the basics of morphological analysis
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
The Basics of Morphological Analysis
![Page 2: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Supplementary Readings
The following readings have been posted to the Moodlecourse site:
I Contemporary Linguistics: Chapter 4 (pp. 143-146)I Contemporary Linguistics: Morphophonemics
AppendixI Language Files: Chapter 4.5 (pp. 172-175)
The following reading (on Moodle) is not essential, butyou might find it helpful/interesting:
I Language Instinct; Chapter 5 (119-152)
![Page 3: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemicsPast Tense Morphology inEnglish
Towards Morphophonemics
The Existence of a Rule
Morphemes andAllomorphs
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Rules of ‘Pronunciation’
Fact From Four Weeks Ago:The phonology of a language includes rules that affect thepronunciation of particular phones.
I Example:/p/, /t/, /k/ in English are aspirated when they are are the firstsound in an onset.
Fact We Will Now Learn:The morphology of a language includes rules that affect thepronunciation of particular morphemes.
I Example:The past tense suffix /-d/ in English is pronounced as [-t] whenpreceding a voiceless C.
![Page 4: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemicsPast Tense Morphology inEnglish
Towards Morphophonemics
The Existence of a Rule
Morphemes andAllomorphs
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
The Past Tense Suffix /-d/ in EnglishFact From Last Unit:In English, there is a suffix /-d/ that has the following properties:
I We write it as “-ed” (even though that’s not how it’s pronounced)I It attaches to (most) verbs.I It is inflectional.I It means ‘past tense’ (the action happened in the past)
“buzz” [b2z] “buzzed” [b2zd]“sigh” [saj] “sighed” [sajd]“grab” [gôæb] “grabbed” [gôæbd]“call” [kAl] “called” [kAld]“fan” [fæn] “fanned” [fænd]“save” [sejv] “saved” [sejvd]
![Page 5: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemicsPast Tense Morphology inEnglish
Towards Morphophonemics
The Existence of a Rule
Morphemes andAllomorphs
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Other Past Tense Morphology in EnglishFact From Last Unit:In English, some verbs form past tense via ‘internal change’ (ablaut).
“see” [si] “saw” [sO]“know” [now] “knew” [nu]“think” [TiNk] “thought” [TOt]“write” [ôajt] “wrote” [ôowt]“sing” [siN] “sang” [sæN]“give” [gIv] “gave” [gejv]
This Rule is Different:I Only some verbs form past tense in this way.
I New verbs never form their past tense this way (only with “-ed”)I So, there isn’t really a (general) rule of ‘ablaut’ for English
past-tense.
I For some ‘irregular’ verbs, we do just have to memorizewhat their past-tense form is.
![Page 6: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemicsPast Tense Morphology inEnglish
Towards Morphophonemics
The Existence of a Rule
Morphemes andAllomorphs
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Other Past Tense Morphology in EnglishFact From Last Unit:In English, some verbs form past tense via ‘internal change’ (ablaut).
“see” [si] “saw” [sO]“know” [now] “knew” [nu]“think” [TiNk] “thought” [TOt]“write” [ôajt] “wrote” [ôowt]“sing” [siN] “sang” [sæN]“give” [gIv] “gave” [gejv]
This Rule is Different:I Only some verbs form past tense in this way.
I New verbs never form their past tense this way (only with “-ed”)
I So, there isn’t really a (general) rule of ‘ablaut’ for Englishpast-tense.
I For some ‘irregular’ verbs, we do just have to memorizewhat their past-tense form is.
![Page 7: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemicsPast Tense Morphology inEnglish
Towards Morphophonemics
The Existence of a Rule
Morphemes andAllomorphs
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Other Past Tense Morphology in EnglishFact From Last Unit:In English, some verbs form past tense via ‘internal change’ (ablaut).
“see” [si] “saw” [sO]“know” [now] “knew” [nu]“think” [TiNk] “thought” [TOt]“write” [ôajt] “wrote” [ôowt]“sing” [siN] “sang” [sæN]“give” [gIv] “gave” [gejv]
This Rule is Different:I Only some verbs form past tense in this way.
I New verbs never form their past tense this way (only with “-ed”)I So, there isn’t really a (general) rule of ‘ablaut’ for English
past-tense.
I For some ‘irregular’ verbs, we do just have to memorizewhat their past-tense form is.
![Page 8: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemicsPast Tense Morphology inEnglish
Towards Morphophonemics
The Existence of a Rule
Morphemes andAllomorphs
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Towards MorphophonemicsPuzzling Fact 1:In English, there is a suffix [-t] that has all the key properties of /-d/:
I We write it as “-ed” (even though that’s not how it’s pronounced)I It attaches to (most) verbs.I It is inflectional.I It means ‘past tense’ (the action happened in the past)
“bake” [bejk] “baked” [bejkt]“stuff” [st2f] “stuffed” [st2ft]“jump” [Ã2mp] “jumped” [Ã2mpt]“kiss” [kIs] “kissed” [kist]“wish” [wIS] “wished” [wISt]“froth” [fôOT] “frothed” [fôOTt]
![Page 9: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemicsPast Tense Morphology inEnglish
Towards Morphophonemics
The Existence of a Rule
Morphemes andAllomorphs
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Towards MorphophonemicsPuzzling Fact 2:In English, there is a suffix [-1d] that has all the key properties of /-d/:
I We write it as “-ed” (even though that’s not how it’s pronounced)I It attaches to (most) verbs.I It is inflectional.I It means ‘past tense’ (the action happened in the past)
“fold” [fowld] “folded” [fowld1d]“bat” [bæt] “batted” [bæt1d]“lift” [lIft] “lifted” [lIft1d]“seed” [sid] “seeded” [sid1d]
Question:I Are these past tense forms with ‘[-t]’ and ‘[-1d]’ like the ones with
ablaut?I Are they ‘irregular’ forms that we just have to memorize?
![Page 10: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemicsPast Tense Morphology inEnglish
Towards Morphophonemics
The Existence of a Rule
Morphemes andAllomorphs
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Towards MorphophonemicsPuzzling Fact 2:In English, there is a suffix [-1d] that has all the key properties of /-d/:
I We write it as “-ed” (even though that’s not how it’s pronounced)I It attaches to (most) verbs.I It is inflectional.I It means ‘past tense’ (the action happened in the past)
“fold” [fowld] “folded” [fowld1d]“bat” [bæt] “batted” [bæt1d]“lift” [lIft] “lifted” [lIft1d]“seed” [sid] “seeded” [sid1d]
Question:I Are these past tense forms with ‘[-t]’ and ‘[-1d]’ like the ones with
ablaut?I Are they ‘irregular’ forms that we just have to memorize?
![Page 11: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemicsPast Tense Morphology inEnglish
Towards Morphophonemics
The Existence of a Rule
Morphemes andAllomorphs
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Towards MorphophonemicsPuzzling Fact 2:In English, there is a suffix [-1d] that has all the key properties of /-d/:
I We write it as “-ed” (even though that’s not how it’s pronounced)I It attaches to (most) verbs.I It is inflectional.I It means ‘past tense’ (the action happened in the past)
“fold” [fowld] “folded” [fowld1d]“bat” [bæt] “batted” [bæt1d]“lift” [lIft] “lifted” [lIft1d]“seed” [sid] “seeded” [sid1d]
Answer: No!I English speakers know which suffix to use for words they’ve
never heard before!
“to slub” [sl2b] “slubbed” [sl2bd]“to sluk” [sl2k] “slukked” [sl2kt]“to slud” [sl2d] “sludded” [sl2d1d]
![Page 12: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemicsPast Tense Morphology inEnglish
Towards Morphophonemics
The Existence of a Rule
Morphemes andAllomorphs
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Towards MorphophonemicsPuzzling Fact 2:In English, there is a suffix [-1d] that has all the key properties of /-d/:
I We write it as “-ed” (even though that’s not how it’s pronounced)I It attaches to (most) verbs.I It is inflectional.I It means ‘past tense’ (the action happened in the past)
“fold” [fowld] “folded” [fowld1d]“bat” [bæt] “batted” [bæt1d]“lift” [lIft] “lifted” [lIft1d]“seed” [sid] “seeded” [sid1d]
Answer: No!I English speakers know which suffix to use for words they’ve
never heard before!
“to slub” [sl2b] “slubbed”
[sl2bd]“to sluk” [sl2k] “slukked” [sl2kt]“to slud” [sl2d] “sludded” [sl2d1d]
![Page 13: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemicsPast Tense Morphology inEnglish
Towards Morphophonemics
The Existence of a Rule
Morphemes andAllomorphs
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Towards MorphophonemicsPuzzling Fact 2:In English, there is a suffix [-1d] that has all the key properties of /-d/:
I We write it as “-ed” (even though that’s not how it’s pronounced)I It attaches to (most) verbs.I It is inflectional.I It means ‘past tense’ (the action happened in the past)
“fold” [fowld] “folded” [fowld1d]“bat” [bæt] “batted” [bæt1d]“lift” [lIft] “lifted” [lIft1d]“seed” [sid] “seeded” [sid1d]
Answer: No!I English speakers know which suffix to use for words they’ve
never heard before!
“to slub” [sl2b] “slubbed” [sl2bd]
“to sluk” [sl2k] “slukked” [sl2kt]“to slud” [sl2d] “sludded” [sl2d1d]
![Page 14: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemicsPast Tense Morphology inEnglish
Towards Morphophonemics
The Existence of a Rule
Morphemes andAllomorphs
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Towards MorphophonemicsPuzzling Fact 2:In English, there is a suffix [-1d] that has all the key properties of /-d/:
I We write it as “-ed” (even though that’s not how it’s pronounced)I It attaches to (most) verbs.I It is inflectional.I It means ‘past tense’ (the action happened in the past)
“fold” [fowld] “folded” [fowld1d]“bat” [bæt] “batted” [bæt1d]“lift” [lIft] “lifted” [lIft1d]“seed” [sid] “seeded” [sid1d]
Answer: No!I English speakers know which suffix to use for words they’ve
never heard before!
“to slub” [sl2b] “slubbed” [sl2bd]“to sluk” [sl2k] “slukked”
[sl2kt]“to slud” [sl2d] “sludded” [sl2d1d]
![Page 15: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemicsPast Tense Morphology inEnglish
Towards Morphophonemics
The Existence of a Rule
Morphemes andAllomorphs
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Towards MorphophonemicsPuzzling Fact 2:In English, there is a suffix [-1d] that has all the key properties of /-d/:
I We write it as “-ed” (even though that’s not how it’s pronounced)I It attaches to (most) verbs.I It is inflectional.I It means ‘past tense’ (the action happened in the past)
“fold” [fowld] “folded” [fowld1d]“bat” [bæt] “batted” [bæt1d]“lift” [lIft] “lifted” [lIft1d]“seed” [sid] “seeded” [sid1d]
Answer: No!I English speakers know which suffix to use for words they’ve
never heard before!
