the axial skelton activity 1. human anatomy and physiology, 7e by elaine marieb & katja hoehn...

The Axial Skelton

• Activity 1

Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Bones of the axial skeleton

Skull

Ribs

Lumbar vertebrae

Sacrum

Coccyx

Sternum

Costalcartilages

Vertebrae

Thoracic

Lumbar

Anterior view Posterior view

Cervical



Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull

(a)

Parietal bone

Frontal squamaof frontal bone

Nasal bone

Sphenoid bone(greater wing)Temporal boneEthmoid bone

Lacrimal bone

Zygomatic bone

Maxilla

Mandible

Infraorbital foramen

Mentalforamen

Mandibular symphysis

Frontal bone

Glabella

Frontonasal suture

Supraorbital foramen(notch)

Supraorbital marginSuperior orbitalfissure

Inferior orbitalfissure

Middle nasal conchaPerpendicular plate

Inferior nasal concha

Vomer bone

Optic canal

Ethmoidbone



Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull

(b)

Lambdoidsuture

Occipital bone

Occipitomastoidsuture

Superior nuchal line

Externaloccipitalprotuberance

InferiornuchallineOccipital

condyle

Mastoidprocess

Parietal bone

Sagittal suture

Externaloccipitalcrest

Suturalbone



Anatomy of the lateral aspects of the skull

(a)

Coronal suture Frontal bone

Sphenoid bone(greater wing)

Ethmoid bone

Lacrimal bone

Lacrimal fossa

Nasal bone

Zygomatic bone

Maxilla

Alveolar margins

MandibleMental foramen

Parietal bone

Lambdoidsuture

Squamous suture

Occipital bone

Occipitomastoid suture

External acoustic meatus

Mastoid process

Styloid process

Mandibular condyle

Mandibular notch

Mandibular ramus

Mandibular angle Coronoid process

Zygomatic process

Temporal bone



Anatomy of the lateral aspects of the skull

(b)

Parietal boneCoronal suture

Frontal bone

Frontal sinus


Crista galli

Nasal bone

Sphenoid sinusEthmoid bone(perpendicular plate)Vomer bone

Maxilla

Mandible

Alveolar margins

Incisive fossa

Lambdoid suture

Occipitalbone

OccipitomastoidsutureExternal occipitalprotuberance

Internal acousticmeatus

Sella turcicaof sphenoidbone

Pterygoidprocess of sphenoid bone

Mandibularforamen

Palatinebone

Squamoussuture

Temporalbone

Palatineprocess ofmaxilla



Anatomy of the inferior portion of the skull

(a)

Maxilla(palatine process)

Hardpalate

Zygomatic bone

Incisive fossaMedial palatine sutureInfraorbital foramen

Maxilla


Foramen ovale

ForamenlacerumCarotid canal

External acoustic meatus

Stylomastoidforamen

Jugular foramen

Foramen magnum

Occipital condyle

Inferior nuchal line

Superior nuchal line

Temporal bone(zygomatic process)

Mandibularfossa

Vomer

Styloid process

External occipital crest

External occipitalprotuberance

Mastoid process

Temporal bone(petrous part)

Pharyngealtubercle ofbasioccipital

Parietal bone

Palatine bone(horizontal plate)



Figure 7.4b-c: Anatomy of the inferior portion of the skull, p. 208.

(b)

(c)

Frontal boneOlfactory foramina

Lesser wingSphenoid

Anterior cranial fossa

Hypophyseal fossa

Middle cranialfossaTemporal bone(petrous part)

Internalacoustic meatus

Posteriorcranial fossa

Parietal bone

Occipital bone

Foramen magnum

Greater wing

Cribriform plateEthmoidboneCrista galli

Optic canalAnterior clinoid processForamen rotundum

Foramen ovale

Foramen spinosum

Jugular foramen

Hypoglossal canal

Anteriorcranialfossa

Middlecranialfossa

Posteriorcranialfossa

Foramen lacerum

Tuberculum sellae

Dorsum sellaeSellaturcica Posterior clinoid process



The temporal bone

Mastoidregion

External acousticmeatus

Mastoid process

Styloid processTympanicregion

Mandibularfossa

Zygomaticprocess

Squamousregion



The sphenoid bone

(b)

(a)

(c)

