CSS "",filS tues .

"['be Treasury and IRS offic;als askt:(! me: .... helher ,he iWumplions and ,l<o.~ on which the J-ircnft com­p,lIIteS ba'ltl! lhe'r suit' were curn...-t ;mil suppon· able . r lold lhe .... hey we~ not. "They ruM, " How do you know .... 1 lold them o f my work 00 lhe h.story of the rl!SClU"Ch ~nd de\'elopme:m and pm­eu~menl of . irenofl by lhe Army Alr Forces. ~Du )'0\1 know .. here the documenls arc.'" lhey a,~ed-,n c horus I produced boxes of 1lOI~ ~nd ~leelt:(!lhe onc) Ihat wen: mosl signofocDm in n:rLl'-109 lhe ciatttts uf ,Ite aill:r.tfr companies .

The eD'" hinged on Ihe aireraft cO"'p:tnies' elaltn~ Ihal Ihey wen: (nljllt:(! to ~Iuro of c~.'CSs ,

profit' taxC-I bt.'C~"...: of the n:~=h and de\'elOf>­,ncnl cu>1S I .... y had incurmJ ,n de>'elorlOg the air­craft II",) prudoced during die "';or . Actu.ally, in tho.;c doy, bcf~ World W:u- II (",hen ,no>.! of tt.,; plane, " 'Cn: developed) .Ite (0$1 of re!>eln:h IIDIl

dc""lopment W3$ amort.zt:(! on lhe produclion ron· IIXI, thaI lhe COI1Iparl.es omdc "','h (be AAF and the: NlVY. Moreover .• he cnmp.aniclo hOld rrwode 35-

-liCnions rdlting 10 lhe ~ILC and I'm"'s of A"F air_ ern" programs I~at "'ere rcfuleLl by lhe pnmary >ources I had h~,ed in my IICMc'. The Treasury and IRS peopk rcad the challte .. I had wrillen and were elaled, for the), told A lhoroughly documented and em,rely d,ffererll .-.I'/f)" from Ihal of the a,rcrah co",· pantes.

Subsequently, I din.,<'I.-..J IRS n:KaRhen to the documents ,n the record, ~'Cntcr On the mStrucllo .. , of lhe go'-cmn"'nt III",'YC'" 1 m_ all the materials I had snown lhem a"",'~bk: 10 (he Ilw)tts of the

ftnt o f the aircraft "'''''f'''nics com,ng up for uoal_ lhe Boemg A,"raft ClIfJ'IJ'IlIIion . Shonly after, 1"'0

la"")-ers reprc,;cnting Socing fk ... ,nto Wa~inglon fmm Scallk: 10 insp«1 my m:lle"al~ , After reading til/, chapleTS I had .. -rillen. one said ruefully lu lhe other, ''11lC''· goes uu"a~." And, iml.-:..-.J, lhe Due· ing case ""'W went 10 Irtal; il ""1\ -liCllk .... 0111 of court . S""ing rece,ved a potyrtlCnt of S3 million m\lead of .he $150 million i ~ had ungtnally cI~imed. Sometime: after. Iht: s...cre~~ry of til/, T"a­""ry .. ·rote a kiln to the S.'''n:t~.y of DcfenloC I00I,_ fy,ng hIlI' Ihallhc At! Foree H,.It'll,.,.1 OffICe h.ld prob;ohly ""veLl ,'''' govcmnlenl an ~ .... imatM $70 m,IIOO11 . He arri~o:tl allh,s figun: by _u'mnl: on lhe bas;" of pocviuu, npr:nencc ,n such I.~ e~scs thal lhe coon ",·""ILl ha>'C a .. -;snkd l:Iue,ng ahoul half the amount il h:otJ d~i" •• :d.

This case !etthe p.aUCfll for lhe re~1 uf.he att-craft nnnpany claims. MOSI of IllI:m l'ap;cula'M and sel­tlcd OUt of coun for lit..: ""nil: IWO or ,h~ Cenl> on lhe dolJar.

The go,-cromc"l "".eLl hundrt:(l~ of millions of dollars on these CIl"', bceaus.: of hislorieal d:tt8 Ihat Air r"OrCe h,s'oria." I'ru~i<k:d . Whelher the IRS il­self could have I"'rfunTJI.-..J lhe: necessary re,;ea",h to find ,he nght docUttll:nl, .0 defend the go,-e.nn",", is doubtful. It was fut1ui~ou, lhat 1 had compleled my "''Ot'l bcf~ the ca~s Came ~o lrial. bu. is ""as IlOl foouilous lhat I WO\S domg 11M: ,.. .... ~ It W;lS I

planned part of lhe hAl' hl<lory and ie. hisloneal Stgnif",alll.'e ... "" e,-ident. II ;. ~ruc that we did IICM rcali~c .. -hal 3 kgal and ftnanc,al scl'lkc lhe h,~eory ",-ould also n:nder. I fell lit", the s.:tvJO~ 10 the gme,"mem from III/,o;c ca",s hOO paid for It.:. enlire C.-.,., of the- Air Fo.-ce h"'Ori('al program frOlll it~ " .... cpt'on up 10 ,hot ti""'- and for so",,-, yea .... be­}O,1tJ So--h."ory can p"y ,, , ... a~ .

Other insrances of !'aVmgi ~ul, ing from Infor_ ttIIIliun and ido::b supphed by hiilorian~ of ,hoi: mili_ 1.1)1 services.;uc n""C dirrocuh 10 quamify. bl" "ii clear lhal 5lIV;ngs dill occur 00 many OIlIer occa· sion~ Tho.: mere uis.ence of hi storical studies. in. d ooln!: case sh.di~." of IIx: de,dopmem of weapons and cquipmcm. ha~ u...Joul:Mcdly S.iwed umold years oft(scarch lime by ~(Udy l:J'UullS . As il well_known. miliwy servkcs con,lao'ly l-uOOUCI Sludies­Ibousands of IhoI:m . llIey . Iooy sinolegies. Iaol ie~. weapon systems. OIllaniullorW atT3JIgcmclll s. OJ)­

erauOllS. procedures. and wlul ha~ )'QU. llIey srooy lhoI:m agam and again . The in'l'$Imenl ... f pro­pie. lime. and money ;n sllth Sludles is cnormoo~. To S<.>me ulen!. our hlSlo rical work serves as a ba,ie and "'gani,.ctI hody of koowl~d~~ avaIlable ,0 ~II of Ihcs<: study groups . To Ihe eXlenl Ih31 0I1f work is used by thesc group' . I !:Ie1ie,.., Ihal IhoI:y "'vc a grt:i' deal of lime and ......... y. Many sludy groups s~nd mIlCh effon dc:'l'lopinl: the boock­grounds of ,hoi: wbJCCu they an. .. udying . and this often cmads histoncal ruclrt:h Th i~ make. il im_ porum,-c"~n impera.i _ lhal I"" military se'­vices !:Ie awlill' of the luge budy ... f urgaoiled lIisU)f_ ica! informallon IhoI:lr hlS'onans ILave al.~ady