“to slub” [sl2b] “slubbed” [sl2bd]“to sluk” [sl2k] “slukked” [sl2kt]
“to slud” [sl2d] “sludded” [sl2d1d]
![Page 16: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemicsPast Tense Morphology inEnglish
Towards Morphophonemics
The Existence of a Rule
Morphemes andAllomorphs
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Towards MorphophonemicsPuzzling Fact 2:In English, there is a suffix [-1d] that has all the key properties of /-d/:
I We write it as “-ed” (even though that’s not how it’s pronounced)I It attaches to (most) verbs.I It is inflectional.I It means ‘past tense’ (the action happened in the past)
“fold” [fowld] “folded” [fowld1d]“bat” [bæt] “batted” [bæt1d]“lift” [lIft] “lifted” [lIft1d]“seed” [sid] “seeded” [sid1d]
Answer: No!I English speakers know which suffix to use for words they’ve
never heard before!
“to slub” [sl2b] “slubbed” [sl2bd]“to sluk” [sl2k] “slukked” [sl2kt]“to slud” [sl2d] “sludded”
[sl2d1d]
![Page 17: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemicsPast Tense Morphology inEnglish
Towards Morphophonemics
The Existence of a Rule
Morphemes andAllomorphs
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Towards MorphophonemicsPuzzling Fact 2:In English, there is a suffix [-1d] that has all the key properties of /-d/:
I We write it as “-ed” (even though that’s not how it’s pronounced)I It attaches to (most) verbs.I It is inflectional.I It means ‘past tense’ (the action happened in the past)
“fold” [fowld] “folded” [fowld1d]“bat” [bæt] “batted” [bæt1d]“lift” [lIft] “lifted” [lIft1d]“seed” [sid] “seeded” [sid1d]
Answer: No!I English speakers know which suffix to use for words they’ve
never heard before!
“to slub” [sl2b] “slubbed” [sl2bd]“to sluk” [sl2k] “slukked” [sl2kt]“to slud” [sl2d] “sludded” [sl2d1d]
![Page 18: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemicsPast Tense Morphology inEnglish
Towards Morphophonemics
The Existence of a Rule
Morphemes andAllomorphs
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Towards MorphophonemicsPuzzling Fact 2:In English, there is a suffix [-1d] that has all the key properties of /-d/:
I We write it as “-ed” (even though that’s not how it’s pronounced)I It attaches to (most) verbs.I It is inflectional.I It means ‘past tense’ (the action happened in the past)
“fold” [fowld] “folded” [fowld1d]“bat” [bæt] “batted” [bæt1d]“lift” [lIft] “lifted” [lIft1d]“seed” [sid] “seeded” [sid1d]
Conclusion:Whether a past-tense verb ends in [-d], [-t], [-1d] is determinedby a general rule.
![Page 19: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemicsPast Tense Morphology inEnglish
Towards Morphophonemics
The Existence of a Rule
Morphemes andAllomorphs
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Morphemes and AllomorphsConclusionThere’s a rule stating whether past-tense verbs end in [-d], [-t], [-1d].
Key Observations:These three suffixes have many properties in common:
I They attach to (most) verbs (including newly created ones)I They are inflectionalI They mean ‘past tense’I We write them as “-ed”
I They are all really similar in formI They all end in an oral alveolar stop.
Key Idea:
I At some level, [-d], [-t], [-1d] are really the ‘same suffix’, /-d/
I There’s a rule stating when to pronounce /-d/ as [-d], [-t], [-1d]
![Page 20: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemicsPast Tense Morphology inEnglish
Towards Morphophonemics
The Existence of a Rule
Morphemes andAllomorphs
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Morphemes and AllomorphsConclusionThere’s a rule stating whether past-tense verbs end in [-d], [-t], [-1d].
Key Observations:These three suffixes have many properties in common:
I They attach to (most) verbs (including newly created ones)I They are inflectionalI They mean ‘past tense’I We write them as “-ed”
I They are all really similar in formI They all end in an oral alveolar stop.
Key Idea:
I At some level, [-d], [-t], [-1d] are really the ‘same suffix’, /-d/
I There’s a rule stating when to pronounce /-d/ as [-d], [-t], [-1d]
![Page 21: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemicsPast Tense Morphology inEnglish
Towards Morphophonemics
The Existence of a Rule
Morphemes andAllomorphs
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Morphemes and AllomorphsConclusionThere’s a rule stating whether past-tense verbs end in [-d], [-t], [-1d].
Key Observations:These three suffixes have many properties in common:
I They attach to (most) verbs (including newly created ones)I They are inflectionalI They mean ‘past tense’I We write them as “-ed”
I They are all really similar in formI They all end in an oral alveolar stop.
Key Idea:
I At some level, [-d], [-t], [-1d] are really the ‘same suffix’, /-d/
I There’s a rule stating when to pronounce /-d/ as [-d], [-t], [-1d]
![Page 22: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemicsPast Tense Morphology inEnglish
Towards Morphophonemics
The Existence of a Rule
Morphemes andAllomorphs
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Morphemes and Allomorphs
Key Idea:
I At some level, [-d], [-t], [-1d] are really the ‘same suffix’, /-d/
I There’s a rule stating when to pronounce /-d/ as [-d], [-t], [-1d]
Important Consequence:Because of these kinds of rules, we need to distinguish:
I Morpheme: the affix as it is stored in memory (/-d/)
I Allomorph: the affix as it is actually pronounced ([-d], [-t], [-1d])
Vocabulary:Morphophonemics = The (study of) rules affecting the pronunciationof specific morphemes
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The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemicsPast Tense Morphology inEnglish
Towards Morphophonemics
The Existence of a Rule
Morphemes andAllomorphs
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Morphemes and Allomorphs
Key Idea:
I At some level, [-d], [-t], [-1d] are really the ‘same suffix’, /-d/
I There’s a rule stating when to pronounce /-d/ as [-d], [-t], [-1d]
Important Consequence:Because of these kinds of rules, we need to distinguish:
I Morpheme: the affix as it is stored in memory (/-d/)
I Allomorph: the affix as it is actually pronounced ([-d], [-t], [-1d])
Vocabulary:Morphophonemics = The (study of) rules affecting the pronunciationof specific morphemes
![Page 24: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Morphophonemic Analysis
Question:How do we figure out the rule stating whether past-tense /-d/ ispronounced as [-d], [-t], [-1d]?
Answer:As with phonological rules, we can break down the process into aseries of manageable steps...
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The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Get the Environments
Step 1:Determine the environments of the allomorphs
I Since these are all suffixes, we will write up three lists:I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d]I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t]I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d]
![Page 26: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Get the Environments
Step 1:Determine the environments of the allomorphs
I Since these are all suffixes, we will write up three lists:I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d]I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t]I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d]
![Page 27: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsIllustrative Past-Tense Forms:
[b2zd] [bejkt] [fowld1d][sajd] [st2ft] [bæt1d][gôæbd] [fôOTt] [lIft1d][kAld] [Ã2mpt] [sid1d][fænd] [kist][sejvd] [wISt]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d][z] [aj] [b] [l] [n] [v]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t][k] [f] [T] [p] [s] [S]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d][d] [t]
![Page 28: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsIllustrative Past-Tense Forms:
[b2zd] [bejkt] [fowld1d][sajd] [st2ft] [bæt1d][gôæbd] [fôOTt] [lIft1d][kAld] [Ã2mpt] [sid1d][fænd] [kist][sejvd] [wISt]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d]
[z] [aj] [b] [l] [n] [v]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t][k] [f] [T] [p] [s] [S]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d][d] [t]
![Page 29: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsIllustrative Past-Tense Forms:
[b2zd] [bejkt] [fowld1d][sajd] [st2ft] [bæt1d][gôæbd] [fôOTt] [lIft1d][kAld] [Ã2mpt] [sid1d][fænd] [kist][sejvd] [wISt]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d][z]
[aj] [b] [l] [n] [v]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t][k] [f] [T] [p] [s] [S]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d][d] [t]
![Page 30: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsIllustrative Past-Tense Forms:
[b2zd] [bejkt] [fowld1d][sajd] [st2ft] [bæt1d][gôæbd] [fôOTt] [lIft1d][kAld] [Ã2mpt] [sid1d][fænd] [kist][sejvd] [wISt]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d][z] [aj]
[b] [l] [n] [v]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t][k] [f] [T] [p] [s] [S]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d][d] [t]
![Page 31: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsIllustrative Past-Tense Forms:
[b2zd] [bejkt] [fowld1d][sajd] [st2ft] [bæt1d][gôæbd] [fôOTt] [lIft1d][kAld] [Ã2mpt] [sid1d][fænd] [kist][sejvd] [wISt]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d][z] [aj] [b]
[l] [n] [v]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t][k] [f] [T] [p] [s] [S]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d][d] [t]
![Page 32: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsIllustrative Past-Tense Forms:
[b2zd] [bejkt] [fowld1d][sajd] [st2ft] [bæt1d][gôæbd] [fôOTt] [lIft1d][kAld] [Ã2mpt] [sid1d][fænd] [kist][sejvd] [wISt]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d][z] [aj] [b] [l]
[n] [v]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t][k] [f] [T] [p] [s] [S]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d][d] [t]
![Page 33: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsIllustrative Past-Tense Forms:
[b2zd] [bejkt] [fowld1d][sajd] [st2ft] [bæt1d][gôæbd] [fôOTt] [lIft1d][kAld] [Ã2mpt] [sid1d][fænd] [kist][sejvd] [wISt]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d][z] [aj] [b] [l] [n]
[v]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t][k] [f] [T] [p] [s] [S]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d][d] [t]
![Page 34: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsIllustrative Past-Tense Forms:
[b2zd] [bejkt] [fowld1d][sajd] [st2ft] [bæt1d][gôæbd] [fôOTt] [lIft1d][kAld] [Ã2mpt] [sid1d][fænd] [kist][sejvd] [wISt]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d][z] [aj] [b] [l] [n] [v]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t][k] [f] [T] [p] [s] [S]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d][d] [t]
![Page 35: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsIllustrative Past-Tense Forms:
[b2zd] [bejkt] [fowld1d][sajd] [st2ft] [bæt1d][gôæbd] [fôOTt] [lIft1d][kAld] [Ã2mpt] [sid1d][fænd] [kist][sejvd] [wISt]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d][z] [aj] [b] [l] [n] [v]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t]
