the art of scientific presentations (fundamentals in one...
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The Art of Scientific Presentations
(Fundamentals in One Easy Lesson)
Andrew A. Nierenberg, M.D. Thomas P. Hackett, MD, Endowed Chair in Psychiatry at MGH
Director, Training and Education MGH Research Institute Director, Bipolar Clinical and Research Program, MGH
Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School
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Essentials of Giving a Talk
• Conversation • Slidemanship • Performance
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Presentation as conversation. Joint attention.
Present truth as motivation.
Thomas and Turner Clear and Simple as the Truth:
Writing Classic Prose Princeton University Press 2011
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It’s not what you say. It’s what people hear.
Frank Luntz, PhD Words that Work
Hyperion Press, 2007
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Story. Narrative.
Sense-making.
Hart J. Story Craft: The Complete Guide to Writing Narrative Nonfiction.
University of Chicago Press. 2011. Weik K.E. The collapse of sensemaking in organizations: The Mann Gulch disaster.
Administrative Science Quarterly 1993;38:628-652
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It’s not a data dump.
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What is interesting? Deny assumptions.
That’s Interesting! Towards a Phenomenology of Sociology and a
Sociology of Phenomenology. Murray S. Davis
Phil. Soc. Sci (1971) 309-344
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It’s not about you.
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Adult Learning. Andragogy.
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Andragogy
• Need to know: reason for learning something. • Foundation: Experience (including error). • Readiness: Immediate relevance to work or
personal lives. • Orientation: Problem-centered rather than
content-oriented. • Motivation: Internal versus external
motivators. Malcom Knowles
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Consider Your Audience.
• Who? – attending
• Why? • What?
– Learn – Teach – Assume
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Master Your Material
• Data, information, knowledge • Essential points • How can you best prepare the talk?
– Make cohesive outline – Make last slide first – Use what works for you
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Know Slidesmanship: Make slides readable
• Font • Number of lines
– less than 10 total (usually) • Content
– Simple, but not simplistic – “So What?” test
• Avoid acronyms (at first) – unless you are absolutely sure your
audience knows them
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Know Slidesmanship: Make slides readable
• Bullets • Graphics better than tables (sometimes) • Clear Slide titles (the point of the slide) • Consistent structure (usually) • Just enough slides • Cartoons, art, and humorous slides (with
caution)
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Know Slidemanship
• Master Powerpoint • Use contrasting colors
– Light or dark background – Contrast fonts – Use shading if necessary
• Use simple backgrounds • Spell check
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Know Slidesmanship
• Master Powerpoint • Use contrasting colors
– Light or dark background – Contrast colored fonts – Use shading if necessary
• Use simple backgrounds
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Slides, Transparent. You, Invisible.
Knowledge, seen.
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Graphs and Figures
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Know How to Perform: General Principles
• Express ideas to impress audience – “Look how much I know” fails – Respect the audience
• Be spontaneous • Have a conversation • Tell a story
– Avoid being scripted
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Improvise
Spontaneity built around a deep structure
of knowledge.
John Coltrane
Improvise
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Do
• Ease into the talk • Speak clearly in conversational tones • Make sure everyone can hear • Pause if necessary
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Do
• Make eye contact with entire audience • Face the audience • Use relaxed body language • Give handouts
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Don’t
• Fillers: “uh, you know, well, like” • Speak too quickly • Point out a mistake on slide (unless key
content) • Dissociate text from slide • Use podium (if possible) • Use Oprah-like slickness
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Avoid Being Stiff and Expressionless
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Avoid Reading Your Lecture
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Don’t
• Use monotone voice • Say, “I know you can’t read this, but….” • Make the audience feel dumb
– “As you all know…….” • Clutch the podium
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Avoid Laser/Mouse Tinkerbell.
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Manage Time
• Show up early enough • Make sure equipment works • Run through slides before the actual talk • Anticipate glitches
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Manage Time
• Start and end on time • Monitor time
– Visible or audible time limit
• Don’t rush • Skip slides if time is running short
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Manage Anxiety
• No one listens anyway
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You probably know as much or more about your topic than anyone in the
room at that moment.
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Manage Anxiety
• Avoid trying too hard • Avoid excessive caffeine • Listen to inner voices
– No one is there to judge you – You have something to offer – You’re giving them a gift
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Manage Anxiety
• Social phobia – Fear of public speaking – Avoidance – Impairment
• Highly treatable – Antidepressants – Beta blockers – Cognitive behavioral therapy
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Manage Questions
• Take questions at the end (usually) • Repeat the question (almost always) • Direct the answer to entire audience • Avoid extensive dialogue • Answer succinctly • Answer respectfully
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Manage Questions
• Avoid arguing – “why don’t we discuss that after the talk?”
• If you don’t know the answer, say so. • Avoid saying “that’s an interesting question”
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Get Coached
http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/ 2011/10/03/111003fa_fact_gawande
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Ed Alter, Founding Partner and Principal Trainer
SpeechSkills web: www.speechskills.com
phone: 800.994.2042
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Resources
• Stahl and Davis. Best Practices for Medical Educators. NEI Press 2009 (www.neiglobal.com)
• Tufte. The Visual Display of Quantitative Information. http://www.edwardtufte.com/tufte/
• Death by Powerpoint (YouTube)
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Summary
• Conversation • Slidemanship • Performance