the basics of computer networking-editted
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The Basics of Computer Networking
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The Computer Network
Arguably, the greatest advancement in technology andcommunication over the past 20 years has been the development
and advancement of the computer network. From emailing a
friend to on-line bill paying to downloading data off the Internet to
e-commerce, networking has made our world much smaller and
changed the way we communicate forever.
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Networking
• Computer network A collection of
computing devices that are connected in
various ways in order to communicate and
share resources
Usually, the connections between
computers in a network are made using
physical wires or cables
However, some connections are wireless,
using radio waves or infrared signals
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The Computer Network
hat is a !omputer "etwork
net·work: [ net -wurk] – noun, a system containing any
combination of computers, computer terminals, printers,audio or visual display devices, or telephones
interconnected by telecommunication equipment or
cables: used to transmit or receive information
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Navigation Links
"etwork #iagram $ %asic &ayout and map of a traditional computer network.
"etwork 'ypes $ !omputer networks vary in shape and si(e depending on usage.
- A"
- &A"
- )eer to )eer
Fiber *ptic !able $ *ne of the &atest innovations in network cabling.
+witches and ubs $ 'he central device within a network that transmit data.+ervers $ 'he central storage device for the names and locations of various data.
- I) Addresses
'opologies $ 'he layouts of various network designs.
- +tar
- %us
- ing
Firewalls $ 'he network software that keeps destructive forces from a network.outers $ 'he device that let messages flow between networks. ireless "etworks - Allows computers to be moved without wires or cables.
'he Internet $ 'he worlds largest network.
eferences
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&ocal-area network /&A" A network that connects a
relatively small number of machines in a relatively close
geographical area!arious configurations, called topologies, have
been used to administer "A#s
ing topology A configuration that connects all
nodes in a closed loop on which messages travel in
one direction
+tar topology A configuration that centers around
one node to which all others are connected andthrough which all messages are sent
%us topology All nodes are connected to a single
communication line that carries messages in both
directions
'ypes of "etwork
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Wid -ar a n twork (WAN) Anetwork that connects two or more
local-area networks over a potentialllarge geographic distance
!ften one particular node on a LAN isset up to serve as a gat wa to handle allcommunication going "etween that LAN and
other networksCommunication "etween
networks is called internetworkingThe #nt rn t$ as we know it toda$ is
essentiall the ultimate wide-area network$
spanning the entire glo"e
'ypes of "etwork
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% tropolitan-ar a n twork (%AN) The communication infrastructuresthat have "een developed in and
around large cities
'ypes of "etwork
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The Network &iagram(Click on the Words Below and Learn %ore A"out 'ach Component)
'he Internet
*ther &A"+
Firewall
outer
Fiber *ptic "etwork !able
+erver
)!
ireless "etwork
ired "etwork
+witch
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"avigation"etwork #iagram
"etwork 'ypes
- A"
- &A"
- )eer to )eer
Fiber *ptic !able
+witches and ubs+ervers
- I) Addresses
'opologies
- +tar
- %us
- ingFirewalls
outers
ireless "etworks
'he Internet
eferences
The Three Tpes of Networks
)11 '* )11
I#1 A1A &*!A& A1A
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.computernetworks.com/Images/WAN.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.computernetworks.com/WAN.cfm&h=216&w=260&sz=32&hl=en&start=1&um=1&tbnid=FtShEV6853INCM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=112&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwide%2Barea%2Bnetworks%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den
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Wide Area Network
• A ide Area "etwork eist over a large area
• #ata travels through telephone or cable lines
• 3sually re4uires a 5odem
• 'he worlds largest ide Area "etwork in the
Internet
"avigation"etwork #iagram
"etwork 'ypes
- A"
- &A"
- )eer to )eer
Fiber *ptic !able
+witches and ubs+ervers
- I) Addresses
'opologies
- +tar
- %us
- ingFirewalls
outers
ireless "etworks
'he Internet
eferences
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.computernetworks.com/Images/WAN.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.computernetworks.com/WAN.cfm&h=216&w=260&sz=32&hl=en&start=1&um=1&tbnid=FtShEV6853INCM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=112&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwide%2Barea%2Bnetworks%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den
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Local Area Network
• A &ocal Area "etwork spans a relatively small
area
• &A" are usually confined to one building or a
group of buildings
• #ata travel between network devices via
network cables.
• 'he most common type of &ocal Area "etwork
is called 1thernet
"avigation"etwork #iagram
"etwork 'ypes
- A"
- &A"
- )eer to )eer
Fiber *ptic !able
+witches and ubs+ervers
- I) Addresses
'opologies
- +tar
- %us
- ingFirewalls
outers
ireless "etworks
'he Internet
eferences
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eer to eer Network
• 3sually very small networks
• 1ach workstation has e4uivalent capabilities
and responsibilities
• #oes not re4uire a switch or a hub.