prt:pared. Mosl of Ille benefits tile Defense Dcp<U1mcnl de_

riv~s from ns histonul progr.un an: qualilalivc f1IlhoI:r Ihan qumimi,'c. No daub! ..,me ... f IlIcsc bencfi.s Ilav~ dollar p.II)'ofh, but it is difrocult 10 oome by 1liiy num!:lers. e~~n 3pprl>ximalc. Slill . quall.all,'e payoffs ;are oflen ti imp;x1anl as'lU&nli­,alivc ones_!oOmelimes ~ven ~ impOrtanl . II is diffICult '0 know juS! how larJ~ a part of any ou', oomc, in Ille form of a $llIdy. a okci,i,,m ..... lin :l&tion. WIIS inn""nccd by lhe hIstorical inpu' , G<.:n­erally . wc learn IIow mIlCh affec. we ha,'c had only when w~ rccei,'c II judgment in.hoI: form of I Inli, mania.! \If I ictter of conll~n(l3tion. And even then .... ~ t ;mnot b .... w how much unless 11 IS spelled out .

A touple of eumplc:s of historical .. ·art from " 'hlt h quaJit31ivc benefits Ila,'e IICCUred to Oefen!>e agenclcs and the couniry oom,~ !O mInd. There are many others. Sever .. 1 yca.s ago. Ille U.S . Arm), Cen.er of Mililary His!or)' provldcd data on mine warfare wllich was of ",olc.ial u~ In the oksign of an imlOv~.ive Ufamil y ... f scaHcrable mlOes"~a Ik' vdopmenl lILa. ~ t(, ... luliooiu<i the entireCOtK'CpI of mlll~ wman:: . In another case_ the Na.-;lJ Hh lur' oca.! Center S(lme years I", pro' .. 1ded the Navy and SIa'f Oep.artmenl~ ""Ih HiSlonc:a.! prccc«nl'l SU I'" ponlOg U.S . lCrritorial claims agalOst Canada in lhe Gulf of ~lainclGo:orl:~ Bank rt:gion - a ma,;...r issoc !:Ie,"'ccn the UniICd SlwlCS ~nd Canada wilh imp'-"­Ian! economic rePl'reussion~ .

10

There is ~hoI:r tltcgory ... f hi"'uric.1 wppon of Imponancc 10 lhe luvcrn"",n!. .... ""Iside: groups. and to individual>. involVIng the establishmcnt of pm:iK IIIfonnaliun about .he p!I"'. All of IIIe m,li -1;11)1 se:rvi« his'oric,1 p!'U£1'lms an:: concerned wnh tllese: maufrs TIH:o followinl: cumplc< give j;()mc indicalion of how important IlIi~ informillinn I~ 10 llIe people affecled a~ well . 5 10 IIIe govemlnenl :

I. Establ ishment of comt...t crcd il for scrvice in wartime.

2_ InfO!TlUlion on umts and individuals partld­p.aunS III nuclear te$1$ . The g<)'TfTIJOCni is involved in claims and coon C;bn inwh'ing many ~ pIe- rnililllf)' and elviliilJl- and a greal <.leal of money is probably al ~take. Also at stake are.hI: futu""s of IIIe many people who ma.y lIavc !:lee" affecICd by .hese tcst$ .

3. Information on .1Ie u..., ... f Agenl OranSe in V lemam. Here. too, 1i1c fimuocial repcrcu!;Sio<ls can be sub:l;Iamia.! for the claimant,. although tile manu ­f:IClurers, 1\01 the governmenl. an; lhe dcren<ianu , It IS imponanl for P'OP'" IIdjudicalion of these clauRS IIIaI infO!TlUtion be wmplctc ~nd aceuf1Ile.

4 . All of lhe miJi'lIfY scrvlCC lIinarka! offl(:e$ IIIl' involved In providi ng . uP!J'."1 k. Ihe Offi~e of Ihe Secrewy of DefelICe I'cr.lOnncl Rc.icw Hnard in connection with determining ... helher 10 granl veleran Sla.us 10 certain I: ..... ps Iha. performed quasi -miliwy scrvkc in W",1d War I , World Waf 11 _ the KOKan War, and 1hc Vic:l nam War. MOK than a hundred lrou~ Iuove applied for ,'eIC"", ben­~fit5 under Public Law 95_202 of Novembe. 23. 1971_ The historic;tl ofrlCQ preJlllre rt:poru w.cn­ing lhe extCnt ,0 whIch 1hcse claims mcc. e~lab­hshed criteria . The U.S. AmIY Cenler of Military H i~.ory has in recent ycat1l ... rinen aboul .wenl), lI i~torical studies for the Board. One group thaI lias been gramed veteran SIKtus and lhereby become th­gjbl~ for a ,·U\~ty of !:Iencfits is lhe WASPS_ 1hc ... ·omen auxilwy flycrs of W",ld W'" II .

The message !hat emcfEeS from all the$( c~arn­

pIcs is .ha. wc sIlookl beo;",,,o.: moOre sclf-<:O<lSCioo.Is aboul ... lIat we are doing and how i~ may be 11$«1 in practical and !:Iencficial wap by our scrvius , com­mands. and units . You should be 3W= of what is hap~nll\g In your url:ani l •• iol1-il~ problems. 1$­sues. :md procedurt:S-'''ld examine whether what you have done or an: <loing migh' be ofhelp in)'QUr orgllllw,ion's plann;n, """ operalloM. And re­member lluI -~IKJ"Icd~ rcsu not upon truth .kIne, but upon elTl)f also. ~

Our hislOrics and oU1o:r pruduru 1Ia,'e their g.n;at' eSl p".oc.i<:al va lue in use by <>lhcn;-and especially in pu~rul use by our own ~rvices and the ;ov, cmmcl1l. Our work has vMlucs, humanistic VMlu\!!i.