[k] [f] [T] [p] [s] [S]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d][d] [t]
![Page 36: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsIllustrative Past-Tense Forms:
[b2zd] [bejkt] [fowld1d][sajd] [st2ft] [bæt1d][gôæbd] [fôOTt] [lIft1d][kAld] [Ã2mpt] [sid1d][fænd] [kist][sejvd] [wISt]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d][z] [aj] [b] [l] [n] [v]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t][k]
[f] [T] [p] [s] [S]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d][d] [t]
![Page 37: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsIllustrative Past-Tense Forms:
[b2zd] [bejkt] [fowld1d][sajd] [st2ft] [bæt1d][gôæbd] [fôOTt] [lIft1d][kAld] [Ã2mpt] [sid1d][fænd] [kist][sejvd] [wISt]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d][z] [aj] [b] [l] [n] [v]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t][k] [f]
[T] [p] [s] [S]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d][d] [t]
![Page 38: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsIllustrative Past-Tense Forms:
[b2zd] [bejkt] [fowld1d][sajd] [st2ft] [bæt1d][gôæbd] [fôOTt] [lIft1d][kAld] [Ã2mpt] [sid1d][fænd] [kist][sejvd] [wISt]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d][z] [aj] [b] [l] [n] [v]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t][k] [f] [T]
[p] [s] [S]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d][d] [t]
![Page 39: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsIllustrative Past-Tense Forms:
[b2zd] [bejkt] [fowld1d][sajd] [st2ft] [bæt1d][gôæbd] [fôOTt] [lIft1d][kAld] [Ã2mpt] [sid1d][fænd] [kist][sejvd] [wISt]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d][z] [aj] [b] [l] [n] [v]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t][k] [f] [T] [p]
[s] [S]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d][d] [t]
![Page 40: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsIllustrative Past-Tense Forms:
[b2zd] [bejkt] [fowld1d][sajd] [st2ft] [bæt1d][gôæbd] [fôOTt] [lIft1d][kAld] [Ã2mpt] [sid1d][fænd] [kist][sejvd] [wISt]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d][z] [aj] [b] [l] [n] [v]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t][k] [f] [T] [p] [s]
[S]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d][d] [t]
![Page 41: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsIllustrative Past-Tense Forms:
[b2zd] [bejkt] [fowld1d][sajd] [st2ft] [bæt1d][gôæbd] [fôOTt] [lIft1d][kAld] [Ã2mpt] [sid1d][fænd] [kist][sejvd] [wISt]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d][z] [aj] [b] [l] [n] [v]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t][k] [f] [T] [p] [s] [S]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d][d] [t]
![Page 42: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsIllustrative Past-Tense Forms:
[b2zd] [bejkt] [fowld1d][sajd] [st2ft] [bæt1d][gôæbd] [fôOTt] [lIft1d][kAld] [Ã2mpt] [sid1d][fænd] [kist][sejvd] [wISt]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d][z] [aj] [b] [l] [n] [v]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t][k] [f] [T] [p] [s] [S]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d]
[d] [t]
![Page 43: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsIllustrative Past-Tense Forms:
[b2zd] [bejkt] [fowld1d][sajd] [st2ft] [bæt1d][gôæbd] [fôOTt] [lIft1d][kAld] [Ã2mpt] [sid1d][fænd] [kist][sejvd] [wISt]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d][z] [aj] [b] [l] [n] [v]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t][k] [f] [T] [p] [s] [S]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d][d]
[t]
![Page 44: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsIllustrative Past-Tense Forms:
[b2zd] [bejkt] [fowld1d][sajd] [st2ft] [bæt1d][gôæbd] [fôOTt] [lIft1d][kAld] [Ã2mpt] [sid1d][fænd] [kist][sejvd] [wISt]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d][z] [aj] [b] [l] [n] [v]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t][k] [f] [T] [p] [s] [S]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d][d] [t]
![Page 45: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 2:For each environment, look for similarities between thesounds.
I We want to write up three lists:I Similarities between the phones that precede the
allomorph [-d]I Similarities between the phones that precede the
allomorph [-t]I Similarities between the phones that precede the
allomorph [-1d]
Note:For the purposes of this unit, consonants share nothing in commonwith vowels.
![Page 46: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 2:For each environment, look for similarities between thesounds.
I We want to write up three lists:I Similarities between the phones that precede the
allomorph [-d]I Similarities between the phones that precede the
allomorph [-t]I Similarities between the phones that precede the
allomorph [-1d]
Note:For the purposes of this unit, consonants share nothing in commonwith vowels.
![Page 47: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 2:For each environment, look for similarities between thesounds.
I We want to write up three lists:I Similarities between the phones that precede the
allomorph [-d]I Similarities between the phones that precede the
allomorph [-t]I Similarities between the phones that precede the
allomorph [-1d]
Note:For the purposes of this unit, consonants share nothing in commonwith vowels.
![Page 48: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 2: Look for SimilaritiesIllustrative Past-Tense Forms:
[b2zd] [bejkt] [fowld1d][sajd] [st2ft] [bæt1d][gôæbd] [fôOTt] [lIft1d][kAld] [Ã2mpt] [sid1d][fænd] [kist][sejvd] [wISt]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d][z] [aj] [b] [l] [n] [v] Nothing in Common
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t][k] [f] [T] [p] [s] [S] All Voiceless!
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d][d] [t] All Oral Alveolar Stops!
![Page 49: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 2: Look for SimilaritiesIllustrative Past-Tense Forms:
[b2zd] [bejkt] [fowld1d][sajd] [st2ft] [bæt1d][gôæbd] [fôOTt] [lIft1d][kAld] [Ã2mpt] [sid1d][fænd] [kist][sejvd] [wISt]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d][z] [aj] [b] [l] [n] [v]
Nothing in CommonI The phones that precede the allomorph [-t]
[k] [f] [T] [p] [s] [S] All Voiceless!I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d]
[d] [t] All Oral Alveolar Stops!
![Page 50: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 2: Look for SimilaritiesIllustrative Past-Tense Forms:
[b2zd] [bejkt] [fowld1d][sajd] [st2ft] [bæt1d][gôæbd] [fôOTt] [lIft1d][kAld] [Ã2mpt] [sid1d][fænd] [kist][sejvd] [wISt]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d][z] [aj] [b] [l] [n] [v] Nothing in Common
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t][k] [f] [T] [p] [s] [S] All Voiceless!
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d][d] [t] All Oral Alveolar Stops!
![Page 51: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 2: Look for SimilaritiesIllustrative Past-Tense Forms:
[b2zd] [bejkt] [fowld1d][sajd] [st2ft] [bæt1d][gôæbd] [fôOTt] [lIft1d][kAld] [Ã2mpt] [sid1d][fænd] [kist][sejvd] [wISt]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d][z] [aj] [b] [l] [n] [v] Nothing in Common
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t][k] [f] [T] [p] [s] [S]
All Voiceless!I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d]
[d] [t] All Oral Alveolar Stops!
![Page 52: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 2: Look for SimilaritiesIllustrative Past-Tense Forms:
[b2zd] [bejkt] [fowld1d][sajd] [st2ft] [bæt1d][gôæbd] [fôOTt] [lIft1d][kAld] [Ã2mpt] [sid1d][fænd] [kist][sejvd] [wISt]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d][z] [aj] [b] [l] [n] [v] Nothing in Common
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t][k] [f] [T] [p] [s] [S] All Voiceless!
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d][d] [t] All Oral Alveolar Stops!
![Page 53: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 2: Look for SimilaritiesIllustrative Past-Tense Forms:
[b2zd] [bejkt] [fowld1d][sajd] [st2ft] [bæt1d][gôæbd] [fôOTt] [lIft1d][kAld] [Ã2mpt] [sid1d][fænd] [kist][sejvd] [wISt]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d][z] [aj] [b] [l] [n] [v] Nothing in Common
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t][k] [f] [T] [p] [s] [S] All Voiceless!
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d][d] [t]
All Oral Alveolar Stops!
![Page 54: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 2: Look for SimilaritiesIllustrative Past-Tense Forms:
[b2zd] [bejkt] [fowld1d][sajd] [st2ft] [bæt1d][gôæbd] [fôOTt] [lIft1d][kAld] [Ã2mpt] [sid1d][fænd] [kist][sejvd] [wISt]
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d][z] [aj] [b] [l] [n] [v] Nothing in Common
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t][k] [f] [T] [p] [s] [S] All Voiceless!
I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d][d] [t] All Oral Alveolar Stops!
![Page 55: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 3: Identify the MorphemeStep 3:
I There will (always) be one environment where the phones sharenothing in common.
I Choose that allomorph as the (underlying) morpheme.
Illustration:I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d]
[z] [aj] [b] [l] [n] [v] Nothing in CommonI The phones that precede the allomorph [-t]
[k] [f] [T] [p] [s] [S] All Voiceless!I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d]
[d] [t] All Oral Alveolar Stops!
Result:The allomorph ‘[-d]’ is the (underlying) morpheme /-d/.
![Page 56: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 3: Identify the MorphemeStep 3:
I There will (always) be one environment where the phones sharenothing in common.
I Choose that allomorph as the (underlying) morpheme.
Illustration:I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d]
[z] [aj] [b] [l] [n] [v] Nothing in CommonI The phones that precede the allomorph [-t]
[k] [f] [T] [p] [s] [S] All Voiceless!I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d]
[d] [t] All Oral Alveolar Stops!
Result:The allomorph ‘[-d]’ is the (underlying) morpheme /-d/.
![Page 57: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 3: Identify the MorphemeStep 3:
I There will (always) be one environment where the phones sharenothing in common.
I Choose that allomorph as the (underlying) morpheme.
Illustration:I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d]
[z] [aj] [b] [l] [n] [v] Nothing in CommonI The phones that precede the allomorph [-t]
[k] [f] [T] [p] [s] [S] All Voiceless!I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d]
[d] [t] All Oral Alveolar Stops!
Result:The allomorph ‘[-d]’ is the (underlying) morpheme /-d/.
![Page 58: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 3: Identify the MorphemeStep 3:
I There will (always) be one environment where the phones sharenothing in common.
I Choose that allomorph as the (underlying) morpheme.
The Logic Behind This Step:
I Suppose [X] is an allomorph whose environment doesn’t haveany unifying property...
I If [X] weren’t the (underlying) morpheme, then there’d have to besome rule like:
I “The morpheme /Y/ is pronounced as the allomorph [X] inenvironment Z.”
