the asymmetry between matter and antimatter besma m’charek few, vrije universiteit amsterdam
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The Asymmetry between Matter and
Antimatter
Besma M’charekFEW, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
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The asymmetry between matter and antimatter
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Outline
• The Standard Model of Physics and asymmetry between matter and antimatter
• Charge Parity (CP) violation.
• Measuring CP violation with the LHCb detector at CERN Geneva.
• Summary. “Matter /antimatter asymmetry”
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The asymmetry between matter and antimatter
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Matterq
uark
sele
ctronNucleusneutron
proton
atom
Matter/antiMatter
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The asymmetry between matter and antimatter
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“The Standard Model”
• The fundamental building block of matter consists of: 6 quarks (u, d, c, s, t, b) 6 leptons (e,μ,τ,νe,νμ,ντ).
• These particles interact through four difference forces:
• electromagnetic• strong forces• weak forces • gravity
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Where is the antimatter?
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EM
EW
Where is the antimatter?
life
13.7 billion y
1st stars
1 billion y
3000K
300,000 y
H/He
300 s106 s1011 s
matter +antimatter
< 1011 sA
atom
nucleushadrons
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Charge Parity symmetry
• Parity symmetry : • Parity P reflects a system
into its mirror-image• What if your image
behaves differently than you??
• Charge symmetry:• Charge conjugation C
changes the electric charge of the particle.
• e + e - • K - K +
•Charge Parity symmetry:•Changes a particle into its antiparticle.
=>In weak interactions, parity symmetry is always violated
=>In weak interactions, charge symmetry is always violated
=>In weak interactions, CP is almost never violatedalmost
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P
P
C C
Escher on CP violation…
CP
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Weak interactions
A main difference between electromagnetic and weak interactions is in the coupling
constants ge and gubeiγ , ..• 1 for the electromagnetic• 9 for the weak Weak interactions can
change quark flavors ( e.g.: from up u to bottom b).
Mixing of quarks
photon
ge
gubeiγ
u
b
Weak interactions
Electromagnetic interactions
W+
ie
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B-mesons in the LHCb detector •B-mesons mix to:
•In the LHCb detector, we want to study weak interaction with the special B-decays:
Two quarks, one is
always a b-quarkB-
mesons
B
s s
s s
s s
s s
B D K
B D K
B D K
B D K
B B
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CERN
4.4 km
1989-2000 LEP e+e (88-209 GeV)2007-2015 LHC pp (14000 GeV)
LHCb
Atlas
Alice
CMS
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The LHCb detector
The detector
Results
Simulation and Reconstruction
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Summary
•In the universe, there is an asymmetry between matter and antimatter.•We need CP-symmetry breaking in order to explain this asymmetry.•We will use the LHCb detector and study the decay of B-mesons (abundant in this detector).•We will measure the parameter γ
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Additional slides!!!
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History of our universe
• First the universe was hot and compact: a soup of energetic photons and massive particles.
• The laws of physics allow a sufficiently energetic photon to create a particle/antiparticle pair and a particle/antiparticle pair can annihilate into an energetic photon.
• Annihilation and Creation happened continuously
=>There was an equal amount of matter and anitmatter
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The CKM-matrix and the γ-parameter
• The mixing of quarks in weak interactions is described by the CKM-matrix.
• The complex Vxy entries of the matrix are the nine gw parameters.
• The matrix can be written in a way that only two entries are left complex arguments. The arguments of those two entries are measurable.
• We want to measure one of these entries. .
ud us ub
cd cs cb
td ts tb
V V V
V V V
V V V
iub
it
ud us
cd cs cb
ts tbd
V e
V e
V V
V V V
V V
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Proposed project
• Improving the reconstruction program
• Developing the selection procedure of the Bs->DsK events
• Developing the fitting method in order to obtain the γ-parameter from the selected events