7h ARMY HISTORiAN

that go beyond that- b\lt ~~na.inly their greatest utility IS in .house. Be ~pared 10 eaJl meaningful :lAd suggtst,,·c infOfJ113llon :lAd idea. tIw have emelle!! from yoor ",,'Oft 10 t~ ~lIention of !hose who mtght be interested in and might h."",fit from IMm. In .hort. one of yoor Jlfime ,,,i»;",,s ""&hl 10 be 10 pNlOOIC the value of historical knnwlcd,,, in )S ~onsu'UCllve and p,ofessional H ",an"er .s y"" can. You owe il \0 yoo~lf. to hiMory •• nd to your OI'lIaJI,ulion. If you ltehiew: nothing """" than I<> Ilclp Olhers become aware o j and develop a Soense or hlSlory. you will have accomphshed much.

we m,hwy hi$tOrilM are enp,ed in ~ing anddl~minaling the record oI"the nal~ mi!ibry h'SlOf)-a la,k "!hal may 1M: cllltd without apology an inl"",,1 part of the national defensc .·· DUI " 'e als.o have M duty to serve Ihe present and future. and this

is ~ially InM: of \host' of us who:lre gm-cmmcIII hi ~lorians. The chief use of • kn.owlcd&,· of the ~I is 10 equip us fOC" the ~sc:nl . and the -bell of ptophcl5 of the future is the paM."'

Be assured You hi,;tori~ns in 1he field are not f(lfgntten . Your cffons an: toown and appreciated . They can and h~.e maLle a differeoce. Heyond the humanistic v.lue, of your profession-and they alone would be ""mcienl reas.on for liIe existcn<.:c of !"ycmrncnt hi.toncal programs- you i\rmy hif>l.,. nans han: dcmon>tr:>ted thai you can sen.., lhe ulil. ila,ian needs of a pUl. pragm:llic iowilUlion. You can 1001< 10 the fUlure in the tnov.·ledgc lhal your wort. " 'ill eodun: . In the age of lhe th,""· .... ·.y and inll:mt everything. lhal is a ,reat deal more lhan rtlOSt members of our §()Cicly Can ~"" ....

PRACTICING THE HISTORIAN'S CRAFT

The MacArthur Papers

U ... ", J. loon •. Jr.

Today the lUll> OR: ,ilcnl. A ",,:U IraEflly h;tS ellCkd. A ~II ykroty lias been ..,.,., ..

W,th these wonk. G~nt:n.1 Dou,iJts MKAnhur. Supre"", Commander fOf the Allied I\Iwfrs. upeMd hi s remarks II lhe surrcrwk, crn:monics aboard !he U.S.S . M;f:<o~ri in TQkyo Bay on September 2. 1945. Th~ origin~l dr1lft of hi, spc«h is kept with the re~1 of General MacArtbur'~ P"Pfrs a. the M:JCArthur M~morial ArchivC!J in NorfQlk. Virginia.

The family of Douglas MIteArthur had oonnec· tionl WIth Norfolk d:lung 10 lhe carly 18()();. llIhc:n

his matemal grandfalher. Thomas Hanly. took up re~idenc~ in lhe bus)' poll of Hampton RIMds. MacAnhur 's parcms married in NorfQlk . Rerogniz· ing the h,sloricalhnk. MIteArthur dedicated a small park on the SilC of lhe Hardy home in 1951- the first of a chain of evenlS IhMI would le3d 10 the es· I.)blishn~nl of lhe M...:Arthur Memonal and '1$ archIVes.

In 1%1, Genel1ll MacArthur executed a deed of 81fl anlgnin8 • considerable portion of hIS CstalC.

inclu("ng his otrlcul papin of over IwO million documenls. 10 the CilY or Norfolk . lie als.o declared his inlenlion to he buried in the building !he cily o((tred as a museum ~Itd piKe of interment: liIe 1847 classK: re"i"~l courthouse designed by Thoma.s U. Walter. n..: cily agreed 10 maintain the

II

mernoti~l, and in January 19M the ",modeled buildin, opeMd. Thlft monlh, lalt' !he genera)"s renu.ins " 'Cn: inte=d beneatll Illi rDlunda . W~n General MacArthur nude hi~ gift 10 Nor·

folk.tIIe Army n:lnsed his ~rs 10 the city . ;md NorfOlk employed a pn.lfessiontl archivist to ""ia. nlze, inventory. and maintalO them. n..: MacArthur Memorial Foundation l"On,tructed an adminiStration and archiw:s building. induding a StO"'gc "aul'lnd J library. in 1967 . In the mid· I960s. the bulk of the collection was still clllSSirtcd: today only a handful remaIn s.o. and even these arc :lCCC$.Siblc 10 reo searchers with appropriate ele~.

Douglas MacAnhur's p3pers f"nn Ihe hean "f lhe archives. The majwity "f Ihe doc:umcnls, with cenam importanl uc:~plk"'s, covers Ihe perioo from July 1941 10 April 1964 Among the p3pers an; caplured documents. intelligc:nce summaries, "per­alion orders, public SlatemenlS a~ speeches, personal correspondence. extensive "fficial wm:­spondence. and the handwrilten manuscripl of R~m­inisunus. MacAnhur's aulobiography_

Major pon ions of lhe ooll«lion deal wilh Ihe Ottupauon of Japan . By 1975, interesl in this sub­ject had become SO inlense that lhe MacAnhur Memorial and llIe MacAnhur Memorial Foundalion began a ~"eS of symposia on the occupation, Old Dominio" Universny has since joined as a sponwr. TIle si~th symposium. entitled 'The Occupation of Jap3n: AIlS and Culture." was held in Norf"l~ in OctoOCr 19&4 . The procceding.\ of these confer­e~s. re«>!:ni~d as amons the leading forums for occu""li"n :;Iudics. have heen published regularly aboul a year after ead of the gathering.\.

The archives alw oold lhe papers or several of GeMral MacAnhur' s aSWCialcs, including Gencr­alS Counney Whilney. Charles A. Willoughby. and H. E. EaSI .... 'OOd, AI"" mainlained arc the papers of Colonels Weld<m Rhoades, C. E, Skoglund. and other officers, A pOOto library of OvC r 10,000 prints and slides is in c"nslanl demand

The archives' staff is currently working on addi­lIOns 10 lbe collcc:l;on. The papers of Richard K, Sutherland, MacAnhur's ChicI' or Staff," lhe Pa­cifk . are being copicrl "I Ille National Archi'·es. Recemly. a balch "f pre- I 941 rnalCrial. mostJy per-

12

...,n.1 and ufficial M""Anhur com=sponden«', has been lucal~-d. copIed. and Stored on NorfQI~ . A cun­tinual !;Carch is underway for malerial relaled 10 Gener~1 t.h.cAnhur_ c~pe.:ially for lhe J~pan years, 1945-1951

AI p"'1;Crn. the alehi,·cs of the MacArthur Memo­rial arc urgani,,,,-d into Ihiny-one record groups. mosl centered uJ",n Ihe papers (inclooing photo­j!raphs) of Douglas MItCA!lhur. A library of 4,000 boo~s the g~ncr~l J:l!ve Ihe City of Norfolk has been supplelMnt~d by gifts frOlll the Aony. Air Force, and Marine COJl's. from "tltOOTll of books on MacAnhur and hi, activilies. and by purchases.