Opticcanal

Greaterwing

Body of sphenoid

Greaterwing

Greaterwing

Hypophysealfossa ofsellaturcica

Lesser wing Superiororbitalfissure

Foramenrotundum

Posterior view

Superior view

Foramen rotundumForamen ovaleForamen spinosum

Body of sphenoidDorsum sellae

Anterior clinoidprocess

Posterior clinoid process

Posterior clinoidprocess

Chiasmatic groove

Lesser wing

HypophysealfossaGreater wing

Foramen ovale

Sphenoid sinuses

Pterygoidprocesses

Lesserwing



The sphenoid bone

(a)

Opticcanal

Greaterwing

Greaterwing

Hypophysealfossa ofsella turcica

Lesser wing

Superior view

Foramen rotundum

Foramen ovaleForamen spinosum

Body of sphenoidDorsum sellae

Anterior clinoidprocess

Posterior clinoidprocess

Chiasmatic groove



The sphenoid bone

(b)

Body of sphenoid

Greaterwing

Superiororbitalfissure

Foramenrotundum

Posterior view

Posterior clinoid process

Lesser wing

Pterygoidprocesses



(c)

Lesser wing

HypophysealfossaGreater wing

Foramen ovale

Sphenoid sinuses

The sphenoid bone



The ethmoid bone

Orbitalplate

Ethmoid sinuses

Perpendicularplate

Middlenasal concha

Cribriformplate Olfactory

foramina

Crista galli

Left lateralmass



Detailed anatomy of (a) the mandible and (b) the maxilla

(b)

(a)

Frontal process

Articulates with frontal bone

Anterior nasalspine

Coronoidprocess

Mandibular foramen

Mentalforamen

Mandibularangle

Ramusofmandible

Mandibularcondyle

Mandibular notch

Mandibular fossaof temporal bone

Body of mandible

Alveolarmargin

Infraorbitalforamen

Alveolarmargin

Maxilla

Mandible

Orbital surface

ZygomaticprocessMaxillarybone

Temporomandibularjoint



Detailed anatomy of (a) the mandible and (b) the maxilla

(a) Mandible

Coronoidprocess

Mandibular foramen

Mentalforamen

Mandibularangle

Ramusofmandible

Mandibularcondyle

Mandibular notch

Mandibular fossaof temporal bone

Body of mandible

Alveolarmargin

Temporomandibularjoint



Figure 7.8b: Detailed anatomy of (a) the mandible and (b) the maxilla, p. 212.

(b)

Frontal process

Articulates with frontal bone

Anterior nasalspine

Infraorbitalforamen

Alveolarmargin

Maxilla

Orbital surface

Zygomaticprocess

Maxillarybone



(b)

Roof of orbit

Lesser wing ofsphenoid bone

Medial wall

Orbital plateof ethmoid bone

Sphenoid body

Supraorbital foramen Optic canal

Floor of orbit

Orbital process ofpalatine bone

Orbital surface ofmaxillary bone

Lacrimal bone

Nasal bone

Frontal processof maxilla

Orbital plate offrontal bone

Lateral wall of orbit

Zygomatic processof frontal bone

Greater wing ofsphenoid bone

Orbital surface ofzygomatic bone

Zygomatic bone

Zygomatic bone

Inferior orbital fissure

Infraorbital groove

Infraorbitalforamen

Superiororbital fissure

Special anatomical characteristics of the orbits



Special anatomical characteristics of the nasal cavity

(a)

Frontal sinus

Superiornasal concha

Middlenasal concha

Ethmoid bone

Inferior nasal concha

Nasal bone

Maxillary bone(palatine process)

Palatine bone(perpendicularplate)

Palatine bone (horizontal plate)

Pterygoid process

Sphenoid sinusSphenoid bone

Superior, middle, andinferior meatus

Anterior nasal spine



Special anatomical characteristics of the nasal cavity

(b)

Vomer

Crista galliCribriformplate

Ethmoidbone

Frontal sinus

Nasal bone

Septal cartilage

Alveolar marginof maxilla

Perpendicular plateof ethmoid bone

Sella turcica

Sphenoid sinus

Palatine bone

Palatine processof maxilla



Paranasal sinuses

(a) (b)