• 'hese types of networks do not perform well
under heavy data loads.
"avigation"etwork #iagram
"etwork 'ypes
- A"
- &A"
- )eer to )eer
Fiber *ptic !able
+witches and ubs+ervers
- I) Addresses
'opologies
- +tar
- %us
- ingFirewalls
outers
ireless "etworks
'he Internet
eferences
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i"er !ptic Ca"le
• educes interference in the network
• 'ransmit data faster than copper network cable
• Allows for more bandwidth• +maller and more fragile than copper cable
+tandard
"etwork
!opper !able
"avigation"etwork #iagram"etwork 'ypes
- A"
- &A"
- )eer to )eer
Fiber *ptic !able
+witches and ubs+ervers
- I) Addresses
'opologies
- +tar
- %us
- ingFirewalls
outers
ireless "etworks
'he Internet
eferences
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.gshop.com.au/images/network_cable.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.gshop.com.au/products_all.html%3Fpage%3D6%26disp_order%3D1&h=480&w=640&sz=14&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=34QP8Ds3-2ETIM:&tbnh=103&tbnw=137&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dstandard%2Bnetwork%2Bcable%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN
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*witches and +u"s
• #ata travels faster through switches because data is not
se4uenced as it is in a hub• 'he information is more secure when it passes through
a switch as opposed to a hub.
• Information travels more efficiently through a switch
because travels directly to its destination as opposed to
being broadcast to all )!s on the network hub.
"etwork +witches "etwork ubs
"avigation"etwork #iagram"etwork 'ypes
- A"
- &A"
- )eer to )eer
Fiber *ptic !able
+witches and ubs+ervers
- I) Addresses
'opologies
- +tar
- %us
- ingFirewalls
outers
ireless "etworks
'he Internet
eferences
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*ervers3sers are connected to
certain servers whichwill fulfill the re4uired
re4uest.
'here are 6 )rinciple
'ypes of +ervers
)rint +ervers
!ontains the name and
location of all printers
that are on the
"etwork
File +ervers
!ontain the location and
names of the various
drives, files, and
folders on a "etwork
eb +ervers
!ontain the )rograms,
Files, and Internet
eb +ites
ack of +ervers
"avigation"etwork #iagram"etwork 'ypes
- A"
- &A"
- )eer to )eer
Fiber *ptic !able
+witches and ubs+ervers
- I) Addresses
'opologies
- +tar
- %us
- ing
Firewalls
outers
ireless "etworks
'he Internet
eferences
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We" *ervers
I) Addresses
$%&' stands for %nternet &rotocol %& Addresses serve as
the location of websites on the %nternet as well as the
workstations that are connected to the web %& addresses
are made up of four sets of numbers called 7*ctets8.
(here are two types of %& Addresses: )tatic and(emporary *elow is a description of both
+tatic I) Addresses 'emporary I) Addresses
)tatic %& addresses are
found only on servers and
remain the same
A #omain "ame +erver
assigns a $human
readable' web address to
each static %& address to
make it more user friendly
(emporary %& addresses
are found only on &C+s are
constantly changing each
time it is logged on
(emporary %& addresses
are assigned by an %)&
%nternet )ervice &rovider-
each time it is logged on to
the %nternet
"avigation"etwork #iagram"etwork 'ypes
- A"
- &A"
- )eer to )eer
Fiber *ptic !able
+witches and ubs+ervers
- I) Addresses
'opologies
- +tar
- %us
- ing
Firewalls
outers
ireless "etworks
'he Internet
eferences
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Network Topologies
"etwork 'opology refers to the shape of a
network, or the network9s layout. ow different
nodes in a network are connected to each other
and how they communicate are determined by
the network9s topology.
'here are three basic topologies:
+tar ing
%us
"avigation"etwork #iagram"etwork 'ypes
- A"
- &A"
- )eer to )eer
Fiber *ptic !able
+witches and ubs+ervers
- I) Addresses
'opologies
- +tar
- %us
- ing
Firewalls
outers
ireless "etworks
'he Internet
eferences
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*tar Topolog
• All devices are connected to a central hub.
• "odes communicate across the network bypassing data through the hub or switch.
"avigation"etwork #iagram"etwork 'ypes
- A"
- &A"
- )eer to )eer
Fiber *ptic !able
+witches and ubs+ervers
- I) Addresses
'opologies
- +tar
- %us
- ing
Firewalls
outers
ireless "etworks
'he Internet
eferences
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,ing Topolog
• All devices are connected to one another in
the shape of a closed loop.
