the baroque era

THE BAROQUE ERATHE BAROQUE ERA1600-17501600-1750

Journal Entry #8

Given what you know about the Renaissance, what new innovations and styles you do THINK are coming up in the Baroque era? How will music progress from here?

Composer Research Paper Composer Research Paper AssignmentsAssignments

Chris Pearson – Johann Sebastian Chris Pearson – Johann Sebastian BachBach

Nick Caban – Louis ArmstrongNick Caban – Louis ArmstrongBilal Aziz – Ludwig van BeethovenBilal Aziz – Ludwig van BeethovenClaire Chandler – Frederic ChopinClaire Chandler – Frederic ChopinAndrew Drake – Scott JoplinAndrew Drake – Scott JoplinBlake Noud – Andrew Lloyd WebberBlake Noud – Andrew Lloyd WebberJacob Burns – Claude DebussyJacob Burns – Claude DebussyKalyn Moore – Wolfgang Amadeus Kalyn Moore – Wolfgang Amadeus

MozartMozartDominique Flyte – Felix MendelssohnDominique Flyte – Felix MendelssohnJulian Harvey – Carl OrffJulian Harvey – Carl Orff

Emma Brown – Sergei Emma Brown – Sergei RachmaninoffRachmaninoff

Kieryn Beyerl – Pyotr Ilyich Kieryn Beyerl – Pyotr Ilyich TchaikovskyTchaikovsky

Phil Kosydor – Franz SchubertPhil Kosydor – Franz SchubertAaron Brunnworth – Antonio VivaldiAaron Brunnworth – Antonio VivaldiTaimoor Aziz – Henry PurcellTaimoor Aziz – Henry PurcellAlec Camp – Richard WagnerAlec Camp – Richard WagnerSami Greytak – Leonard BernsteinSami Greytak – Leonard BernsteinNate Novak – John WilliamsNate Novak – John WilliamsRyan Kaminsky – Aaron CoplandRyan Kaminsky – Aaron CoplandAnna Stamer – Igor StravinskyAnna Stamer – Igor Stravinsky

THE BAROQUE WORLDTHE BAROQUE WORLD

HistoryHistory 1607 – Jamestown founded1607 – Jamestown founded 1643-1715 – Louis XIV reigns in France1643-1715 – Louis XIV reigns in France 1692 – Salem Witch Trials, Salem, MA1692 – Salem Witch Trials, Salem, MA 1715-1774 – Louis XV reigns in France1715-1774 – Louis XV reigns in France

LiteratureLiterature 1600 – 1600 – Hamlet Hamlet (Shakespeare)(Shakespeare) 1605 – 1605 – Don Quixote Don Quixote (Cervantes)(Cervantes) 1611 – King James Bible1611 – King James Bible 1667 – 1667 – Paradise Lost Paradise Lost (Milton)(Milton) 1719 – 1719 – Robinson Crusoe Robinson Crusoe (Defoe)(Defoe) 1726 – 1726 – Gulliver’s Travels Gulliver’s Travels (Swift)(Swift)

THE BAROQUE WORLD, THE BAROQUE WORLD, cont…cont…

ScienceScience1610 – Galileo confirms that Earth 1610 – Galileo confirms that Earth

revolves around the sunrevolves around the sun1687 – Newton’s 1687 – Newton’s Principia MathematicaPrincipia MathematicaNew approach to science based on New approach to science based on

mathematics + experimentmathematics + experimentDiscovered Discovered mathematical lawsmathematical laws

governing bodies in motiongoverning bodies in motionNew inventions, improvements of New inventions, improvements of

medicine, mining, navigation, industrymedicine, mining, navigation, industry


ArtArtEffort to completely fill spaceEffort to completely fill spaceEmphasis on Emphasis on motionmotion and and dramadramaPotential of Potential of color, depth, contrasts of color, depth, contrasts of

light and darklight and darkArtists wanted to create Artists wanted to create totally totally

structured worldsstructured worlds


Judith Slaying Judith Slaying

Holofernes Holofernes (1612)(1612)Artemisia GentileshiArtemisia Gentileshi


1623 – Bernini: 1623 – Bernini:

David Slaying David Slaying

GoliathGoliath


1653 – Rembrandt: 1653 – Rembrandt:

Aristotle with aAristotle with a

Bust of HomerBust of Homer


““Age of Absolutism”Age of Absolutism”Aristocracy very rich, powerful, lived Aristocracy very rich, powerful, lived

in luxuryin luxury

(Rest of population barely survived)(Rest of population barely survived)Splendid palaces, magnificent balls, Splendid palaces, magnificent balls,

eventseventsAbsolute power – Duke of Weimar Absolute power – Duke of Weimar

and Bachand Bach


Religious institutions also shaped styleReligious institutions also shaped styleChurches used the emotional and Churches used the emotional and

theatrical style of the day to make worship theatrical style of the day to make worship more attractive/appealingmore attractive/appealing

Competing views: Europe divided into Competing views: Europe divided into Catholic and ProtestantCatholic and Protestant

Catholic:Catholic: France, Spain, Italy, Austrian France, Spain, Italy, Austrian EmpireEmpire

Protestant:Protestant: England, Netherlands, England, Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, GermanyDenmark, Sweden, Germany

BAROQUE STYLEBAROQUE STYLE

Baroque = “barroco” = irregularly Baroque = “barroco” = irregularly shaped pearl, term of criticismshaped pearl, term of criticismHighly decorated, elaborately Highly decorated, elaborately

ornamentedornamentedEmphasis on Emphasis on motionmotion and and dramadrama

MAJOR COMPOSERSMAJOR COMPOSERS

Two giants: George Frederic Handel Two giants: George Frederic Handel and Johann Sebastian Bachand Johann Sebastian Bach

Bach’s death: 1750Bach’s death: 1750Other important composers: Other important composers:

Monteverdi, Purcell, Corelli, VivaldiMonteverdi, Purcell, Corelli, Vivaldi

GENERAL BAROQUE MUSICGENERAL BAROQUE MUSIC

Divided into 3 phasesDivided into 3 phases1.1. Early: 1600-1640Early: 1600-1640

2.2. Middle: 1640-1680Middle: 1640-1680

3.3. Late: 1680-1750Late: 1680-1750

GENERAL BAROQUE MUSIC, GENERAL BAROQUE MUSIC, cont…cont…

Music composed for texts conveying Music composed for texts conveying extreme emotion, text ruled musicextreme emotion, text ruled music

Stress on drama and text led to Stress on drama and text led to operaopera – drama sung to orchestra – drama sung to orchestra accompanimentaccompanimentMelodies imitated the Melodies imitated the

rhythms/inflections of speechrhythms/inflections of speech


Early Baroque: Homophonic over Early Baroque: Homophonic over polyphonic texturepolyphonic textureWords were clearer with one melody Words were clearer with one melody

over over chordal accompanimentchordal accompanimentDissonanceDissonance and and contrasts of contrasts of

soundssounds were used to depict extreme were used to depict extreme emotionsemotionsContrasts of sound examples: Contrasts of sound examples:

one solo singer against an entire chorusone solo singer against an entire chorusSingers against instrumentsSingers against instruments


Middle Baroque:Middle Baroque:New style spread from Italy all overNew style spread from Italy all overChurch modes officially gave way to Church modes officially gave way to

major and minor scalesmajor and minor scalesInstrumental music importantInstrumental music importantViolin family most popularViolin family most popular


Late Baroque:Late Baroque:Most music heard today is from late Most music heard today is from late

BaroqueBaroqueDominant Dominant to to tonic tonic chordschordsInstrumental as important as vocalInstrumental as important as vocalPolyphonic texture returnsPolyphonic texture returns

BAROQUE MUSIC (SHMRFT)BAROQUE MUSIC (SHMRFT)

SoundSoundUnity of MoodUnity of Mood

Usually expresses one basic mood Usually expresses one basic mood throughout (but not in vocal music)throughout (but not in vocal music)