Frontal sinusEthmoid sinus

Maxillary sinus

Sphenoid sinus

Frontal sinus

Ethmoid sinus

Maxillary sinus

Sphenoid sinus

Hyoid bone



The vertebral column

Cervical curvature (concave)7 vertebrae, C1– C7

Thoracic curvature(convex)12 vertebrae,T1– T12

Lumbar curvature(concave)5 vertebrae, L1– L5

Sacrum (convex)5 fused vertebrae

Coccyx4 fused vertebrae

Anterior view Right lateral view

C1

T1

2345

678

9

10

11

12L1

2

3

4

5

234567

Spinousprocess

Transverseprocess

Intervertebraldiscs

Intervertebralforamen



Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae

(a)

(b)

Supraspinous ligamentIntervertebraldiscAnteriorlongitudinalligament

Intervertebral foramen

Posterior longitudinalligamentAnulus fibrosus

Nucleus pulposus

Sectioned bodyof vertebra

Transverse process

Sectionedspinous process

Ligamentum flavum

Interspinousligament

Inferior articular process

Vertebral spinousprocess (posterioraspect of vertebra)

Spinal nerveroot

Anulusfibrosusof disc

Herniatedportion ofdisc

Nucleuspulposusof disc

Spinal cord



Structure of a typical vertebra

Posterior

Anterior

Lamina

Superior articularprocess

Transverseprocess

Pedicle

Spinousprocess Vertebral

arch

Vertebralforamen

Body(centrum)



The first and second cervical vertebrae

(a)

(b) (c)

Anterior arch

C1C2 Superior articular

facet

Transverse foramen

Posterior arch

Posterior tubercle

Anterior tubercleAnterior

Lateralmasses

Facet for dens

Transverseprocess

Lateralmasses

Transverse foramen

Posterior arch Posterior tubercle

AnteriorAnterior tubercle

Anterior arch

Inferiorarticularfacet

AnteriorBody

Superior view of atlas (C1)

Inferior view of atlas (C1) Superior view of axis (C2)

Inferiorarticularprocess

Dens

Superiorarticularfacet

Transverseforamen

Transverseprocess

Pedicle

Lamina

Spinous process



Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae

(a)

Dens of axis

Transverse ligament of atlas

C1 (atlas)

C2 (axis)

Inferior articularprocess

Bifid spinousprocess

Transverse processes

C7 (vertebra prominens)

Cervical vertebrae

C3




(b)

Transverse process

Lamina

Spinousprocess

Superiorarticularprocess

Transversecostal facet(for tubercleof rib)

Body

Intervertebraldisc

Pedicle

Inferior costalfacet (for headof rib)


Thoracic vertebrae




(c)

Superiorarticularprocess

Transverseprocess

Spinousprocess

Intervertebraldisc

Body

Pedicle


Lumbar vertebrae



The sacrum and coccyx

(a) (b)

Body offirstsacralvertebra

Transverse ridges(site of vertebralfusion)

Coccyx Coccyx

Anteriorsacralforamina

ApexPosteriorsacralforamina

Mediansacralcrest

Sacralpromontory

Sacralcanal

Sacralhiatus

Body

Facet ofsuperiorarticularprocess

Lateralsacralcrest

Auricularsurface

Ala




The thoracic cage

(a)

Intercostalspaces

True ribs(1–7)

Falseribs(8–12)

Jugular notchClavicular notch

Manubrium

Body

XiphisternaljointXiphoidprocess

L1

Vertebra

Floatingribs(11, 12)

Sternum

Costal cartilageCostal margin

Sternal angle



The thoracic cage

(b)

Aorta

Diaphragm

Xiphisternaljoint

Heart

Sternal angle

Left brachiocephalicvein

Jugular notch

Left common carotid artery

T1

T4

T9

T12



Ribs

(a) (b)

(c)

Transverse costalfacet (for tubercleof rib)

Superior costal facet (for head of rib)Body of vertebra

Head of rib

Intervertebral disc

Tubercle of ribNeck of rib

ShaftSternumAngle

of ribCross-sectionof rib Costal groove

Costal cartilage

Spinous processTubercle of rib

Shaft

Ligaments

Neck of rib

Head of rib Body ofthoracicvertebraSuperior costal facet

Junction withcostal cartilage

ShaftHead Neck

Articular faceton tubercle

Costal angle

Costal groove

Facets for articulationwith vertebrae

The Appendicular Skeleton

• Activity 1



The appendicular skeleton

Humerus

Radius

Ulna

Carpals

Phalanges

Metacarpals

MetatarsalsPhalanges

Tarsals

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Fibula

Clavicle

Scapula



Bones of the pectoral girdle

(a)

(b)

(c)