• 1ach device is connected directly to twoother devices, one on either side of it.
"avigation"etwork #iagram"etwork 'ypes
- A"
- &A"
- )eer to )eer
Fiber *ptic !able
+witches and ubs+ervers
- I) Addresses
'opologies
- +tar
- %us
- ing
Firewalls
outers
ireless "etworks
'he Internet
eferences
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Bus Topolog
''
• All devices are connected to a central
cable, called the bus or backbone.
• 'here are terminators at each end of the bus
that stops the signal and keeps it from
traveling backwards.
"avigation"etwork #iagram"etwork 'ypes
- A"
- &A"
- )eer to )eer
Fiber *ptic !able
+witches and ubs+ervers
- I) Addresses
'opologies
- +tar
- %us
- ing
Firewalls
outers
ireless "etworks
'he Internet
eferences
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irewalls
• A firewall is a software that can be loaded on to
a network that can serve as a barrier that keeps
destructive forces away from a network of
computers.
• )ackets of data are analy(ed against a set of
criteria or standards called filters.
• Filters block certain designated I) addresses.
"avigation"etwork #iagram"etwork 'ypes
- A"
- &A"
- )eer to )eer
Fiber *ptic !able
+witches and ubs+ervers
- I) Addresses
'opologies
- +tar
- %us
- ing
Firewalls
outers
ireless "etworks
'he Internet
eferences
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,outers
hether a outer is traditional or wireless, its
purposes remain the same.
outers are speciali(ed computers that send
your messages and those of every other
Internet user speeding to their destinations
along thousands of pathways.
outers are crucial devices that let messages
flow between networks, rather than within
networks.
+tandard outer ireless outer
"avigation"etwork #iagram"etwork 'ypes
- A"
- &A"
- )eer to )eer
Fiber *ptic !able
+witches and ubs+ervers
- I) Addresses
'opologies
- +tar
- %us
- ing
Firewalls
outers
ireless "etworks
'he Internet
eferences
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"avigation"etwork #iagram"etwork 'ypes
- A"
- &A"
- )eer to )eer
Fiber *ptic !able
+witches and ubs+ervers
- I) Addresses
'opologies
- +tar
- %us
- ing
Firewalls
outers
ireless "etworks
'he Internet
Wireless Networks
Allows for
computers to be
moved easily
without having to
worry about wires
or cables
alkie-'alkie "etwork• ;ou would e4uip each computer with basically,
a walkie-talkie.
• ;ou would give each computer a way to set
whether it wants to transmit or receive.
• A wireless network converts binary signal /0s
and
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The #nternet
The simplest definition of the Internet
is that it's a network of computer
networks
"avigation"etwork #iagram"etwork 'ypes
- A"
- &A"
- )eer to )eer
Fiber *ptic !able
+witches and ubs+ervers
- I) Addresses
'opologies
- +tar
- %us
- ing
Firewalls
outers
ireless "etworks
'he Internet
eferences
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The #nternet
ow Information 'ravel 'hrough the Internet
A page on the Internet=whether it9s full of words, images
or both=doesn9t come to you in one shipment. It9s
translated into digital information, chopped into 00
byte pieces called )A!?1'+, and sent to you like a
pu((le that needs to be reassembled. 1ach part of the
packet has a specific function:
eader
)rovides the
complete
destination
address for the
packet
#ata %lock
'he portion of the overall
information carried by the packet
+e4uence I#
I#s where the information
belongs in relation to the
rest of the information
1nd of 5essageI#s the end of the
packet
"avigation"etwork #iagram"etwork 'ypes
- A"
- &A"
- )eer to )eer
Fiber *ptic !able
+witches and ubs+ervers
- I) Addresses
'opologies
- +tar
- %us
- ing
Firewalls
outers
ireless "etworks
'he Internet
eferences
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The #nternet
ow Information 'ravel 'hrough the Internet
hen you connect to a eb site through an I+) and start
echanging information, there isn9t a fied connection
between your computer and the eb server computer
hosting the eb site. Instead, information is echanged
using the best possible path at that particular time.
+pecial computers called routers determine these paths,avoiding slow links and favoring fast ones.
;our
!omputer
I+)
outers
eb
+ervers
"avigation"etwork #iagram"etwork 'ypes
- A"
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- )eer to )eer
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+witches and ubs+ervers
- I) Addresses
'opologies
- +tar
- %us
- ing
Firewalls
outers
ireless "etworks
'he Internet
eferences
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,eferences
Intel !orporation, /200@. www.intel.com. etrieved 5ay