Emotional states represented – joy, Emotional states represented – joy, grief, agitation, called grief, agitation, called affectionsaffections

Specific rhythm/melodic patterns Specific rhythm/melodic patterns became associated with specific moodsbecame associated with specific moods

(SHMRFT) cont…(SHMRFT) cont…

HarmonyHarmony Chords Chords increasingly importantincreasingly important Chords gave prominence to the Chords gave prominence to the bassbass, ,

which is the foundation of a chordwhich is the foundation of a chord Basso continuoBasso continuo – accompaniment made – accompaniment made

up of a bass part usually played by two up of a bass part usually played by two instrumentsinstruments a keyboard plus a low melodic instrument like a keyboard plus a low melodic instrument like

cello or bassooncello or bassoon

Harmony, cont…Harmony, cont…Basso continuo played in left hand, Basso continuo played in left hand,

while right hand creates chords while right hand creates chords based on numbers written in the based on numbers written in the music, called music, called figured bassfigured bass

Example: pg. 129Example: pg. 129


Filling in chords according to figured Filling in chords according to figured bass is called bass is called realizationrealization

Figured bass only specifies basic Figured bass only specifies basic chordschords

Performer has great freedomPerformer has great freedomAlso saved time for busy Baroque Also saved time for busy Baroque

composerscomposersAlso saved paper, which was very Also saved paper, which was very

expensiveexpensive


Figured bass is the shorthand system Figured bass is the shorthand system that leads to song lead sheets and that leads to song lead sheets and jazz improvisation of todayjazz improvisation of today


RhythmRhythmPatterns repeat throughout piecePatterns repeat throughout piece

Created Created forward momentumforward momentumForward motion rarely interruptedForward motion rarely interrupted

BeatBeat emphasized more than emphasized more than RenaissanceRenaissance


MelodyMelodyRepeated throughout pieceRepeated throughout piece, melodies , melodies

heard again and again throughoutheard again and again throughoutCharacter of the melody remains Character of the melody remains

constantconstantContinuous expanding, unfolding, and Continuous expanding, unfolding, and

unwinding of melodyunwinding of melodySequencesSequences used usedOrnamentationOrnamentation

Hard to sing and rememberHard to sing and remember

LISTENING FOR ORNMENTATIONLISTENING FOR ORNMENTATION

Sonata da chiesa, Op. 5, No. 1Sonata da chiesa, Op. 5, No. 1Arcangelo CorelliArcangelo CorelliAlso listen for harpsichordAlso listen for harpsichord

(SHMRFT) cont… (SHMRFT) cont…

DynamicsDynamics Volume level stays constant for long timeVolume level stays constant for long time Terraced dynamicsTerraced dynamics – sudden shifts in – sudden shifts in

dynamicsdynamics Organ, harpsichord, clavichord: narrow Organ, harpsichord, clavichord: narrow

dynamic changesdynamic changes Organ and harpsichord – incapable of gradual Organ and harpsichord – incapable of gradual

dynamic changesdynamic changes Clavichord – very small piano-like instrumentClavichord – very small piano-like instrument

Capable of gradual dynamic changes, but only Capable of gradual dynamic changes, but only within small range (within small range (ppp-mpppp-mp))

LISTENING FOR TERRACED LISTENING FOR TERRACED DYNAMICSDYNAMICS

Hallelujah ChorusHallelujah Chorus from from MessiahMessiahGeorge Frederic HandelGeorge Frederic HandelListen for trumpet and timpaniListen for trumpet and timpani


