the aryabhatiya of aryabhatta aryabhata indian mathematician astronomer mathematics.pdf

8/12/2019 The Aryabhatiya of Aryabhatta Aryabhata Indian Mathematician Astronomer Mathematics.pdf

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THE LIBKAK\(BJIYigiSlT\ OF CALIFOKNIA

1X18 ANGIXES


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AThe Ar> aMiali va,a manual of astronomy,

with the Commentary Bhatadipikn ofParamadievara,


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PREFACE.This first edition of the Iryabhaitlya along with the commentary of Paramadi-

^vara is mainly based upon two manuscripts in Malayalim character, one of them belong-ing to Dr. A. C. BcKNELL, the other once in possession of Whish and now forming partof -the library of the Royal Asiatic Society, London. The latter manuscript dates fromA. D. 1820; the former from A. D. 1863, for at the end of it I find the followingnote in Dr. Burnell's handwriting: Copied fr. an Ola M.S. in the Chirakkil Eajd li-brary. Written by IJnni Panikar at Calicut 1863.Both manuscripts are derived from one source, either immediately, or remotely,which is clearly proved by the fact that they show the same gaps, indicated as such,after stanza 44 of the 4''' Section, and at the end of the comment on stanza 48. Apartfrom a very few trifling clerical errors both contain exactly the same text.

Besides these manuscripts I have consulted one other containing iryabhaifa's textwithout commentary, from the library of the Roy. As. Soc. (N . 66 of the Whish col-lection). It proved of little use, except in one important case. It so happens that thegap above mentioned extends over the 45 ' stanza of the 4t' section , and that the read-ing of this very stanza in another commentary, the Praka(,-ika, is materially diflerentfrom the reading in the manuscript without commentary. Instead of H^A\^>\r'^t*ii\_lUlrll the Prakaqika has ^-MIJfMrJf.M-M I UlrlT. The latter reading involves a grosserror, as Bhaskaracarya has pointed out in his Goladhyaya, Grahawaviisana , stanza48 57, cf. Drkkarma-vasana , stanza 16, and the same author's Gaita, Candragraha-wildhikilra, comment on stanza 20. From the remainder of Paramadifvara's comment


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TI PRKFACB.

on the stanza in question it is , indeed , clear enough that he read ^Ml^'IrShî ; butin such a matter it is not wholly superfluous to appeal to the direct evidence of ma-nuscripts.

Though the reading followed hy the author of the Praka9ika is erroneous , both froman astronomical and grammatical point of view, it can not be denied that the error wasone of long standing. For we know by Bhaskara's severe criticisms that Lalla, theauthor of the Dhiv;-ddhida-Tantra , had fallen into the same error. Now LaUa is morethan once called a disciple of Iryahhaâ, and whether this statement be rigidly corrector not, he certainly was a contemporaneous writer, for he uses the same epoch with thelatter, as may be seen p. 58 of this edition.

It is by no means strange that Paramadi^vara , who was well read in the worlLS ofBhaskara, disregarded the authority of Lalla and the author of the Prakaîka. It ismore strange that a gap occurs in his work exactly at the critical passage. I can notsuppress the suspicion that the defect is not owing to accident , but that it is an inten-tional erasmre by some reader who clung to the opinion of the Prakaqika.

Paramadigvara's Bhaâdipika [is , generally speaking, a useful commentary. I for onemust confess that but for its aid the meaning of many rules in the text would have re-mained obscure to me. At the same time it must be granted that some of his expla-nations , e. g. at St. 9 of the 4th section , can not l)e admitted to be correct.

I have not been able to find out the time of Paramadi^vara, but this much is certainthat he is posterior to Suryadeva-Yajvan , the author of the Bhaifaprakaqa or Prakaîka,whom he frequently quotes. The Prakaqa is here and there more prolix, but containsafter all no more information than the more recent Dipika. Copies of it are far fromscarce, at least in Southers, India. One very bad copy makes part of the Mackenzie col-lection *) ; an excellent one has been kindly lent to me by Dr. Bfrnell. Both manu-scripts are in the Grantham character. Li the library of Trinity College, Cambridge,there is an abridged copy of it in Nagarif); see Prof. Aufrecht's Catalogue, p. 37.

*) In the old catalogue the Prakri5a composed by Suryadeva has been transformed iuto a .Commentary on theSurjasiddhanta ; it has long been lying hidden under this disguise, until Dr. RosT discovered the mistake.

t) Not Devanigari, a term unheard of in Hindustan. It is, in fact, no word at all, but a grammatical blunder;see Pflnini VII, 3,24. By supposing that devandgart may mean Nfigari of the gods we may save grammar, but atthe price of common sense.