There ;Ire finding aid, of various levels of detail for all record grouP'! ' prctirninary invenlories. box and descriptive inwn!orics, card calalogs for major items, and a card <'ala lug for photographs. More Indexing is required for lhe 193 boxes of the gen· erat"s personal correspondence ,

Some funding is being obtained to microfilm the 3rch,,'es' enlire holdings . TIlis IWo- to three-year project WIll be conducted in coordination with lhe City of Norfolk_ whkh .... ill ,har<: eq uipmenl and personnel wilh lhe Mcmorial. Modest research grants for siudy al ,he archive, are available from ,he MacAnhur Memorial Foundation. Those inlcr­ested in applyin!: fur a grant or using lhe archives' resources soould cuntact the Archivist al the MacArthur M~murial. MacAnhur Square. Norfulk. Virginia 23510.

t:dK'llrd 8"",,~ i. 1M ... n:hMS1 of 1M Mucllrlhur M.",,,· riul. N"'f<>lt. Virf,nUl ,

TM ARMY HISTOIUII.N

PROFESSIONAL READING

Recent American Books on Military History

l bt American H;-,,,rical ""!lOclalion "'.5 .""""tly a,ke<110 rnakt; 1'lO<:t>mfn<n<b,_~

for d"pLoy> of boots by A"ottir ... _hot'! 101 !he Callocpoy "'!he lowmaliooW Comm's_ ul M,hl>ry IhOlOf)' and !he I"","",'IONOI Coogtss of Hi>1oncal Sci­cne"". both [0 be kid in Slullprl. WtO! Germany. in ",uguot 1'~I" . In ~\" """""". li"n , • II"KlP al [he CtOlCr of ~"hlary lIi$lO<)' dc.'clup.-d • II" of abo<Il f,fiy "lilt"':'" ',;orb "" military . Nwal. an.! al, hi""", . 1'he ~ Nr'I!'= Ju.."" b«n hdd.n IW. the ~n'lIIfI confined , •• Ii" 10 worb pul'hUocd in \be period 19M-1m The roonp'lco:odoop<cd I brolo<.! vie .... of 11M: blSlQf}' of w:u and .lIemplC<.l lQ pRl"'" a .. prt'~nlal,". 1,-" The ~Ull~ ~ prt'iCnl<:tl he", in ,he IIope ~I !hey mown prove "",rul as • ,,,ido for ,,,,din, Ccmtntnu, includ'"1 ""U""'iom for ... kh'~"" ... .wbi,"'''''''' ..., '""liN.

General Works Abraham""", J ...... $ L. "' ..... ,iauo "" ... for .. N .... ' C~It·

IV)' TM MiW,,# cf" G,nu P,,,"'" New Yorl., M""m,lIan.1981.

"dd,nl!lOO. LwTy 11 . '1'Irt> 1''''<'1;'', "{W,,, !jj,.u ,II<: E"h. ",'~,Ir (·MI~ry. B""""'n~lOII. [...t •. [rod ...... Univer­lJ'Y Prn<. 1'44.

GaddIS. 1000 L. Ssrou,ir. uf C<JII""_~I. A Cr.lu:..! App",;ud '" pOJo'~Y" A",,,k,,,, ",,,,,',,,,,,/ Sf"("~",>' 1'<>1. iey New Von' OX10rd. 1<)82

Ha)"es. litao;c Penun. Til; IIfswry II{ dw Joo'" C",~, II{ S,<¥! i~ World \1'0' II. 1M wo, A.~O/~'I J"IHm An· napoli" N"'al In,mulC I're> •• 19112

H,III"·.Y. Herman. and "/"tile', I~. II'hy 1M N<Nlh 11' ..... A. M'/II",! 1Ii"",,.uf 1M Cj,-;/ 11' .... • Urbono, III . Uni~m;OI y "/l1li",,,. Pm •. 19113.

McNeill. W,lli.m H. r~, ,,"'W;, q{ P,rou,: r,..1r1l1)/(}NY. 1\r",<J F"MtV (}Itd 5",';,"Y .S,,,,", A a IQQ(), O , .... SI)' U"",.".i,y ol O' ..... p' 1'Ius. 1932.

lIobtG ... ~, Mom. I . Ir . 1",,.,,.,,,_ 0{ ,~ A,,,,,a f'()T(u. 1940-/96.1 Wash,"~,on, U ~ Army Ctnler nf Mi l",,,. Ih IIOl)'. 1981

M,lIc"l. All"" R., and l'cIor ,\ 1"'''' ...... ' . I ", ,~ C"""""" /Hfr4H A Mili"'r>" HIIIIW"j '" IIw U,,"n1 S",u, lJf 04_,.,,,,, , New Yon.: 1'= Pn:... 1<;184

Nu"n. Ff!'dcnd M Y~JI"d(ri' S<ilJ",~: f:uroptan Mil· ,u.ry Projr .. kMali"" ,n .'W>ouh A_rka. Itl9O-I fUO uncoln. Ncb.: Uru~I"'IY ol Nd:>r..u 1'Ins. 1983.

Rtardu. S~p/J<" L rll; ~'''''''''t'''' )''''',",1'147 1'150. (H",ory of ,1>0 Ofrl<~ "r ,lie s«~wy of Defen",,) W"",",nglOO' 11111,,",.1 OfT""" orro«< olille' S«rdlIr) ol Dtftnst. 198A

Sm;lh. Mcrnl! Ror. If~'~" > F"~,.ry AI""")' and tlr~ N~ 'T"lrtuJlO/l)'. Tlw C"',II,"g~ 0{("""1I/l~ . IIh",,". N.Y.: Comr:!I Un,~ ..... y Prc>.>. 1980

Sp«1Or. Ronald FA~ 04,.""",11; .~_: Til; A_ri<un 11'", M'II" J(Jp01I New Yorl: : rT« ~so.. 19IIS.

Tnsk. D."d F. T~ lI'a' " 'lIh SP<l1n In If59Ij. _ NCIII VOI~: />I.o< m,l l.oo. 1981.