Clavicle

Scapula

Articulated pectoral girdle

Acromio-clavicularjoint

Acromial (lateral)end

Right clavicle, superior view

Posterior Sternal (medial)end

Anterior

Acromial end

Conoid tubercle

Anterior

Posterior

Right clavicle, inferior view

Sternal end



(d)(e)

Acromion

Coracoidprocess

Suprascapular notchSuperior border

Superiorangle

Subscapularfossa

Medial border

Inferior angle

Glenoidcavity

Lateralborder

Right scapula, anterior aspect

Coracoid process

Suprascapular notch

Acromion

Lateralangle

Lateral border

Medial border

Infraspinousfossa

Spine

Superior angle

Right scapula,posterior aspect

Supraspinousfossa





(f)

Supraspinousfossa

Infraspinousfossa

Subscapularfossa

Posterior Anterior

Coracoidprocess

Glenoidcavity

Acromion

Infraspinousfossa

Right scapula, lateral aspect

Infraglenoidtubercle

Subscapularfossa

Inferior angle



Photographs of selected bones of the pectoral girdle and right upper limb

Acromion AcromionCoracoidprocess

Glenoidcavity

Subscapularfossa

Lateralborder

Medialborder

Inferiorangle

Supraspinousfossa

Body


Scapula

Superiorborder

Superiorangle

Coracoidprocess

Superiorborder

Infraspinousfossa

Lateralborder

Spine ofscapula



The humerus of the right arm

(a) (b)

GreatertubercleLessertubercle

Inter-tubercularsulacus

Lateralsupracondylarridge

Radialfossa

Capitulum

Head ofhumerus

Anatomicalneck

Radial groove

Deltoid tuberosity

Coronoidfossa

Olecranonfossa

MedialepicondyleTrochlea

Surgicalneck

Deltoidtuberosity

Lateralepicondyle

Medialsupracondylarridge




Radius and ulna of the right forearm

(a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

(c)

Radialnotch

OlecranonprocessTrochlearnotchCoronoid process

Proximalradioulnarjoint

Distalradioulnar joint

Styloid processof radius

Radius

Neck ofradius

Head ofradius

Ulnar notch

Head of ulna

Styloid processof ulna

Interosseousmembrane

Ulna

HeadNeck

Radialtuberosity

Radius

Styloid processof radius

Colle’sfracture



Photographs of selected bones of the pectoral girdle and right upper limb (continued)

Posterior

Anterior

Right clavicle, inferior view

Acromial end Sternal end

Impression forcostoclavicularligament

Conoidtubercle

Posterior

Anterior

Acromial (lateral) end

Sternal (medial) end

Right clavicle, superior view

Intertubercularsulcus

Lessertubercle

Greatertubercle

Head

Anatomicalneck

Surgicalneck

Deltoidtuberosity

Coronoidfossa

Medialepicondyle

Shaft

Lateralepicondyle

TrochleaCapitulum

Humerus, anterior view Radius (left) and ulna (right), anterior view

Ulnarhead

Distalradioulnarjoint

Ulna

Radialnotch

Trochlearnotch

Coronoidprocess

Head of radiusNeck of radius

Radialtuberosity

Radius

Location of interosseousmembrane

Styloidprocessof radius

Olecranonprocess



Bones of the hand

(a) (b)

Trapezoid

Trapezium

Scaphoid

Capitate

Radius

Distal

Middle

Proximal

Hamate

Triquetral

Lunate

Ulna

Pisiform

5

43 2

1

Phalanges(fingers)

Metacarpals(palm)

Carpals(wrist)



Bones of the bony pelvis

(a)

Coxal bone(os coxae

or hip bone)

llium

Sacroiliacjoint

Iliac fossa

Pubic bone

Ischium

Sacrum

Base of sacrum

Sacralpromontory

Pelvic brim

Ischial spine

Acetabulum

Pubic crest

Pubic symphysis

Iliac crest

Coccyx

Pubic arch




(b)

Ilium

Ala

Tubercle ofthe iliaccrest

Anterior glutealline

Posterior glutealline

PosteriorsuperioriIiacspine

Greater sciaticnotch

Posterior inferioriliac spine

Ischial body

Ischial spine

Lesser sciatic notch

Ischialtuberosity

Ischium

Ischial ramus

Inferiorgluteal line

Acetabulum

Pubic body

Iliac crest

Anterior superioriliac spine

Anterior inferioriliac spine

Pubis

Inferior ramusof pubis




(c)