I But what would the environment ‘Z’ in such a rule be?I The sounds in [X]’s environment don’t share anything in
common.I Therefore, there could not be a rule like the one above.I Therefore, [X] itself must be the underlying morpheme, /X/
![Page 59: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 3: Identify the MorphemeStep 3:
I There will (always) be one environment where the phones sharenothing in common.
I Choose that allomorph as the (underlying) morpheme.
The Logic Behind This Step:
I Suppose [X] is an allomorph whose environment doesn’t haveany unifying property...
I If [X] weren’t the (underlying) morpheme, then there’d have to besome rule like:
I “The morpheme /Y/ is pronounced as the allomorph [X] inenvironment Z.”
I But what would the environment ‘Z’ in such a rule be?I The sounds in [X]’s environment don’t share anything in
common.I Therefore, there could not be a rule like the one above.I Therefore, [X] itself must be the underlying morpheme, /X/
![Page 60: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 3: Identify the MorphemeStep 3:
I There will (always) be one environment where the phones sharenothing in common.
I Choose that allomorph as the (underlying) morpheme.
The Logic Behind This Step:
I Suppose [X] is an allomorph whose environment doesn’t haveany unifying property...
I If [X] weren’t the (underlying) morpheme, then there’d have to besome rule like:
I “The morpheme /Y/ is pronounced as the allomorph [X] inenvironment Z.”
I But what would the environment ‘Z’ in such a rule be?I The sounds in [X]’s environment don’t share anything in
common.
I Therefore, there could not be a rule like the one above.I Therefore, [X] itself must be the underlying morpheme, /X/
![Page 61: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 3: Identify the MorphemeStep 3:
I There will (always) be one environment where the phones sharenothing in common.
I Choose that allomorph as the (underlying) morpheme.
The Logic Behind This Step:
I Suppose [X] is an allomorph whose environment doesn’t haveany unifying property...
I If [X] weren’t the (underlying) morpheme, then there’d have to besome rule like:
I “The morpheme /Y/ is pronounced as the allomorph [X] inenvironment Z.”
I But what would the environment ‘Z’ in such a rule be?I The sounds in [X]’s environment don’t share anything in
common.I Therefore, there could not be a rule like the one above.I Therefore, [X] itself must be the underlying morpheme, /X/
![Page 62: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 4: Write the RulesStep 4:For the remaining allomorphs, write out the rules that would limit themto their observed environments.
Rule of Thumb:If allomorph [X] is found in environment Z, the rule to write is:
‘/Y/ → [X] / Z ’(Morpheme /Y/ is pronounced as allomorph [X] in environment Z)
Illustration:I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d]
[d] [t] All Oral Alveolar Stops!I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t]
[k] [f] [T] [p] [s] [S] All Voiceless!
Rule 1: /-d/ → [-1d] / Oral-Alveolar-StopRule 2: /-d/ → [-t] / Voiceless-C
![Page 63: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 4: Write the RulesStep 4:For the remaining allomorphs, write out the rules that would limit themto their observed environments.
Rule of Thumb:If allomorph [X] is found in environment Z, the rule to write is:
‘/Y/ → [X] / Z ’(Morpheme /Y/ is pronounced as allomorph [X] in environment Z)
Illustration:I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d]
[d] [t] All Oral Alveolar Stops!I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t]
[k] [f] [T] [p] [s] [S] All Voiceless!
Rule 1: /-d/ → [-1d] / Oral-Alveolar-StopRule 2: /-d/ → [-t] / Voiceless-C
![Page 64: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 4: Write the RulesStep 4:For the remaining allomorphs, write out the rules that would limit themto their observed environments.
Rule of Thumb:If allomorph [X] is found in environment Z, the rule to write is:
‘/Y/ → [X] / Z ’(Morpheme /Y/ is pronounced as allomorph [X] in environment Z)
Illustration:I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d]
[d] [t] All Oral Alveolar Stops!I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t]
[k] [f] [T] [p] [s] [S] All Voiceless!
Rule 1: /-d/ → [-1d] / Oral-Alveolar-StopRule 2: /-d/ → [-t] / Voiceless-C
![Page 65: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 4: Write the RulesStep 4:For the remaining allomorphs, write out the rules that would limit themto their observed environments.
Rule of Thumb:If allomorph [X] is found in environment Z, the rule to write is:
‘/Y/ → [X] / Z ’(Morpheme /Y/ is pronounced as allomorph [X] in environment Z)
Illustration:I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d]
[d] [t] All Oral Alveolar Stops!I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t]
[k] [f] [T] [p] [s] [S] All Voiceless!
Rule 1: /-d/ → [-1d] / Oral-Alveolar-StopRule 2: /-d/ → [-t] / Voiceless-C
![Page 66: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Morphophonemics and PhonotacticsMorphophonemic Rules for English Past-Tense:
I Rule 1: /-d/ → [-1d] / Oral-Alveolar-StopI Rule 2: /-d/ → [-t] / Voiceless-C
Important Fact:These rules ‘fix’ phonological problems created by suffixing /-d/.
I Suffixation of /-d/ sometimes makes a word that can’t bepronounced!
I “bake” /bejk/ + /d/ = /bejkd/(PROBLEM: /kd/ is not a possible coda!)
I “lift” /lIft/ + /d/ = /lIftd/(PROBLEM: /td/ is not a possible coda!)
![Page 67: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Morphophonemics and PhonotacticsMorphophonemic Rules for English Past-Tense:
I Rule 1: /-d/ → [-1d] / Oral-Alveolar-StopI Rule 2: /-d/ → [-t] / Voiceless-C
Important Fact:These rules ‘fix’ phonological problems created by suffixing /-d/.
I Suffixation of /-d/ sometimes makes a word that can’t bepronounced!
I “bake” /bejk/ + /d/ = /bejkd/(PROBLEM: /kd/ is not a possible coda!)
I “lift” /lIft/ + /d/ = /lIftd/(PROBLEM: /td/ is not a possible coda!)
![Page 68: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Morphophonemics and PhonotacticsMorphophonemic Rules for English Past-Tense:
I Rule 1: /-d/ → [-1d] / Oral-Alveolar-StopI Rule 2: /-d/ → [-t] / Voiceless-C
Important Fact:These rules ‘fix’ phonological problems created by suffixing /-d/.
I Suffixation of /-d/ sometimes makes a word that can’t bepronounced!
I “bake” /bejk/ + /d/ = /bejkd/ → [bejkt](SOLUTION: /kt/ is a possible coda!)
I “lift” /lIft/ + /d/ = /lIftd/ → [lIft1d](SOLUTION: /t/ and /d/ are possible codas!)
![Page 69: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Morphophonemics and PhonotacticsMorphophonemic Rules for English Past-Tense:
I Rule 1: /-d/ → [-1d] / Oral-Alveolar-StopI Rule 2: /-d/ → [-t] / Voiceless-C
General Lesson:Morphophonemic rules often exist to ‘fix’ phonological problemscreated by the morphology.
I Sometimes, morphology makes words that violate phonotacticconstraints.
I Morphophonemic rules alter those words, making themconsistent with phonotactics.
But sometimes, morphophonemic rules have nothing todo with phonotactics...
![Page 70: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Morphophonemics and PhonotacticsMorphophonemic Rules for English Past-Tense:
I Rule 1: /-d/ → [-1d] / Oral-Alveolar-StopI Rule 2: /-d/ → [-t] / Voiceless-C
General Lesson:Morphophonemic rules often exist to ‘fix’ phonological problemscreated by the morphology.
I Sometimes, morphology makes words that violate phonotacticconstraints.
I Morphophonemic rules alter those words, making themconsistent with phonotactics.
But sometimes, morphophonemic rules have nothing todo with phonotactics...
![Page 71: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’Step 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Some Negative Prefixes in English“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]
“possible” [pAs@bl"] “impossible” [ImpAs@bl
"]
“balanced” [bæl@nst] “imbalanced” [Imbæl@nst]
“complete” [k2mplit] “incomplete” [INk2mplit]“glorious” [glOôi@s] “inglorious” [INglOôi@s]
Observations:I The words on the right look like those on the left, except that
they begin with: [In-], [Im-], [IN-]
I The words on the right are the ‘opposites’ of the words on the left(Each prefix means ‘not’)
![Page 72: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’Step 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Some Negative Prefixes in English“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]
“possible” [pAs@bl"] “impossible” [ImpAs@bl
"]
“balanced” [bæl@nst] “imbalanced” [Imbæl@nst]
“complete” [k2mplit] “incomplete” [INk2mplit]“glorious” [glOôi@s] “inglorious” [INglOôi@s]
Question:Do we really see three different prefixes in the words above?
I Each prefix has a very similar form:I Begins with [I]I Ends with a nasal stop: [n], [m], [N]
I Each prefix has the same meaning (i.e., ‘not A’)
![Page 73: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’Step 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Some Negative Prefixes in English“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]
“possible” [pAs@bl"] “impossible” [ImpAs@bl
"]
“balanced” [bæl@nst] “imbalanced” [Imbæl@nst]
“complete” [k2mplit] “incomplete” [INk2mplit]“glorious” [glOôi@s] “inglorious” [INglOôi@s]
Idea:Let’s apply the steps of ‘morphophonemic’ analysis, to see if we canrelate these allomorphs to the same morpheme!