13

Refe«nces &; Documentary Collections Bionol . l.ury I • td T~ P"I'''J q{fJrorp Call", 101 ... ·

.... 11. Vol I . - rN SoIJ~rlY ."",11,-; ~ 11IIIfhJ~"" 19J9. Bah,,,,.,,..· 'The lohn' Hopl;,ns Unj· vt' i ,ly Pre". 1~~1.

CoI.lla. Poolo E .. cd " ..... ,i<" .... St"tu,o,lfS lJf ,II; N""" ~ .. ~, Annapoli<. Nn~1 II\l.IJM~ Pr .... 199(i

IJ<ollfllbo,. . l.oUIS. ~I Ill . . ",I> Til; I'''P'''' 'f f},,·/,hl Ua ... ·d EI .. '~h" .. '''. Vol' X_ Xl. Co/11mb;" U~"'U· "I~. Ihlomore: 'The lohfl, II~'". Un,vc""y I'rffi. ", ..

Gephon . Ronald . "'wnp Hn"'~Ii_ry "' ...... icd. 170J_17!19 2 volI. W • • loing""· l,bury of C.HI&' U! . 1984 (Il,bh""aplryl

H.r,,·i!, Hol£tr II . and Ne,1 M. lkymao. cd> Bid­,,,¥>lrie.,} Oor"-'Y '" Wtwld W .. , 1 W~>ll"" , C.",n _ G=nWlxKl. 19~2 .

lov •• Roben W . Ir . . N Th, ("Iti~ls "I Naml O~ra. "OIOS Aoo;opoIi,. N",~ ' "\.Inult I'n:!.> . 1'IlIO

MOO<ICy. lamn L. td n~"()NJf)" qf A .... "...", Nao-dl f'l~hl' ~r ShopJ VoI~. VII·VIII WUhongloo, N.ou H,,'....,e~1 CUI"'. 1'lS1

MOI,an. Wil".m 1;lmC> .• 'iI . ND''''' 0«""",.0 r{ IIw A._ric .... Rr,.II~t_ Vol VII (1m) Was!t;ngh>n: N,,'.I I IoSlOl"lClll C~"l",. '~ L

Show~lI.r. Dcnn" 10_. comp. C~"""IM M,/itun' 11"'(1)'. IMIJ- I9/Jl . A C'/IINl/lJllllio"uph. New YOI~. {j.,.

land. 11/111

S"oo". loirn V . " 01 .. ,'>I, Til; P<lfN" uf U/J'~s S G'om. Volo;. IX · XII (July 7. 18(» - N""c,,,hc. 15. I8/i.lJ C~I<. III Soolbern lI"no" Un",~,.i.y Pres. . 1982- llIl!4.

Sprlltr. R<>tO •. • Ad Jno;cph (J 0...,.,..". . «b. D,m<""'f)' vi "''''''K",''' MIIII",.. HII>tr(lph, ) ""I •. W.' !por1. Con" : Q"","wO<Xl. 1984

Wo rlu Abo ut Annln ArnIlrose. St<:r"'n E. E"..'1IM" ,U S"/J,,,. fjfn(wi 'f

Ih" A,.",y. p",-"tir",·EltI'l. /lWO- /<;I'1, New York. S,mon & Shusotr. 1983

C'.oper. Jerry M Th. Army ultd C'\'II Di.rN<I,r, F .dtrul Mili",,)' 1~1""'rnlion i~ lAW. Di'l>"lr • . JIJ77- J!IQO . We~lpon. COM.: Gruowood. 19~

M""o.-kl. CImrIco fI A TiM; for T nuropm. Tirr Uft. tOOl StW'l <if1M BOIl",tifllw BMlse. ~ Yorl.. MOf' row. 11)g4.

McWhuoey. O""'y. and I'tfrY I), hmioon. Art.".! altd D, •. e .... III'", Milil<lTY rucII ... <UId 1M SQI(IM'ft H,,· lIa~ Un,oflWY. AI • . : Un,o.Rity of AI.b.II ..... "=>. 1982

Pi .... ' Dan,.,J. ShI, ... So/JU" <»WI Iu-: 1M (d,.uj. <if a I.II/llory $fSI'''. New lta'Tn . Conn . Y_/c: Urn"", . .. ty Pm.s. 1983.

Pun:h. O" ... gl." , Tirr ManA '" I~r RhiM . TM Frt<l(h Arm)'. 11J7/ - 1914. New York: Cambrid,. Uni""""ty I'rus. 1981

Rothe •• ,. Guniller E. N~'I OrttJl Nlw,""';rl: "rw An-liJroI;, CItdrI, .. <mil 'M A ... " ...... Ar",y. 1791-1814 8Ioomi",,,,,,. Ind .: IIIdW>ll UD'VC1'$rty ~ ... 1980

Roy .. cr . ClIvI<:. A Rr .. " " Ii._ TY Pu,,», III Wur: TM e",,';n(lll<ll Army und A .. ern-an C:1oot'MIU. 1775 1711.J llurllam. N C. Un,ve"';'Y or Ntonh Car-ol .... ~ .... 1982.

Sam ........ R.,iYnl J. RidurtuIoJ RnI«trtuJ. 1M Sk~ tif I't"""",, ~n Cily. NY ' llooI:>IcdIy. 1981 .

Spc<:«>r. RQrllkl . Ad,*, ,utJ 5.."".",. TM £",Iy YNTI.

194 t -196(). U.S. Army In V~'nam Sffles. Wa>llini:­!OIl: U.S. Army Ct ... r of Military Hi",,,), . 11lRJ.

WciSky. Ru"",,11. F.:i~Mm. ... r·. LirlOlnrtUIIs. Tit< ("",. PO'lIft cf f 'rQIf(t W ~",. / 944-/'H5 81oom­;n" ... . h,d .' Ind ..... Urn.......;cy ........ 1981.

Worb on Naval History

flIICIi . Thmca, D. Ma>lrl <ifStil Po .. rr: A (Jlu~"'phy II{ FIN' Ad",i",1 E""", J. "1ft, . 1:10.100: lmN:. IImwn.

"'" I"lr:akc. fn:d<rid C. Lyi~ <if IN Suu: A B~r/J{IIrJ cf Ru., .w",irul Robm W,I_ SINif,/Jr. USN . IJon. otulu: Un, oCR'1)' 01 H.""." ~ ... 1984,

1...<:"".<: . b"." R. A DiJl~"ftl Ki1ld ofVic",ry: A 1J1e,,.,,· ,m)' tif Admi,ol TIroMaJ C. /Ian "'.""poIio: N~v.1 Insmult I~. 1981.