Iliac fossaIlium

Iliac crest

Anterior superioriliac spine

Anterior inferioriliac spine

Arcuateline

PubictuberclePubiccrest

Superior ramusof pubis


Posteriorsuperioriliacspine

Obturatorforamen

Body

Ischium

Ischial ramus

Auricularsurface

Ischial spine

Posteriorinferioriliac spine

Articular surface ofpubis (at pubic symphysis)



Photographs of selected bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limb

(a) (b)

Anteriorgluteal line Auricular

surface

Posterior superioriliac spinePosterior inferioriliac spineGreatersciatic notch

Ischial spine

Lessersciatic notchIschial tuberosity

Iliac crest

Anteriorsuperioriliac spine

Anterior inferioriliac spineInferior gluteal lineAcetabulum

Pubic body

Superior ramusof pubis

Pubic tubercle


Pubic symphysis(symphyseal surface)

Ischialramus

Iliacfossa

Arcuateline

Posteriorgluteal line

Posteriorsuperioriliac spine

Posteriorinferioriliac spine

Greater sciaticnotch

Ischial spine

Lessersciatic notch

Ischialtuberosity Ischial ramus

Right hip boneLateral view Medial view

Obturatorforamen



Bones of the right thigh and knee

(a) Patella

(b) Femur

Apex

Anterior

Posterior

Facet formedialcondyleof femur

Facet forlateral condyleof femur

Surface forpatellarligament

Neck Foveacapitis

Greatertrochanter

Intertrochantericcrest

Lateralcondyle

Lateralepicondyle

Head

Intertrochantericline

Lesser trochanter

Gluteal tuberosity

Linea aspera

Intercondylar fossa

Medial andlateral supra-condylar lines

Medial condyle

Medialepicondyle

Adductor tubercle


Lateralepicondyle

Patellarsurface



The tibia and fibula of the right leg

Parts offracturedfibula

Intercondylareminence

Distaltibiofibularjoint

Lateralmalleolus

Articular surface


Medialmalleolus

Tibia

Fibula

Lateralmalleolus

Anteriorborder

Tibialtuberosity

Medialcondyle

Articular surfaceof medial condyle

Articularsurface oflateral condyle

Head offibula

Interosseous membrane

Proximaltibiofibularjoint

LateralcondyleHead

Fibula



Photographs of selected bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limb (continued)

LateralcondyleFibulaarticulateshere

Right femur, anterior surface

Neck

Greatertrochanter

Patellarsurface

Lateral epicondyleLateral condyle

Medialepicondyle Medialcondyle

Adductortubercle

Lessertrochanter

Intertrochantericline

Head

Right tibia and fibula, anterior view

Lateralmalleolusof fibula

Distaltibiofibularjoint

Fibula

Tibia

Anteriorborder

Head offibula

Lateralcondyleof tibia

Medial condyleof tibia

Intercondylareminence

Tibialtuberosity

Medialmalleolus

Inferiorarticular surface

Proximal right tibia,posterior view



Bones of the right foot

(a)

Medialcuneiform

Phalanges

Metatarsals

Tarsals

Navicular

Intermediatecuneiform

Talus

Calcaneus

Cuboid

Lateralcuneiform

Proximal

MiddleDistal

Trochlea ofthe talus

Superior view




(b)

Facet formedialmalleolus

Calcanealtuberosity

Intermediatecuneiform

Susten-taculumtali

Talus

Navicular

First metatarsal

Medialcuneiform

Calcaneus

Medial view




(c) Lateral view

Intermediate cuneiform

Lateral cuneiform

Fifth metatarsal

Facet forlateral malleolus

Talus

Navicular

CuboidCalcaneus

Arches in the foot

Fetal skeleton

• Characteristic– Fontanels

• Anterior fontanel

• Sphenoidal fontanel

• Mastoid Fontanel

• Posterior fontanel



The fetal skull

(a) (b)

Frontal bone

Ossificationcenter

Occipitalbone

Superior view

Posterior fontanel

Parietal bone

Anteriorfontanel

Frontal suture

Lateral view

Posteriorfontanel

Mastoidfontanel

Parietal bone

Ossificationcenter

Occipital bone

Temporal bone (squamous portion)

Frontal bone

Sphenoidalfontanel

the axial skelton activity 1. human anatomy and physiology, 7e by elaine marieb & katja hoehn...

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