![Page 74: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’Step 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Determine the Environments“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]
“possible” [pAs@bl"] “impossible” [ImpAs@bl
"]
“balanced” [bæl@nst] “imbalanced” [Imbæl@nst]
“complete” [k2mplit] “incomplete” [INk2mplit]“glorious” [glOôi@s] “inglorious” [INglOôi@s]
I Phones that follow [In-]: [2], [d]
I Phones that follow [Im-]: [p], [b]
I Phones that follow [IN-]: [k], [g]
![Page 75: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’Step 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Determine the Environments“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]
“possible” [pAs@bl"] “impossible” [ImpAs@bl
"]
“balanced” [bæl@nst] “imbalanced” [Imbæl@nst]
“complete” [k2mplit] “incomplete” [INk2mplit]“glorious” [glOôi@s] “inglorious” [INglOôi@s]
I Phones that follow [In-]:
[2], [d]
I Phones that follow [Im-]: [p], [b]
I Phones that follow [IN-]: [k], [g]
![Page 76: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’Step 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Determine the Environments“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]
“possible” [pAs@bl"] “impossible” [ImpAs@bl
"]
“balanced” [bæl@nst] “imbalanced” [Imbæl@nst]
“complete” [k2mplit] “incomplete” [INk2mplit]“glorious” [glOôi@s] “inglorious” [INglOôi@s]
I Phones that follow [In-]: [2],
[d]
I Phones that follow [Im-]: [p], [b]
I Phones that follow [IN-]: [k], [g]
![Page 77: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’Step 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Determine the Environments“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]
“possible” [pAs@bl"] “impossible” [ImpAs@bl
"]
“balanced” [bæl@nst] “imbalanced” [Imbæl@nst]
“complete” [k2mplit] “incomplete” [INk2mplit]“glorious” [glOôi@s] “inglorious” [INglOôi@s]
I Phones that follow [In-]: [2], [d]
I Phones that follow [Im-]: [p], [b]
I Phones that follow [IN-]: [k], [g]
![Page 78: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’Step 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Determine the Environments“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]
“possible” [pAs@bl"] “impossible” [ImpAs@bl
"]
“balanced” [bæl@nst] “imbalanced” [Imbæl@nst]
“complete” [k2mplit] “incomplete” [INk2mplit]“glorious” [glOôi@s] “inglorious” [INglOôi@s]
I Phones that follow [In-]: [2], [d]
I Phones that follow [Im-]:
[p], [b]
I Phones that follow [IN-]: [k], [g]
![Page 79: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’Step 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Determine the Environments“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]
“possible” [pAs@bl"] “impossible” [ImpAs@bl
"]
“balanced” [bæl@nst] “imbalanced” [Imbæl@nst]
“complete” [k2mplit] “incomplete” [INk2mplit]“glorious” [glOôi@s] “inglorious” [INglOôi@s]
I Phones that follow [In-]: [2], [d]
I Phones that follow [Im-]: [p],
[b]
I Phones that follow [IN-]: [k], [g]
![Page 80: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’Step 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Determine the Environments“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]
“possible” [pAs@bl"] “impossible” [ImpAs@bl
"]
“balanced” [bæl@nst] “imbalanced” [Imbæl@nst]
“complete” [k2mplit] “incomplete” [INk2mplit]“glorious” [glOôi@s] “inglorious” [INglOôi@s]
I Phones that follow [In-]: [2], [d]
I Phones that follow [Im-]: [p], [b]
I Phones that follow [IN-]: [k], [g]
![Page 81: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’Step 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Determine the Environments“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]
“possible” [pAs@bl"] “impossible” [ImpAs@bl
"]
“balanced” [bæl@nst] “imbalanced” [Imbæl@nst]
“complete” [k2mplit] “incomplete” [INk2mplit]“glorious” [glOôi@s] “inglorious” [INglOôi@s]
I Phones that follow [In-]: [2], [d]
I Phones that follow [Im-]: [p], [b]
I Phones that follow [IN-]:
[k], [g]
![Page 82: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’Step 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Determine the Environments“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]
“possible” [pAs@bl"] “impossible” [ImpAs@bl
"]
“balanced” [bæl@nst] “imbalanced” [Imbæl@nst]
“complete” [k2mplit] “incomplete” [INk2mplit]“glorious” [glOôi@s] “inglorious” [INglOôi@s]
I Phones that follow [In-]: [2], [d]
I Phones that follow [Im-]: [p], [b]
I Phones that follow [IN-]: [k],
[g]
![Page 83: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’Step 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Determine the Environments“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]
“possible” [pAs@bl"] “impossible” [ImpAs@bl
"]
“balanced” [bæl@nst] “imbalanced” [Imbæl@nst]
“complete” [k2mplit] “incomplete” [INk2mplit]“glorious” [glOôi@s] “inglorious” [INglOôi@s]
I Phones that follow [In-]: [2], [d]
I Phones that follow [Im-]: [p], [b]
I Phones that follow [IN-]: [k], [g]
![Page 84: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’Step 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 2: Look for Similarities“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]
“possible” [pAs@bl"] “impossible” [ImpAs@bl
"]
“balanced” [bæl@nst] “imbalanced” [Imbæl@nst]
“complete” [k2mplit] “incomplete” [INk2mplit]“glorious” [glOôi@s] “inglorious” [INglOôi@s]
I Phones that follow [In-]: [2], [d] Nothing in CommonI Phones that follow [Im-]: [p], [b] Bilabial Oral StopsI Phones that follow [IN-]: [k], [g] Velar Oral Stops
![Page 85: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’Step 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 2: Look for Similarities“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]
“possible” [pAs@bl"] “impossible” [ImpAs@bl
"]
“balanced” [bæl@nst] “imbalanced” [Imbæl@nst]
“complete” [k2mplit] “incomplete” [INk2mplit]“glorious” [glOôi@s] “inglorious” [INglOôi@s]
I Phones that follow [In-]: [2], [d]
Nothing in CommonI Phones that follow [Im-]: [p], [b] Bilabial Oral StopsI Phones that follow [IN-]: [k], [g] Velar Oral Stops
![Page 86: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’Step 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 2: Look for Similarities“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]
“possible” [pAs@bl"] “impossible” [ImpAs@bl
"]
“balanced” [bæl@nst] “imbalanced” [Imbæl@nst]
“complete” [k2mplit] “incomplete” [INk2mplit]“glorious” [glOôi@s] “inglorious” [INglOôi@s]
I Phones that follow [In-]: [2], [d] Nothing in Common
I Phones that follow [Im-]: [p], [b] Bilabial Oral StopsI Phones that follow [IN-]: [k], [g] Velar Oral Stops
![Page 87: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’Step 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 2: Look for Similarities“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]
“possible” [pAs@bl"] “impossible” [ImpAs@bl
"]
“balanced” [bæl@nst] “imbalanced” [Imbæl@nst]
“complete” [k2mplit] “incomplete” [INk2mplit]“glorious” [glOôi@s] “inglorious” [INglOôi@s]
I Phones that follow [In-]: [2], [d] Nothing in CommonI Phones that follow [Im-]: [p], [b]
Bilabial Oral StopsI Phones that follow [IN-]: [k], [g] Velar Oral Stops
![Page 88: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’Step 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 2: Look for Similarities“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]
“possible” [pAs@bl"] “impossible” [ImpAs@bl
"]
“balanced” [bæl@nst] “imbalanced” [Imbæl@nst]
“complete” [k2mplit] “incomplete” [INk2mplit]“glorious” [glOôi@s] “inglorious” [INglOôi@s]
I Phones that follow [In-]: [2], [d] Nothing in CommonI Phones that follow [Im-]: [p], [b] Bilabial Oral Stops
I Phones that follow [IN-]: [k], [g] Velar Oral Stops
![Page 89: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’Step 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 2: Look for Similarities“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]
“possible” [pAs@bl"] “impossible” [ImpAs@bl
"]
“balanced” [bæl@nst] “imbalanced” [Imbæl@nst]
“complete” [k2mplit] “incomplete” [INk2mplit]“glorious” [glOôi@s] “inglorious” [INglOôi@s]
I Phones that follow [In-]: [2], [d] Nothing in CommonI Phones that follow [Im-]: [p], [b] Bilabial Oral StopsI Phones that follow [IN-]: [k], [g]
Velar Oral Stops
![Page 90: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’Step 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 2: Look for Similarities“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]
“possible” [pAs@bl"] “impossible” [ImpAs@bl
"]
“balanced” [bæl@nst] “imbalanced” [Imbæl@nst]
“complete” [k2mplit] “incomplete” [INk2mplit]“glorious” [glOôi@s] “inglorious” [INglOôi@s]
I Phones that follow [In-]: [2], [d] Nothing in CommonI Phones that follow [Im-]: [p], [b] Bilabial Oral StopsI Phones that follow [IN-]: [k], [g] Velar Oral Stops
![Page 91: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’Step 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 3: Identify the Morpheme“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]
“possible” [pAs@bl"] “impossible” [ImpAs@bl
"]
“balanced” [bæl@nst] “imbalanced” [Imbæl@nst]
“complete” [k2mplit] “incomplete” [INk2mplit]“glorious” [glOôi@s] “inglorious” [INglOôi@s]
Step 3:I Find the allomorph such that the sounds in its environment
share nothing in common.I Choose that allomorph as the (underlying) morpheme.
Environments of the Allomorphs:I Phones that follow [In-]: [2], [d] Nothing in CommonI Phones that follow [Im-]: [p], [b] Bilabial Oral StopsI Phones that follow [IN-]: [k], [g] Velar Oral Stops
![Page 92: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’Step 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 3: Identify the Morpheme“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]
“possible” [pAs@bl"] “impossible” [ImpAs@bl
"]
“balanced” [bæl@nst] “imbalanced” [Imbæl@nst]
“complete” [k2mplit] “incomplete” [INk2mplit]“glorious” [glOôi@s] “inglorious” [INglOôi@s]
Step 3:I Find the allomorph such that the sounds in its environment
share nothing in common.I Choose that allomorph as the (underlying) morpheme.
Environments of the Allomorphs:I Phones that follow [In-]: [2], [d] Nothing in CommonI Phones that follow [Im-]: [p], [b] Bilabial Oral StopsI Phones that follow [IN-]: [k], [g] Velar Oral Stops
![Page 93: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’Step 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 3: Identify the Morpheme“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]
“possible” [pAs@bl"] “impossible” [ImpAs@bl
"]
“balanced” [bæl@nst] “imbalanced” [Imbæl@nst]
“complete” [k2mplit] “incomplete” [INk2mplit]“glorious” [glOôi@s] “inglorious” [INglOôi@s]
Step 3:I Find the allomorph such that the sounds in its environment
share nothing in common.I Choose that allomorph as the (underlying) morpheme.
Environments of the Allomorphs:I Phones that follow [In-]: [2], [d] Nothing in Common
Conclusion: The underlying morpheme is /In-/
![Page 94: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’Step 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 3: Identify the Morpheme“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]
“possible” [pAs@bl"] “impossible” [ImpAs@bl
"]
“balanced” [bæl@nst] “imbalanced” [Imbæl@nst]
“complete” [k2mplit] “incomplete” [INk2mplit]“glorious” [glOôi@s] “inglorious” [INglOôi@s]
Step 3:I Find the allomorph such that the sounds in its environment
share nothing in common.I Choose that allomorph as the (underlying) morpheme.
Environments of the Allomorphs:I Phones that follow [In-]: [2], [d] Nothing in Common
Conclusion: The underlying morpheme is /In-/
![Page 95: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’Step 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 4: Write the Rules“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]
“possible” [pAs@bl"] “impossible” [ImpAs@bl
"]
“balanced” [bæl@nst] “imbalanced” [Imbæl@nst]
“complete” [k2mplit] “incomplete” [INk2mplit]“glorious” [glOôi@s] “inglorious” [INglOôi@s]
Step 4:For the remaining allomorphs, write out the rules that would limit themto their observed environments.