AT THE CENTER

Army Histonans Conft'ffnct'

1M Center held the: S'~lh U.e noial Army Il i,/uri­an~ Confercn.:c 3t che Cry~al City Manioct . A,l ing­ton. Virgini a. On February 19- 22. 1M wnfcrencc:, the lllcmc or " 'hich WU "'A R«valu3c ioll or ,he Command lfi>!tJI)' Pmgl1lm."· had an n till'U1lcd aC_ lendance of 184.

SC'Cn:lary or lhe Army Joon O . M.~h . J . .. opened the f'<U"C"ding~ w.th a delivery cn,phaoi._ing !cade",hip. n.c agendll ,ncluded p~ntK,ioM by Alfrctl Goldherg. Hismnan of the Omce orlhe Sec- ..

Long . I.lavld F . . <;",I",.DipiumUl, A Bi.:.,.apIr, ofC_· moJalV J~"~J Biddl~. /7/jJ_/U8. 8oscoo: Nonh_ ou .. m Unive~(1)' Pm.s. 1983.

Mardtr. AMu. J. ()14 F rW..J.. . N;", £-;,s: ~ R","", N""1 iUtil ,~ "',p..,ioJ J/JptlMH N.", ~,it' I/t.. _ . 19.16-/ 'H1 . Ntw Yon.: Od",d , 1981 .

M,lkc. Allan R . . """'fH' FUM/" , TM His",,", c/ ,~ Uftildi S'uus Marinr Corps . New York: MacmillJln. 1980.

Prange. Go.- W. N IN ..... w~ Slrp" 7"1tl> U1UtJIdS""" of l'til,/ HIJrlKw . Nelli Yoot: McGno .... HlIl. 1981 .

SCili. Willi.". N .. J. , A .... ""'~ S« P"",,,. u. IIw Old lI'orld: TM Uftltrd SlilUS Nil.., ill F.:",'fHOII aM N",r 1:",,",,, W"'~ ... /8fJJ_ 19J7 . We>!por1 . Cunn, : O,,:cnwood. 191j(1.

S)'monds. en,C N",-alut. wttIAflJi"",'flii5lS; T~ Nln'dl Pol..., 0.1»1; Itt 1M f}lfitrd 5k11~~. tllJj _1821. Nc .. ·""". i.lo!l . Univaoily of Dd ... _ 1'lHs. 1980

Works About Air FOr1:i'f u.orows~i. !larry fI , A Hollo .. T/VCtll. S/ralrRk AI,

1'0tI"'" wttI CO<II"i~fIJ Bt/orr ""'to WUCI"'fI . Conn .. GtttftIfl'OOd. 1982_

80_1'$. !by TIlt"lfCQ/ AIrlift . Unw,d suu. Air Fon:c '" Soulbeaoc A$1a Serit5. W'S!lIn""", Offoa: of Ai. Force HiSlOf)' . 1983

K.n",,!!. Lee . II Hi""" <if SI,al;Rk Bombin, ' ~',_ ,''' Fitl' HOI·AI, Sol/Q(IIU'" 11",:I$I,Ima wttI Nusa;tW . Ne .... Yorie ; Scnhner' •• 198~ .

Lunohlrom. John S, ~ n,,, Tn>III: P«VlC Na .. II AI, C.-I>al. 1';,,,/ HadJor 10 M~,. ArInIpoIis: NaYai In.cilU" P", ... 1984,

Mun"",. John H .. Jr . Gm""" Air POto'rr III World II'~, I . LillCOln , Ncb.: Univrl'!.uy of Nclmsk. I'resf. . 1982.

M"""y. Witlwmon. $tra';DP lNf-: n.. bflW<l/f" 19JJ- J'JoIJ . Mu .... U AFfi. AI • . , AilJlO"U" R~an:h 1""",uI<. M ... _ll Air Un,ocnll)' Pruo . 1983.

Wolk. Hennatl S, Pi<I~~i.., <WI Orguni"", 1M PoslWQr AI, Forr'r. /94J_I 947. W .. hing\Ofl: c;o...emrnc:n' Prirllins Ofr~ . 1984.

11:(ary of Defense. who spo~e on the concn.::IC con· tnb .. mons hiSlorian~ 1I.:l\'c made t" miliwy pro­grams. and by Maj. Gen. l . M. WoudmlOn.<tt . lr .. AniSlanl Depuc y Chief of Staff fur Operations and PllIIs. IVrcc Dcvclopmcm. who pruvided in updale on hi, "mec's lICti vitie~ and the !VIc hismry plays in them. (A vCBion of Dr. Goldbc:rj"1 prcscnlalioo :tppar.; iii lhe ~rsp«tivt: KClion in litis inUl! of TAH ,) ~bn'n Ulumrnson. I f<lfTlller mcliwy h;>IOry r;lc:tachmcnl c<lmm;mr;lc:r and Cemer historian . W1IS the bionquet speaker. sharing .eflecllOns and ",mi. ni!lCe(lCel; of a CilR'(I in mililQry hinory .

A "" onang loeSSIOII enmk<! "WIuI1'~ Goin~ On at lhe Cenler'?" briefed lhe Htlcndccs on Cenler IICtivi­I~. plinclp;tlly progress 1O" 'ard rc~liz;uion of ~ Na­tl()ll.al MUloelim of the United St. tu Anny. ,,"(Irk on the U.S. Army ;n Viel na nl sen.:. of books, and ilJ(re:lSed Center c",pha.i~ on ;malysis. One on the All' I"ot«. ~ new C""",r Historian I'erionnel System pro~l«d an u.ampk of n:cru;trnoent and ~ ok· "elop",c~1 ;11 ~ I"rvicc hi storical program, 111", SI:~. sion entitkd "Our Ac;;odem.e Brotr.cB-Their Mis­!.fOlK , Our Relat1onships~ fealured presc:nl", ioos by hIstorian> frum the V.S. Military Academy, the Anny War Colle~e. and till: Conlmand and Gcncr.tl Staff Culk:~c on Ille rolei military history plays in tho" inSl it utiuns. ~ Joe.soon on Intcrcoml1'lllnd rc· Ilitiun\hip' <kalt wnh (I\(: Cen1Cr' ~ obligation! 10 romman<lcT5. eomm~nds' obligations tu lheCcn~r, and thl! ruin or major , "bordin. u, C<,IItlTTW>(Is. This scuton 's ~$Cntat ions and ,ubsc<.juent disccuMlions ",mpha.iud the need f,)f limely Center ;w;:knowl. ed~ement and ev:alu3t1oo "fcommand hist0ne5 , and for Incrc~ rommunicallons belween 1hI! rom­mands and the: Cenler. 10 include more freq""nl

