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The Axial Skeleton Even craniates may have an exoskeleton and an endoskeleton Which type is derived from dermis and epidermis? Some bones have left their original place to “sink” and fuse with other bones. We will identify units and discuss their origins… Skeleton Chondrocran ium Postcranial Cranial Axial Splanchnocran ium Dermatocraniu m Appedicular Vertebrae Notochord Limbs Girdles

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Page 1: The Axial Skeleton Even craniates may have an exoskeleton and an endoskeleton Which type is derived from dermis and epidermis? Some bones have left their

The Axial SkeletonEven craniates may have an exoskeleton and an endoskeleton

Which type is derived from dermis and epidermis?

Some bones have left their original place to “sink” and fuse with other bones.

We will identify units and discuss their origins…

Cranial and postcranial

Axial and appendicular

Skeleton

Chondrocranium

PostcranialCranial

Axial

Splanchnocranium Dermatocranium

Appedicular

Vertebrae

Notochord LimbsGirdles

Page 2: The Axial Skeleton Even craniates may have an exoskeleton and an endoskeleton Which type is derived from dermis and epidermis? Some bones have left their

The Axial SkeletonVertebral column:

Basic anatomy consists of…

*Supporting body (centrum)

*Neural arch (along with ligaments forms vertebral canal)

*Processes (diapophyses, zygopophyses)

Page 3: The Axial Skeleton Even craniates may have an exoskeleton and an endoskeleton Which type is derived from dermis and epidermis? Some bones have left their

AtlasAxisCervicalThoracicLumbarSacralCoccyx

How can you tell one type of vertebrae from another?

What function determines each form?

The Axial Skeleton

Page 4: The Axial Skeleton Even craniates may have an exoskeleton and an endoskeleton Which type is derived from dermis and epidermis? Some bones have left their

The Axial SkeletonVertebral column morphogenesis:

Mesenchymal cells surround notochord and neural tube

Differentiate into chondroblasts

Osteoblasts later deposit bone matrix on cartilage scaffolding (see Chpt. 7)

Page 5: The Axial Skeleton Even craniates may have an exoskeleton and an endoskeleton Which type is derived from dermis and epidermis? Some bones have left their

The Axial SkeletonVertebral column of fish:

Much diversity in the fossil record

2 basic zones of differentiation…

Trunk (dorsals)

Tail (caudals)

Agnathans with lateral neural cartilages only

On other fishes there is an elastic ligament connecting neural spines

Page 6: The Axial Skeleton Even craniates may have an exoskeleton and an endoskeleton Which type is derived from dermis and epidermis? Some bones have left their

The Axial SkeletonDevelopment of tetrapod vertebrae:

Different styles of centra resulted from fusing of intervertebral discs (intercentra)

Amphicelous

Opisthocelous

Procelous

Acelous

Heterocelous

Page 7: The Axial Skeleton Even craniates may have an exoskeleton and an endoskeleton Which type is derived from dermis and epidermis? Some bones have left their

The Axial SkeletonCervical vertebrae:

C1 & C2

Odontoid process and transverse alantal ligament

Cervical vertebrae vary among species

Birds… heterocelous and long (25 in swans)

Most all mammals have 7 vertebrae, centra lengths differ…

Page 8: The Axial Skeleton Even craniates may have an exoskeleton and an endoskeleton Which type is derived from dermis and epidermis? Some bones have left their

The Axial SkeletonSacrum and synsacrum:

Modified by ankylosed ribs and transverse spines

Also often fused (ankylosed) with adjacent vertebrae

NOT with tetrapods that lack hindlimbs

1- “13”

Synsacrum of birds and armadillos

Page 9: The Axial Skeleton Even craniates may have an exoskeleton and an endoskeleton Which type is derived from dermis and epidermis? Some bones have left their

The Axial SkeletonRibs:

Ribs of tetrapods Homologous with dorsal ribs of some fish species

Often two articulating surfaces or heads (bicipital)… capitulum and tuberculum

Related to transverse foramina in humans…

2 parts… costal rib and sternal rib

How about anurans and urodelans?

Page 10: The Axial Skeleton Even craniates may have an exoskeleton and an endoskeleton Which type is derived from dermis and epidermis? Some bones have left their

The Axial SkeletonSternum:

Absent in many craniates

Largely a tetrapod structure however, crocodilians, turtles and urodelans lack a sternum.

In humans… 3 parts

Manubrium

Body

Xiphoid process


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