Rule of Thumb:If allomorph [X] is found in environment Z, the rule to write is:
‘/Y/ → [X] / Z ’
Environments for Remaining Allomorphs:
I Phones that follow [Im-]: [p], [b] Bilabial Oral StopsI Phones that follow [IN-]: [k], [g] Velar Oral Stops
![Page 96: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’Step 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 4: Write the Rules“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]
“possible” [pAs@bl"] “impossible” [ImpAs@bl
"]
“balanced” [bæl@nst] “imbalanced” [Imbæl@nst]
“complete” [k2mplit] “incomplete” [INk2mplit]“glorious” [glOôi@s] “inglorious” [INglOôi@s]
Step 4:For the remaining allomorphs, write out the rules that would limit themto their observed environments.
Rule of Thumb:If allomorph [X] is found in environment Z, the rule to write is:
‘/Y/ → [X] / Z ’
Environments for Remaining Allomorphs:
I Phones that follow [Im-]: [p], [b] Bilabial Oral StopsI Phones that follow [IN-]: [k], [g] Velar Oral Stops
![Page 97: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’Step 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 4: Write the Rules“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]
“possible” [pAs@bl"] “impossible” [ImpAs@bl
"]
“balanced” [bæl@nst] “imbalanced” [Imbæl@nst]
“complete” [k2mplit] “incomplete” [INk2mplit]“glorious” [glOôi@s] “inglorious” [INglOôi@s]
Step 4:For the remaining allomorphs, write out the rules that would limit themto their observed environments.
Rule of Thumb:If allomorph [X] is found in environment Z, the rule to write is:
‘/Y/ → [X] / Z ’
Environments for Remaining Allomorphs:
I /In-/ → [Im] / Biliabial-Oral-StopI Phones that follow [IN-]: [k], [g] Velar Oral Stops
![Page 98: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’Step 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 4: Write the Rules“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]
“possible” [pAs@bl"] “impossible” [ImpAs@bl
"]
“balanced” [bæl@nst] “imbalanced” [Imbæl@nst]
“complete” [k2mplit] “incomplete” [INk2mplit]“glorious” [glOôi@s] “inglorious” [INglOôi@s]
Step 4:For the remaining allomorphs, write out the rules that would limit themto their observed environments.
Rule of Thumb:If allomorph [X] is found in environment Z, the rule to write is:
‘/Y/ → [X] / Z ’
Environments for Remaining Allomorphs:
I /In-/ → [Im] / Biliabial-Oral-StopI /In-/ → [IN] / Velar-Oral-Stop
![Page 99: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’Step 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Morphophonemics and PhonotacticsMorphophonemic Rules for /In-/:
I /In-/ → [Im] / Biliabial-Oral-StopI /In-/ → [IN] / Velar-Oral-Stop
Observation:I Unlike the rules for past-tense, these rules don’t serve to ‘fix’
phonotactic violations.I Even if the rules didn’t apply, we could still pronounce the words.
*inpossible [InpAs1bl"] (unpopular [2npApjul1ô])
*incompatable [Ink@mpæt@bl"] (uncaring [2nkejôiN])
Conclusion:I Some morphophonemic rules don’t fix phonotactic violationsI Instead, they kinda take place ‘just because’.
![Page 100: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’Step 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Morphophonemics and PhonotacticsMorphophonemic Rules for /In-/:
I /In-/ → [Im] / Biliabial-Oral-StopI /In-/ → [IN] / Velar-Oral-Stop
Observation:I Unlike the rules for past-tense, these rules don’t serve to ‘fix’
phonotactic violations.I Even if the rules didn’t apply, we could still pronounce the words.
*inpossible [InpAs1bl"] (unpopular [2npApjul1ô])
*incompatable [Ink@mpæt@bl"] (uncaring [2nkejôiN])
Conclusion:I Some morphophonemic rules don’t fix phonotactic violationsI Instead, they kinda take place ‘just because’.
![Page 101: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’Step 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Morphophonemics and PhonotacticsMorphophonemic Rules for /In-/:
I /In-/ → [Im] / Biliabial-Oral-StopI /In-/ → [IN] / Velar-Oral-Stop
Observation:I Unlike the rules for past-tense, these rules don’t serve to ‘fix’
phonotactic violations.I Even if the rules didn’t apply, we could still pronounce the words.
*inpossible [InpAs1bl"] (unpopular [2npApjul1ô])
*incompatable [Ink@mpæt@bl"] (uncaring [2nkejôiN])
Conclusion:I Some morphophonemic rules don’t fix phonotactic violationsI Instead, they kinda take place ‘just because’.
![Page 102: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
I Let’s do one last morphophonemic problem together,just to practice this all one last time.
I This problem will contain an extra ‘difficulty’ that youwon’t find on the problems you’ll be assigned.
![Page 103: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Definite Suffixes in SwedishConsider the following pairs of words from Swedish:
[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’
[lampa] ‘lamp’ [lampan] ‘the lamp’[sofa] ‘sofa’ [sofan] ‘the sofa’
[katar] ‘cats’ [katarna] ‘the cats’[bilar] ‘cars’ [bilarna] ‘the cars’[stolar] ‘chairs’ [stolarna] ‘the chairs’
Observations:I The words on the right look just like those on the left, except they
end in [-en], [-n], [-na]
I The words on the right mean “the” + the word on the leftI (All three suffixes seem to mean ‘the’)
![Page 104: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Definite Suffixes in SwedishConsider the following pairs of words from Swedish:
[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’
[lampa] ‘lamp’ [lampan] ‘the lamp’[sofa] ‘sofa’ [sofan] ‘the sofa’
[katar] ‘cats’ [katarna] ‘the cats’[bilar] ‘cars’ [bilarna] ‘the cars’[stolar] ‘chairs’ [stolarna] ‘the chairs’
Observations:I The words on the right look just like those on the left, except they
end in [-en], [-n], [-na]
I The words on the right mean “the” + the word on the leftI (All three suffixes seem to mean ‘the’)
![Page 105: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Definite Suffixes in SwedishConsider the following pairs of words from Swedish:
[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’
[lampa] ‘lamp’ [lampan] ‘the lamp’[sofa] ‘sofa’ [sofan] ‘the sofa’
[katar] ‘cats’ [katarna] ‘the cats’[bilar] ‘cars’ [bilarna] ‘the cars’[stolar] ‘chairs’ [stolarna] ‘the chairs’
Question:I Does Swedish really have three different suffixes meaning ‘the’?I Or, can we relate these as allomorphs of the same morpheme?
![Page 106: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Determine the Environments[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’
[lampa] ‘lamp’ [lampan] ‘the lamp’[sofa] ‘sofa’ [sofan] ‘the sofa’
[katar] ‘cats’ [katarna] ‘the cats’[bilar] ‘cars’ [bilarna] ‘the cars’[stolar] ‘chairs’ [stolarna] ‘the chairs’
I Phones that precede [-en]: [l] [t] [N]
I Phones that precede [-n]: [a]
I Phones that precede [-na]: [r]
![Page 107: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Determine the Environments[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’
[lampa] ‘lamp’ [lampan] ‘the lamp’[sofa] ‘sofa’ [sofan] ‘the sofa’
[katar] ‘cats’ [katarna] ‘the cats’[bilar] ‘cars’ [bilarna] ‘the cars’[stolar] ‘chairs’ [stolarna] ‘the chairs’
I Phones that precede [-en]:
[l] [t] [N]
I Phones that precede [-n]: [a]
I Phones that precede [-na]: [r]
![Page 108: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Determine the Environments[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’
[lampa] ‘lamp’ [lampan] ‘the lamp’[sofa] ‘sofa’ [sofan] ‘the sofa’
[katar] ‘cats’ [katarna] ‘the cats’[bilar] ‘cars’ [bilarna] ‘the cars’[stolar] ‘chairs’ [stolarna] ‘the chairs’
I Phones that precede [-en]: [l]
[t] [N]
I Phones that precede [-n]: [a]
I Phones that precede [-na]: [r]
![Page 109: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Determine the Environments[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’
[lampa] ‘lamp’ [lampan] ‘the lamp’[sofa] ‘sofa’ [sofan] ‘the sofa’
[katar] ‘cats’ [katarna] ‘the cats’[bilar] ‘cars’ [bilarna] ‘the cars’[stolar] ‘chairs’ [stolarna] ‘the chairs’
I Phones that precede [-en]: [l] [t]
[N]
I Phones that precede [-n]: [a]
I Phones that precede [-na]: [r]
![Page 110: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Determine the Environments[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’
[lampa] ‘lamp’ [lampan] ‘the lamp’[sofa] ‘sofa’ [sofan] ‘the sofa’
[katar] ‘cats’ [katarna] ‘the cats’[bilar] ‘cars’ [bilarna] ‘the cars’[stolar] ‘chairs’ [stolarna] ‘the chairs’
I Phones that precede [-en]: [l] [t] [N]
I Phones that precede [-n]: [a]
I Phones that precede [-na]: [r]
![Page 111: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Determine the Environments[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’
[lampa] ‘lamp’ [lampan] ‘the lamp’[sofa] ‘sofa’ [sofan] ‘the sofa’
[katar] ‘cats’ [katarna] ‘the cats’[bilar] ‘cars’ [bilarna] ‘the cars’[stolar] ‘chairs’ [stolarna] ‘the chairs’
I Phones that precede [-en]: [l] [t] [N]
I Phones that precede [-n]:
[a]
I Phones that precede [-na]: [r]
![Page 112: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Determine the Environments[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’
[lampa] ‘lamp’ [lampan] ‘the lamp’[sofa] ‘sofa’ [sofan] ‘the sofa’
[katar] ‘cats’ [katarna] ‘the cats’[bilar] ‘cars’ [bilarna] ‘the cars’[stolar] ‘chairs’ [stolarna] ‘the chairs’
I Phones that precede [-en]: [l] [t] [N]
I Phones that precede [-n]: [a]
I Phones that precede [-na]: [r]
![Page 113: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Determine the Environments[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’
[lampa] ‘lamp’ [lampan] ‘the lamp’[sofa] ‘sofa’ [sofan] ‘the sofa’
[katar] ‘cats’ [katarna] ‘the cats’[bilar] ‘cars’ [bilarna] ‘the cars’[stolar] ‘chairs’ [stolarna] ‘the chairs’
I Phones that precede [-en]: [l] [t] [N]
I Phones that precede [-n]: [a]
I Phones that precede [-na]:
[r]