statT" VIsits "'lOCh way. 1lIC question of ,,-hc:thcr Ille Ccnler shOtlld prcso:ribe lhe: precise localion of tul

historical offICe within an Army MatT" WH a poinl at ;~ , " 'ith a general OOTIloCn,u. fuoring a m, •• ion· onIcr lppt'Q3Ch. The SCS;! lon on the Annual H'llori· cal Review. wilh tile pn:scnt3lions " It~ Purpose and ~s It Fill II ," "rc=ptlOOli of Ir.c AHR In tile Supported Commands." aftd "Altern.li.'c M~ans , "

examined Ihe document" s usefulness Knd rnoe;tJ\$ of ~~ring il from a vMiely of angle) A majonly of the hi .. ori~D~ presem saw the An"u~1 Hil'loncal Re_ VIew u the ~"UfllCrstone Of lhe Army Command HIS· tory I-'rogr.tm. During Ir.c conference. lhere ,,'ere cnnc:um:nl meelings of milit:ol)" hil'lory o;klllorh­rnoe ntS

O.mciuding di~u,"io"s dcal1 wilh way~ '" which the Cenler could he of lVC~ler Krviee to the rleld , and the anendecs PfUvilkd ",rilten comments on evaluation ~Iocc.~ . Thl:rc " 'as 3 con~n~us that lhe blenni~! ronfcrenccs served ... hat was ~ p",,,,ing need-increased communleallon~ bet"'""n the Cen· te. and thc: rlC:ld .

COMMENTARY AND EXCHANGE

T" 1M nli.(Jt'J H ... in~ JU" ru4 No . 6 of TN lI 'my HtJI(}t"i<J~ • I tlt lnk

~OII OIIJ:hl 10 be .ory plca!."d with the ""oy (hil error! i, >h>pi1lJ! up. If ",.,," ... crt aoy ,joubol.>, I ,,·uuld 1I:I"c thou"'t!hal doe lel~" or Col., Dltlnef , Nc: .. ell, and T~ylor 10 <hit ,~ " "OIlkI ha,,, yc •• ly .e"""mj you dial YOll do indeed ha>'c an alldlcllCe "0\1' .ht",.~ K""p "' It_ In Itme YOll will "">'C. lorgc <lIW

While I ~m 11: M. doe response I<l Col Binner', Ieut, 'us • IT"IIldet of 11\ ktnd

T <) 1M '''It",.

Willi.m R. I!mc-rsoo Oi",,-_ l'1Wlin O. R""""",1t .... tnry H)do !'.n:. New Yoclo;

A •• IIfe·IonI ."td"nt of mihr.ary b.iIOry....d on acu", Army ImatllT)' off""", I ha.-.: (01"""""" doe e>'alulion of TN A,,,.,. Hm(Jt'WJn .. ',tit ~re", in~"''' .

I ...... Id l i~c tu {hruw ..... IOmO Ihough!> 1"",oI<:td by Dr Wn"',', ,~«llon. ~rt ... le. '"Clio In Cornb~t ,~ ,n ,he Win«1 1985 i" ... . II _m.l0 me (hatthc", . "" t,,·o No", nplaruoli<><t. for most of !he: pmbIoml tot outlillell . Tho: fin.! " tho: lICk of dearty dc:fino:d .. air ....... tionslrclauonsJIIPJ for mllltsry h,,,or) dc:LKhmcnt • . 11It .."."tId i. tho In.bility of MHIh 10 "pro> ... lhoir wonh"' 10 :til of doe WoIT. and COTIUIWIde .. of tho: un,I> 10 wluch they Iu..e t>«n .... JrXd.

I lublni,,"" r<JI!ollling point. for cu,,,Itler>tIOlt . I) ~li!. 1t3l'}' hi"ory Cin I"'wide cntic:ll . timel y ""-,1".,,,,( 10 the commando .. and. st.rr . .... Army cornt>ot uni .... 2) "These unit> ....,..Id "'" OOtly IISC, bu. rktrw...d m~lr.ary IListory .... PJIOT1 if the utility of"':h !.IIPJIOT1 could be <It""",. "~Ictl t" doem,

Allhougil it 111111 pr<>IW>ly !ottm ho""",al 10 JOme in thc,.( umos of lilhl ~ and blidll"t ~ili"!-• . I _IIII""I""".IIM. ptmIatI<n.I_ ..... ,Itrtt-....... MHO be Inlt;ll1ed al coch di"""" and hlghtr.lo.cI ho>(!quat·

Subscriptlon,--Chnges of Addr"s

To be added to our distributinn I;~t or change an u.s. ing \-Ubso:ription, please \-Upply c:om­plete l1Ia;ling informalion in the ,~ pr0-

Vided and mail 10 Manag'"8 FAilor. Tht Army flis"u;an, V .5. Army ~nltr of Militlt)' H,s­tory, Pulaski Building, 20 MauachuKns Ave_ nue. NW , Wa.hinglon. DC 20314-0200.

15

N\lmbo:r of Copies Circle one: New Sub5cnption

Ch~nge of Addrw

Zip

..... n.:: dcLo<h,non, would "xwl ditt<,ly under dot chotf 01 siaff. llle Ceo~r of M,Io,.ry Hi>l'>ry " 'ookl pro.ide over.lll Army . ... ,de "..,.dll'~lion of 'I><ir ar'iv,,,e! .

In .... rlirnc. of COIInt. lhe MilOs _Id perform thoir \llIdmooal N~I""". 1101'1'''"''. I ...... nilll\allho MilOs III ... 3'l1rIIKh-if"'" mon,-IO orrerlho Anroy '" pc~ . lime, F ... "'n".lIy. "'" po":cllrnc m'I!'on or lire MW),. ",',lUIJ be fousfold : I) t>rovrde a ""d"", fur ","'time u~ of MilOs 2) IbbilUlll. comll'Wldtrs and staff. II alllt:Yr:l, Iu lhoeir preI<'OCC. ":1"·11,". and mr:lh. 1>01. •• 1) Allow II>< MHOs 10 ..,rUM: II>< .. >l;ill, through arl ",1 pc~mne maneu ..... (They ",,,,Id. for •• ampl •. .r«Imp.uly boplb h' lhe: NTC.) 4) t>ro.idt hlstoric.1 ..... y,o and t.cl.gound lnlormatoon 'n """",," of "f'C'r· .. ."...1 pi...."", ..... 1r.lI"'''C