TextureTextureEarly Baroque: homophonicEarly Baroque: homophonicLate Baroque: usually polyphonicLate Baroque: usually polyphonicSoprano and BassSoprano and Bass: most important: most importantImitationImitationSome vocal pieces may switch Some vocal pieces may switch

texture for change of moodtexture for change of mood

SHMRFT, cont…SHMRFT, cont…

Texture, cont…Texture, cont… Music depicts specific meanings (word Music depicts specific meanings (word

painting) painting) ““heaven” – high, “hell” – low, “grief” – heaven” – high, “hell” – low, “grief” –

descending chromatic scaledescending chromatic scale Words emphasized by writing many rapid Words emphasized by writing many rapid

notes for a single syllable of text - notes for a single syllable of text - mellismasmellismas Technique also demonstrated singer’s Technique also demonstrated singer’s

virtuosityvirtuosity

LISTENING TO MELLISMASLISTENING TO MELLISMAS

Ev’ry Valley Shall Be ExaltedEv’ry Valley Shall Be Exalted from from MessiahMessiahGeorge Frederic HandelGeorge Frederic Handel

THE BAROQUE ORCHESTRATHE BAROQUE ORCHESTRA

10-40 players10-40 playersBased on instruments of violin familyBased on instruments of violin familyMain partsMain parts

Basso continuo – harpsichord & cello or Basso continuo – harpsichord & cello or bass & bassoonbass & bassoon

Upper strings – 1Upper strings – 1stst and 2 and 2ndnd violins & violins & violasviolas

Use of woodwind, brass, percussion Use of woodwind, brass, percussion variedvaried

Other instruments could be added – Other instruments could be added – recorder, flute, oboe, trumpet, horns, recorder, flute, oboe, trumpet, horns, trombone, timpanitrombone, timpani

Trumpet & timpani joined in for Trumpet & timpani joined in for festive musicfestive music

LISTENING FOR FESTIVE LISTENING FOR FESTIVE TRUMPETTRUMPET

Gloria Gloria from Gloria in D Majorfrom Gloria in D MajorAntonio VivaldiAntonio Vivaldi

Different than modern orchestra:Different than modern orchestra:4 groups of instruments4 groups of instruments

Trumpet was different, no valvesTrumpet was different, no valvesDifficult to play, associated with royaltyDifficult to play, associated with royaltyTrumpeters were the top of the Trumpeters were the top of the

orchestra ladderorchestra ladderTreated like military officersTreated like military officers

BAROQUE FORMSBAROQUE FORMS

movementmovement – a piece that sounds – a piece that sounds fairly complete and independent but fairly complete and independent but is part of a larger compositionis part of a larger compositioneach movement:each movement:

has its own themeshas its own themescomes to a definite endcomes to a definite endis separated from the next movement by a is separated from the next movement by a

brief pausebrief pause

3-Part: ABA3-Part: ABA2-Part: AB2-Part: ABThrough-composedThrough-composedAlways contrast between bodies Always contrast between bodies

of soundof soundExamples: Examples:

alteration between small and large alteration between small and large groups of instrumentsgroups of instruments

Voices and instrumentsVoices and instruments

VOCABULARYVOCABULARY GalileoGalileo NewtonNewton BaroqueBaroque OrnamentationOrnamentation OperaOpera AffectionsAffections Basso continuoBasso continuo Figured BassFigured Bass RealizationRealization Terraced dynamicsTerraced dynamics SequencesSequences ClavichordClavichord OrchestraOrchestra

GROUP PRESENTATIONSGROUP PRESENTATIONS

Isaac NewtonIsaac Newton Baroque DanceBaroque Dance Famous Baroque OperasFamous Baroque OperasAlec CampAlec Camp Dominique FlyteDominique Flyte Chris PearsonChris PearsonAaron BrunnworthAaron Brunnworth Claire ChandlerClaire Chandler Nate NovakNate NovakTaimoor AzizTaimoor Aziz Emma BrownEmma Brown Ryan KaminskyRyan KaminskyNick CabanNick Caban Julian HarveyJulian Harvey Blake NoudBlake Noud

GalileoGalileo Baroque Royal CourtsBaroque Royal CourtsBilal AzizBilal Aziz Phil KosydorPhil KosydorJacob BurnsJacob Burns Kalyn MooreKalyn MooreKieryn BeyerlKieryn Beyerl Andrew DrakeAndrew DrakeAnna StamerAnna Stamer Sami GreytakSami Greytak

the baroque era

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