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PREFACE. VnFor more than one reason I think it will be worth while here to insert the introductionof the Praka9ika, 1*. because it contains some peculiar views and statements not whollydevoid of interest; 2 . to show that the Cambridge manuscript is but a clumsy abridg-ment of it ; and , finally , to give a specimen of the orthography common to most South-imlinn manuscripts. The introduction then runs thus, according to Bxjrnell's copy:

r r-^ r-

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PREFACE. IX

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PREFACE.

^^-'IlF^slMrR 4iiirUlrlNV|cil^H(T)f%i%F'^.(lllhdlrrri^ *) W\.

Suryadeva must have lived a considerable time after the great Bhaskara, in an agewhen the living breath of science had already parted from Lidia. In the foregoing ex-tract it will have been observed that he had not the faintest notion how Sryabha^a couldhave got at his elements of astronomy by mere observation and calculation. The acquir-

*) Tliis statement coincides with another found in a stanza from an unknown author:1

It is not true that Aryabha^a could have corrected the Romaka-Siddlifmta , for the epoch of this work is posterior toArjabha/a's (see Dr. Bhdu Daji, in Journ. R. As. Soc. of 1365, p. 407). Yet, in a general sense, it may beaffirmed that our author has been the reformer of Indian astronomy.


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PREFACE. XI

ing of those elements is ascribed to supernatural agency, quite in the fashion in whichPa?ini in the story is told to have received the Qivasutraî.

There is one manuscript of the Prakaqa belonging to the library of the Roy. As.Soc. , London , which is interspersed with the annotations of a certain Yellayen , or asthe name sounds in Sanskritised form: Tallaya, son to Qridharacarya and pupil to Sur-yadeva. So we find in the second chapter (p. 12 of the MS.) the words: atha Kala-kriyapadasya Suryadevena Yajvana krtavyakhyanawj samagram api Qri-Baladityasuta-Suryacaryaîshyeâ vipa^cita Yallayakhyena maya, kiucid utpadya *) vyakhyanakrtam.

Again at the end of the whole work we read:iti Qri-Suryadeva-lâjvana viracitaryabhaiaprakagas samapta^ | iti Q'ri-Candracekhara-

varalabdhavagvibhavena Qri-Baladityasuta-Suryacaryaqishyewa Yallayakhyena vipa(^citaAryabhaâprokta-golapadasya kificit tatparyavyakhyanar/e krtam.

From a casual expression in the same manuscript (p. 48) I gather that once thereexisted several commentaries t) on the works of Sryabhato. The passage rmis thus

etad-api dingmatreaasmabhir uktam, vistaratas tu Bhashyadishu drashiavyam.Whether the works alluded to are still extant is a question that waits for an

answer from learned Hmdus or Europeans having access to unexplored Indian libraries.In the mean while this edition of the Iryashâgatam wiU, it is hoped, be conducive toa more accurate knowledge of the ancient astronomer's system , and stimulate the interestof Indian and European scholars. It will be understood that with the scanty, howevervaluable, materials at my disposal, I could not attempt to constitute the text suchas the author published it. What I could give, is the text Paramadi^vara hadbefore him.

In spelling and mterpunction I have kept close to the. manuscripts, with this ex-ception that the doubling of consonants after the r has been done away with, and thedental I substituted to the lingual one, corresponding with the Nagari ^. Here andthere I have added words of my own to fill up ugly gaps, e. g. p. 97, 1. 15, sq.

*) The word ulpi dt/a is liere uuintelligible, at least to mc. One would espect vistlnja or some synonymous term.t) The commentary by Bhfltavisliu must have been one of them. See Pn.f. Whitney, Journ- Amcr. Or. Soc.

VI. 561.


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XII PREFACE.

Such passages are marked by ( ). Another form of brackets indicates that the includedwords are spurious.

I gladly avail myself of this opportimity openly to acknowledge the kindness ofDr. BuKKBLL in leaving at niy disposal his valuable manuscripts, and the friendly assist-ance of my friend Dr. Host in procuring me materials from the London libraries. Letboth receive my warmest thanks

Leiden, July 10th 1874. H. KEEN.


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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARYLos Angeles

This book is DUF. on the last date stamped below.

DISCHARGE-URU,/( ' o 1979

PSD 2338 9/77

mmmRiNiimiir000 012 1 56


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