In my "P,n"",. ,"'''' 4 is lbe mosr c""".1 anrl "",,,,Iy (<) ...... Ii><:. "hal commandcr"j .nrl " . ff, at oil 1 ••• 1, • !ouwIJ be 000",. bul r: ... ,ly hi.·. lho "me: lor. ' .c ..• .um· """I lire hi...,.;.-..t ,"""'" for ..... S1 • ...., ,n planninl opor. anons. <Ie\'(Iopr". d"cir, .... flC . TIlt in ..... plh h' .. .,rn (lal> ,"", w. .. ld be """,dod by lileoe Mill),; """Id go. 1008 way IOWan! helpin~ ""it, avnOl the ··reinvenrion· of the .. 'htotl·· Iynrln,...,. It COIIId help pre ... nl lhe (01· """'''I 01 doctrinal dei1ld tnd. bro."",) "" roncluloons ......... " from wporlk,:oI "' ..... '. of thr: b,<IOOCal tt<0Id It coold pn:w~1c: "ni.; t.o,nK d<pIO)'~ 10 new I."mns cnvi. "",o",,,l< f •.••• <lestn. afClIC. J"ngicl ""ith c.por~DCC ~ lhaI ""QUid be al_ 'rnpu>>ib!t 10 obQ.in lOy Ollie. "'~ Ullln"lCl y. I """,Id lil:r 10 _ MilO. prtn"rdin~ -h'>loric.1 esI,m.u .. - and "h,,,,,",-,,,I """" ... - for II>< comnw>ders and >I.f(, IIf as m""y bni>de and hi~he. uo,I,~, I)",i, lime: woold allow

Some examples of un' l> Ih;or coold ~icybtly be~fi, from rtris .. 1fI of support ,""QUid be the Ilrtfr-Tcc-h Tffi Ilc:d", Fon Lewil. W.!h,n,h"'; the 7th In(anll)' U.V'lIon .1 1'on Ord . Calrf'rnIia. as il \Ie"clops fleW l.'gh'.I"(~""y Oocl.i ... : and lho tWO ne ... L'lIh. Divi.ions (rbe 6Ih and , .. ,

The MilOs roulrl al", hr::lpaplW"C and d,......,i ... lC lllt 1"''''''rHlou, .. "room of "leSIOn' Ic:unctl" informallOn WI i. ~lIng around tl>< "nny One pcr""",1 example Ih~1 «rmtS 10 m,nd " • f""nal rreld !eSI I ,uended of ~II· ...... ",""",",tioa oITocts opu>$l d,ffcn:o' t~pcs of ~w f,lfIir",.IOQS. The rtWlts """" ()'C·opening and W(.

,,'(rt IOId llial lhey would Ire in<:OfJlORIN '010 new .di·

DEPAII'''(N' Of 'Nt "" .. y TrI£O<J,UOf _IT ....... _,0000 NOD

. 0<[ CU<T(III or ....... _ ""'CIf>'< w_TON DC ;IOI " .(Il(IO .......... ..-.. ........ ".r:>< _ .,."" "'"

lIonsof (lU. r .. "", IIQDU.Ols Th'" WU .,.hi ,.., ... at"~ . IOIIl I finrJ .hac oor ,JlO61 furten' Nonlrem Op.:".h"". Manuals )l,n OOd'a'n dal. Ih'l I ,,"W d;,pro~N MH Ds '0II1d pt<>­,·ide , ,n. ...... ndnII~ ~rvia il rbey c""",,n:..r cvc" • fnoctioa of.well ,nf .. n~ioo.

By .... y of roncl~'N"'. I .. ill throw OIM ~ ....... pc""".1 .noaJur.: . While I wu. I .. me""n' in ,he •• rn. " .... "f 197<). nI)· l.>>u3100,, . 4I9rh rnf~"lIy (MANCHUS) II kln w.,n"·n"',. AI.,~". wa.1:tSlcd IOrondocIll1m: "'ftt·1on1l ""'''' of a ~ mou"IlI," "RTF..P The """,no .. i"" "1' optrll1~ 'n we", mad"'" and ".'.., ..... Iy 'US~N. In ~p.rlI1i"". I J"g 00. all my bookJ on ,Ire h.h.n coml"'$"; of World War H. since ir !iCC""."d ") me ,h" ,he "":allier and lem,," "'''''~ m""'n~ in would do lWO <h"'If$: el'm" ......... btliroplef support for u .. ndcd pcn<..!o. .• ,.J ,aJ""c "' 10 World War U..,,,. lech~y ""d " ... 1",,11. 1'11c ""s .... l_ v .. hid,. dr.>e 'Ollie lime ,n· vorv~. would "'" !\;Ivt helped "' ,u, '"", . ....,.~a.«l1O be "",It> or bu""". MIe, all . I .., • • _. ,lot S"",,, .. ill U>N Ihrm. SufT" .. c " '" ... y. my pnrposal ..... IlOl wtll reor:e .. N. I believe <h;u a fot'n'llll· i.«<! M HO SY5'cm such ., I ha"e I'fIlPOSCd could hI"" """" • II"'at deal that ... " ...... , .

The .... ;,. I 100 mote fle<I\ to puI un .... bones of .hr. frimelll'Ol"lr: .• nd I would bopt <hal lI1'i .. ,,"'. ,r pub­Ir..ncd. 10,11 'P;O'~ ""'''' d<lralC I c:r.n "lin up n,y en" ... .'~ulI .. nl qu;le >Imply hy ""ying .hOl mil,tary h",,,,>, >hould be COl1.rdtml • -n",1bar multrpl~r .• 'The fllCl Ihal il j. "'" .. ' nwrMdercd I> ..... asu'" of ,he ........ ndous .. noum '" e<luc'allng 'ul .... """ 10 be <.Ionf

CalM. Gil<)' I/. lIov,,, •• "." i',,,( of Milllill"}' Science F ... ""fn ORson S ..... Colic!" La Gnndc. On:p

R.uJ". tir. I.",I,M '" r.xp,ru ,hoi, op/"ioIu "" 'hi~ "..1>1"'(1#_ a,.J '" f",,~,;J o""'~s. as .. .,1/ ... 10 olttvr """ r..'I"'~'.''':J t»>d ,y...J "" <optc. nW1ilrt HI IN "utlr. lOr. oM "«III,,, '" .";lil",, mm"y. Cor". 'PQ.rd."ct sil<Hlld /w uJd" ... d '" ,h, Edi'", •. TIle "nny H,,,,"';,,,, . U.S. IIrMJ' C."". nf Mr"lilary HISlIK)'. 20 M~"nJ A'.,".... NW. Wa<lt'''""" oc 2OJ/4-mQQ

IlUI,"U I'OSTAGl . lUSr.ut>

OU ..... IMUIT Of nn: ADlT I1DIl"T _ c.. •