![Page 114: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1: Determine the Environments[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’
[lampa] ‘lamp’ [lampan] ‘the lamp’[sofa] ‘sofa’ [sofan] ‘the sofa’
[katar] ‘cats’ [katarna] ‘the cats’[bilar] ‘cars’ [bilarna] ‘the cars’[stolar] ‘chairs’ [stolarna] ‘the chairs’
I Phones that precede [-en]: [l] [t] [N]
I Phones that precede [-n]: [a]
I Phones that precede [-na]: [r]
![Page 115: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 2: Look for Similarities[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’
[lampa] ‘lamp’ [lampan] ‘the lamp’[sofa] ‘sofa’ [sofan] ‘the sofa’
[katar] ‘cats’ [katarna] ‘the cats’[bilar] ‘cars’ [bilarna] ‘the cars’[stolar] ‘chairs’ [stolarna] ‘the chairs’
I Phones that precede [-en]: [l] [t] [N] All are consonantsI Phones that precede [-n]: [a] All are [a]
I Phones that precede [-na]: [r] All are [r]
![Page 116: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 2: Look for Similarities[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’
[lampa] ‘lamp’ [lampan] ‘the lamp’[sofa] ‘sofa’ [sofan] ‘the sofa’
[katar] ‘cats’ [katarna] ‘the cats’[bilar] ‘cars’ [bilarna] ‘the cars’[stolar] ‘chairs’ [stolarna] ‘the chairs’
I Phones that precede [-en]: [l] [t] [N]
All are consonantsI Phones that precede [-n]: [a] All are [a]
I Phones that precede [-na]: [r] All are [r]
![Page 117: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 2: Look for Similarities[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’
[lampa] ‘lamp’ [lampan] ‘the lamp’[sofa] ‘sofa’ [sofan] ‘the sofa’
[katar] ‘cats’ [katarna] ‘the cats’[bilar] ‘cars’ [bilarna] ‘the cars’[stolar] ‘chairs’ [stolarna] ‘the chairs’
I Phones that precede [-en]: [l] [t] [N] All are consonants
I Phones that precede [-n]: [a] All are [a]
I Phones that precede [-na]: [r] All are [r]
![Page 118: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 2: Look for Similarities[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’
[lampa] ‘lamp’ [lampan] ‘the lamp’[sofa] ‘sofa’ [sofan] ‘the sofa’
[katar] ‘cats’ [katarna] ‘the cats’[bilar] ‘cars’ [bilarna] ‘the cars’[stolar] ‘chairs’ [stolarna] ‘the chairs’
I Phones that precede [-en]: [l] [t] [N] All are consonantsI Phones that precede [-n]: [a]
All are [a]
I Phones that precede [-na]: [r] All are [r]
![Page 119: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 2: Look for Similarities[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’
[lampa] ‘lamp’ [lampan] ‘the lamp’[sofa] ‘sofa’ [sofan] ‘the sofa’
[katar] ‘cats’ [katarna] ‘the cats’[bilar] ‘cars’ [bilarna] ‘the cars’[stolar] ‘chairs’ [stolarna] ‘the chairs’
I Phones that precede [-en]: [l] [t] [N] All are consonantsI Phones that precede [-n]: [a] All are [a]
I Phones that precede [-na]: [r] All are [r]
![Page 120: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 2: Look for Similarities[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’
[lampa] ‘lamp’ [lampan] ‘the lamp’[sofa] ‘sofa’ [sofan] ‘the sofa’
[katar] ‘cats’ [katarna] ‘the cats’[bilar] ‘cars’ [bilarna] ‘the cars’[stolar] ‘chairs’ [stolarna] ‘the chairs’
I Phones that precede [-en]: [l] [t] [N] All are consonantsI Phones that precede [-n]: [a] All are [a]
I Phones that precede [-na]: [r]
All are [r]
![Page 121: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 2: Look for Similarities[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’
[lampa] ‘lamp’ [lampan] ‘the lamp’[sofa] ‘sofa’ [sofan] ‘the sofa’
[katar] ‘cats’ [katarna] ‘the cats’[bilar] ‘cars’ [bilarna] ‘the cars’[stolar] ‘chairs’ [stolarna] ‘the chairs’
I Phones that precede [-en]: [l] [t] [N] All are consonantsI Phones that precede [-n]: [a] All are [a]
I Phones that precede [-na]: [r] All are [r]
![Page 122: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 3: Identify the Morpheme[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’
[lampa] ‘lamp’ [lampan] ‘the lamp’[sofa] ‘sofa’ [sofan] ‘the sofa’
[katar] ‘cats’ [katarna] ‘the cats’[bilar] ‘cars’ [bilarna] ‘the cars’[stolar] ‘chairs’ [stolarna] ‘the chairs’
Step 3:I Find the allomorph such that the sounds in its environment
share nothing in common.I Choose that allomorph as the (underlying) morpheme.
Environments of the Allomorphs:I Phones that precede [-en]: [l] [t] [N] All are consonantsI Phones that precede [-n]: [a] All are [a]I Phones that precede [-na]: [r] All are [r]
![Page 123: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 3: Identify the Morpheme[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’
[lampa] ‘lamp’ [lampan] ‘the lamp’[sofa] ‘sofa’ [sofan] ‘the sofa’
[katar] ‘cats’ [katarna] ‘the cats’[bilar] ‘cars’ [bilarna] ‘the cars’[stolar] ‘chairs’ [stolarna] ‘the chairs’
Step 3:I Find the allomorph such that the sounds in its environment
share nothing in common.I Choose that allomorph as the (underlying) morpheme.
Environments of the Allomorphs:I Phones that precede [-en]: [l] [t] [N] All are consonantsI Phones that precede [-n]: [a] All are [a]I Phones that precede [-na]: [r] All are [r]
![Page 124: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 3: Identify the Morpheme[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’
[lampa] ‘lamp’ [lampan] ‘the lamp’[sofa] ‘sofa’ [sofan] ‘the sofa’
[katar] ‘cats’ [katarna] ‘the cats’[bilar] ‘cars’ [bilarna] ‘the cars’[stolar] ‘chairs’ [stolarna] ‘the chairs’
Step 3.5 (You Won’t Have to Do This):I If there is no such allomorph...I If all the environments have something in common.I Choose the allomorph with the least specific environment
Environments of the Allomorphs:I Phones that precede [-en]: [l] [t] [N] All are consonantsI Phones that precede [-n]: [a] All are [a]I Phones that precede [-na]: [r] All are [r]
![Page 125: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 3: Identify the Morpheme[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’
[lampa] ‘lamp’ [lampan] ‘the lamp’[sofa] ‘sofa’ [sofan] ‘the sofa’
[katar] ‘cats’ [katarna] ‘the cats’[bilar] ‘cars’ [bilarna] ‘the cars’[stolar] ‘chairs’ [stolarna] ‘the chairs’
Step 3.5 (You Won’t Have to Do This):I If there is no such allomorph...I If all the environments have something in common.I Choose the allomorph with the least specific environment
Environments of the Allomorphs:I Phones that precede [-en]: [l] [t] [N] All are consonants
Conclusion: The underlying morpheme is /-en/
![Page 126: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 3: Identify the Morpheme[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’
[lampa] ‘lamp’ [lampan] ‘the lamp’[sofa] ‘sofa’ [sofan] ‘the sofa’
[katar] ‘cats’ [katarna] ‘the cats’[bilar] ‘cars’ [bilarna] ‘the cars’[stolar] ‘chairs’ [stolarna] ‘the chairs’
Step 3.5 (You Won’t Have to Do This):I If there is no such allomorph...I If all the environments have something in common.I Choose the allomorph with the least specific environment
Environments of the Allomorphs:I Phones that precede [-en]: [l] [t] [N] All are consonants
Conclusion: The underlying morpheme is /-en/
![Page 127: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 4: Write the Rules[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’
[lampa] ‘lamp’ [lampan] ‘the lamp’[sofa] ‘sofa’ [sofan] ‘the sofa’
[katar] ‘cats’ [katarna] ‘the cats’[bilar] ‘cars’ [bilarna] ‘the cars’[stolar] ‘chairs’ [stolarna] ‘the chairs’
Step 4:For the remaining allomorphs, write out the rules that would limit themto their observed environments.
Rule of Thumb:If allomorph [X] is found in environment Z, the rule to write is:
‘/Y/ → [X] / Z ’
Environments for Remaining Allomorphs:I Phones that precede [-n]: [a] All are [a]I Phones that precede [-na]: [r] All are [r]
![Page 128: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 4: Write the Rules[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’
[lampa] ‘lamp’ [lampan] ‘the lamp’[sofa] ‘sofa’ [sofan] ‘the sofa’
[katar] ‘cats’ [katarna] ‘the cats’[bilar] ‘cars’ [bilarna] ‘the cars’[stolar] ‘chairs’ [stolarna] ‘the chairs’
Step 4:For the remaining allomorphs, write out the rules that would limit themto their observed environments.
Rule of Thumb:If allomorph [X] is found in environment Z, the rule to write is:
‘/Y/ → [X] / Z ’
Environments for Remaining Allomorphs:I Phones that precede [-n]: [a] All are [a]I Phones that precede [-na]: [r] All are [r]
![Page 129: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 4: Write the Rules[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’
[lampa] ‘lamp’ [lampan] ‘the lamp’[sofa] ‘sofa’ [sofan] ‘the sofa’
[katar] ‘cats’ [katarna] ‘the cats’[bilar] ‘cars’ [bilarna] ‘the cars’[stolar] ‘chairs’ [stolarna] ‘the chairs’
Step 4:For the remaining allomorphs, write out the rules that would limit themto their observed environments.
Rule of Thumb:If allomorph [X] is found in environment Z, the rule to write is:
‘/Y/ → [X] / Z ’
Environments for Remaining Allomorphs:I /-en/ → [-n] / [a]I Phones that precede [-na]: [r] All are [r]
![Page 130: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Step 4: Write the Rules[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’
[lampa] ‘lamp’ [lampan] ‘the lamp’[sofa] ‘sofa’ [sofan] ‘the sofa’
[katar] ‘cats’ [katarna] ‘the cats’[bilar] ‘cars’ [bilarna] ‘the cars’[stolar] ‘chairs’ [stolarna] ‘the chairs’
Step 4:For the remaining allomorphs, write out the rules that would limit themto their observed environments.
Rule of Thumb:If allomorph [X] is found in environment Z, the rule to write is:
‘/Y/ → [X] / Z ’
Environments for Remaining Allomorphs:I /-en/ → [-n] / [a]I /-en/ → [-na] / [r]
![Page 131: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Conclusion: The Swedish Definite SuffixQuestion:
I Does Swedish really have three different suffixes meaning ‘the’?I Or, can we relate these as allomorphs of the same morpheme?
