the atmosphere: energy transfer & properties weather unit science 10
TRANSCRIPT
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The Atmosphere:Energy Transfer & Properties
Weather Unit
Science 10
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Weather & Climate• Weather can be defined as the physical conditions of the
atmosphere at a specific time and place.• Climate refers to average weather conditions over an
extended period of time.
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Components of Weather
• When we discuss weather it includes descriptions of temperature, precipitation, atmospheric pressure, humidity, wind speed and direction, and sky cover.
• All of these components are a result of what happens to the Sun’s energy when it enters the Earth’s atmosphere.
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The Biosphere• Energy from the sun interacts with the Earth's biosphere; the layer of air, land and water near the Earth’s surface where all life exists.
• The biosphere is composed of three different parts; the atmosphere (air), the lithosphere (land), and the hydrosphere (water).
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Absorption of Energy and the Biosphere
• If the biosphere absorbed all the energy from the sun, life on earth would not be possible.
• Instead, the Earth maintains an energy budget by absorbing and reflecting a balanced amount of solar energy (the energy generated and given off by the sun).
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Solar Energy• Solar energy travels through a process known as
radiation, a mechanism of heat transfer in which atoms or molecules give off energy as electromagnetic waves.
• The waves are carried through space and the atmosphere and do not release any energy until they come in contact with some form of matter (ground, water or air).
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Wavelengths of Solar Energy
• While solar energy consists of seven different types of wavelengths, the majority of those that reach the Earth are in the form of visible light, infrared and ultraviolet wavelengths.
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Visible Light
• Visible light travels through the atmosphere unchanged and is either reflected or absorbed by the Earth’s surface depending on the color and properties of the surface it strikes.
• The absorbed solar energy warms the surface and then the surface gives off energy in the form of infrared radiation.
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Infrared Radiation from the Surface
• The atmosphere can absorb the infrared radiation given off by the ground and this warms the air.
• Some of the infrared radiation is passed back into space while some of it is trapped in our atmosphere by gasses such as carbon dioxide, water vapour and methane.
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Earth’s Energy Budget
• The Earth maintains a balance between the energy it absorbs from the sun and the energy it radiates back into space.
• This is called the Earth’s energy budget and it is essential in sustaining Earth’s biosphere.
• How do you think we are doing maintaining Earth's energy balance in the 21st century?
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Solar Energy Budget
Incoming Solar Radiation• 49% absorbed by land• 42% absorbed, reflected
& scattered by clouds, gases and aerosols in atmosphere
• 9% is reflected by Earth’s surface
Outgoing Radiation• 69% is emitted as long-
wave radiation• 31% is emitted as
outgoing solar radiation reflected by the surface, clouds and aerosols.
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Factors Affecting Absorption of Energy
• The amount of energy a surface will absorb is affected by its color. Darker surfaces will absorb more energy while lighter surfaces will reflect energy.
• How much energy a substance reflects is known as its albedo.
• The albedo of a surface can change with the seasons. For example an open field covered with snow in the winter will have a higher albedo than in the summer.
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Factors Affecting Absorption of Energy
• The type of substance will also influence its albedo.
• Water is an excellent heat sink which means it can absorb and retain a larger quantity of energy than most other substances before changing state.
• This is because water has a high specific heat capacity (much higher than air or land)
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Water and Weather
• Due to the high specific heat capacity of water, it has a big influence on weather.
• Areas near large bodies of water will tend to have cooler summers and warmer winters than inland locations.
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Greenhouse Gases as Heat Sinks
• Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour act as a heat sink because they absorb outgoing radiant energy and reflect it back in all directions.
• This is why the Earth does not completely cool at night and they cause the troposphere (where weather occurs) to retain more heat.