Answer:I Swedish only has one suffix meaning ‘the’.I This suffix is /-en/.I This suffix undergoes the following morphophonemic rules,
which affect the way it ends up being pronounced:I /-en/ → [-n] / [a]I /-en/ → [-na] / [r]
Having gone through these examples, you now have thetools for doing morphophonemic analysis on your own!
![Page 132: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Conclusion: The Swedish Definite SuffixQuestion:
I Does Swedish really have three different suffixes meaning ‘the’?I Or, can we relate these as allomorphs of the same morpheme?
Answer:I Swedish only has one suffix meaning ‘the’.I This suffix is /-en/.I This suffix undergoes the following morphophonemic rules,
which affect the way it ends up being pronounced:I /-en/ → [-n] / [a]I /-en/ → [-na] / [r]
Having gone through these examples, you now have thetools for doing morphophonemic analysis on your own!
![Page 133: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments
Step 2: Look for Similarities
Step 3: Identify theMorpheme
Step 4: Write the Rules
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis
Conclusion: The Swedish Definite SuffixQuestion:
I Does Swedish really have three different suffixes meaning ‘the’?I Or, can we relate these as allomorphs of the same morpheme?
Answer:I Swedish only has one suffix meaning ‘the’.I This suffix is /-en/.I This suffix undergoes the following morphophonemic rules,
which affect the way it ends up being pronounced:I /-en/ → [-n] / [a]I /-en/ → [-na] / [r]
Having gone through these examples, you now have thetools for doing morphophonemic analysis on your own!
![Page 134: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
The Logic of Morphological Analysis
I Finally, let’s also make clear the procedure for determiningwhat allomorphs a language has, and what they mean.
I This procedure gets a little challenging when a languagehas a lot of affixes it can use to make complex words.
![Page 135: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Complex Words in TurkishConsider the following words from Turkish:
[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’
Observation:Turkish can express in one word what English does in many words.
Reasonable Guess:I Maybe some of these words contain a bunch of affixes?I Maybe that’s how they get so long and get such ‘big’ meanings?
(like ‘antidisestablishmentarianism’ in English)
Question: How do we show this?
![Page 136: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Complex Words in TurkishConsider the following words from Turkish:
[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’
Observation:Turkish can express in one word what English does in many words.
Reasonable Guess:I Maybe some of these words contain a bunch of affixes?I Maybe that’s how they get so long and get such ‘big’ meanings?
(like ‘antidisestablishmentarianism’ in English)
Question: How do we show this?
![Page 137: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Complex Words in TurkishConsider the following words from Turkish:
[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’
Observation:Turkish can express in one word what English does in many words.
Reasonable Guess:I Maybe some of these words contain a bunch of affixes?I Maybe that’s how they get so long and get such ‘big’ meanings?
(like ‘antidisestablishmentarianism’ in English)
Question: How do we show this?
![Page 138: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Complex Words in TurkishConsider the following words from Turkish:
[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’
Observation:Turkish can express in one word what English does in many words.
Reasonable Guess:I Maybe some of these words contain a bunch of affixes?I Maybe that’s how they get so long and get such ‘big’ meanings?
(like ‘antidisestablishmentarianism’ in English)
Question: How do we show this?
![Page 139: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Complex Words in TurkishConsider the following words from Turkish:
[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’
Observation:Turkish can express in one word what English does in many words.
Reasonable Guess:I Maybe some of these words contain a bunch of affixes?I Maybe that’s how they get so long and get such ‘big’ meanings?
(like ‘antidisestablishmentarianism’ in English)
Answer: We can’t (yet)
I We need more words of Turkish.I With more words, we can start to look for systematic patterns of
sound and meaning!
![Page 140: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Complex Words in TurkishSo, consider now these words of Turkish:
[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
I Now we have enough words to start figuring out how‘[denizdzikde]’ is broken down into morphemes.
I Here’s how we do this step-by-step...
![Page 141: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Complex Words in TurkishSo, consider now these words of Turkish:
[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
I Now we have enough words to start figuring out how‘[denizdzikde]’ is broken down into morphemes.
I Here’s how we do this step-by-step...
![Page 142: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Step 1: Identify the Meaning[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
Step 1:For the word you are interested in, identify that part of the word’smeaning that you want to find the morpheme for.
Illustration: [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’
![Page 143: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Step 1: Identify the Meaning[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
Step 1:For the word you are interested in, identify that part of the word’smeaning that you want to find the morpheme for.
Illustration: [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’
![Page 144: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Step 1: Identify the Meaning[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
Step 1:For the word you are interested in, identify that part of the word’smeaning that you want to find the morpheme for.
Illustration: [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’
![Page 145: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Step 2: Find Words with that Meaning[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
Step 2:Gather up all the words that share that part of the meaning you’veidentified.
Illustration: [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’
I [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [deniz] ‘an ocean’I [denize] ‘to an ocean’
![Page 146: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Step 2: Find Words with that Meaning[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
Step 2:Gather up all the words that share that part of the meaning you’veidentified.
Illustration: [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [deniz] ‘an ocean’I [denize] ‘to an ocean’
![Page 147: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Step 3: Find the Common Sounds[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
Step 3:
I Out of those words, find the largest (continuous) sequence ofphones they have in common
I That is (most likely) the morpheme that expresses that meaning.
Illustration: [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [deniz] ‘an ocean’I [denize] ‘to an ocean’
![Page 148: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Step 3: Find the Common Sounds[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
Step 3:
I Out of those words, find the largest (continuous) sequence ofphones they have in common
I That is (most likely) the morpheme that expresses that meaning.
Illustration: [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [deniz] ‘an ocean’I [denize] ‘to an ocean’
![Page 149: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Step 3: Find the Common Sounds[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
Step 3:
I Out of those words, find the largest (continuous) sequence ofphones they have in common
I That is (most likely) the morpheme that expresses that meaning.
Conclusion: [deniz] = ‘ocean’I [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [deniz] ‘an ocean’I [denize] ‘to an ocean’
![Page 150: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Step 3: Find the Common Sounds[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
Step 3:
I Out of those words, find the largest (continuous) sequence ofphones they have in common
I That is (most likely) the morpheme that expresses that meaning.
Conclusion: [deniz] = ‘ocean’
Now let’s iterate this procedure, to figure out what the othermorphemes in ‘[denizdzikde]’ are.
![Page 151: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Step 1: Identify the Meaning[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
Step 1:For the word you are interested in, identify that part of the word’smeaning that you want to find the morpheme for.
Illustration: [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’
![Page 152: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Step 1: Identify the Meaning[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
Step 1:For the word you are interested in, identify that part of the word’smeaning that you want to find the morpheme for.
Illustration: [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’
![Page 153: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Step 2: Find Words with that Meaning[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
Step 2:Gather up all the words that share that part of the meaning you’veidentified.
Illustration: [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’
I [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [evdzikden] ‘from a little house’I [evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
![Page 154: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Step 2: Find Words with that Meaning[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
Step 2:Gather up all the words that share that part of the meaning you’veidentified.
Illustration: [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [evdzikden] ‘from a little house’I [evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
![Page 155: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Step 3: Find the Common Sounds[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
Step 3:
I Out of those words, find the largest (continuous) sequence ofphones they have in common
I That is (most likely) the morpheme that expresses that meaning.
Illustration: [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [evdzikden] ‘from a little house’I [evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
![Page 156: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Step 3: Find the Common Sounds[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
Step 3:
I Out of those words, find the largest (continuous) sequence ofphones they have in common
I That is (most likely) the morpheme that expresses that meaning.
Illustration: [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [evdzikden] ‘from a little house’I [evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
![Page 157: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Step 3: Find the Common Sounds[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
Step 3:
I Out of those words, find the largest (continuous) sequence ofphones they have in common
I That is (most likely) the morpheme that expresses that meaning.
Conclusion: [dzik] = ‘little’I [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [evdzikden] ‘from a little house’I [evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
![Page 158: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Step 3: Find the Common Sounds[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
Step 3:
I Out of those words, find the largest (continuous) sequence ofphones they have in common
I That is (most likely) the morpheme that expresses that meaning.
Conclusion: [dzik] = ‘little’
Let’s do this one more time, to figure out the third and finalmorpheme in ‘[denizdzikde]’.
![Page 159: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Step 1: Identify the Meaning[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
Step 1:For the word you are interested in, identify that part of the word’smeaning that you want to find the morpheme for.
Illustration: [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’
![Page 160: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Step 1: Identify the Meaning[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
Step 1:For the word you are interested in, identify that part of the word’smeaning that you want to find the morpheme for.
Illustration: [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’
![Page 161: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Step 2: Find Words with that Meaning[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
Step 2:Gather up all the words that share that part of the meaning you’veidentified.
Illustration: [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’
I [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [elde] ‘in a hand’I [evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
![Page 162: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Step 2: Find Words with that Meaning[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
Step 2:Gather up all the words that share that part of the meaning you’veidentified.
Illustration: [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [elde] ‘in a hand’I [evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
![Page 163: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Step 3: Find the Common Sounds[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
Step 3:
I Out of those words, find the largest (continuous) sequence ofphones they have in common
I That is (most likely) the morpheme that expresses that meaning.
Illustration: [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [elde] ‘in a hand’I [evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
![Page 164: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Step 3: Find the Common Sounds[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
Step 3:
I Out of those words, find the largest (continuous) sequence ofphones they have in common
I That is (most likely) the morpheme that expresses that meaning.
Illustration: [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [elde] ‘in a hand’I [evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
![Page 165: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Step 3: Find the Common Sounds[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
Step 3:
I Out of those words, find the largest (continuous) sequence ofphones they have in common
I That is (most likely) the morpheme that expresses that meaning.
Conclusion: [de] = ‘in’I [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [elde] ‘in a hand’I [evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
![Page 166: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Step 3: Find the Common Sounds[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
Summary:We’ve figured out all the morphemes in [denizdzikde]’
I [deniz] = ‘ocean’
I [dzik] = ‘little’
I [de] = ‘in’
We could continue this process for all the words above, but let’sjust stop here...
![Page 167: The Basics of Morphological Analysis](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051404/586a3c831a28ab123a8b90db/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
The Basics ofMorphological
Analysis
SupplementaryReadings
IntroducingMorphophonemics
MorphophonemicAnalysis
Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics
Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’
More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes
The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish
The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix
Practice: ‘In’ Suffix
Step 3: Find the Common Sounds[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’
Summary:We’ve figured out all the morphemes in [denizdzikde]’
I [deniz] = ‘ocean’
I [dzik] = ‘little’
I [de] = ‘in’
We could continue this process for all the words above, but let’sjust stop here...