the beginnings of our global age europe and the americas 1492-1750

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The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

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Page 1: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

The Beginnings of Our Global AgeEurope and the Americas 1492-1750

Page 2: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Remember Columbus?

It is easy to say Columbus was a “bad guy” in 2010.

Why?

BUT what do you think we would discover if we compared Columbus to the times he lived in?

Page 3: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

First Encounters in the Americas

• Columbus met the West Indians – called Tainos (TY-nos).

• Poor island farmers making cotton clothing and growing corn, yams, cotton.

• Friendly with Columbus.– Also called ARAWAK

Indians.

Page 4: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

After Columbus: The Conquistadors

• Seized the Native Americans’ gold and forced them into slavery.– Mining for gold– Burning the forests for

plantation ground.– Forced into

Christianity.

Page 5: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

What happened to the Tainos?

• Offended Spanish when they didn’t pay “proper respect” to Christian symbols.

• Enslaved the Tainos.• Most died of European

diseases• Intermarried / forced

relationships led to the end of the Tainos by the 1700s.

Page 6: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

BTW:

• The Caribbean gets its name from the Caribe Indians.– Caribe = Canibal– Last known pure

Caribe died in 1920.

Page 7: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Conquistador Advantages over the millions of Indians?

• GUNS• HORSES• DISEASE

Page 8: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

The Indians had no immunity

• Smallpox• Measles• Influenza• Plague• 90% of West Indians

died in the 1500s.

Page 9: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

The Spanish heard tales of gold and fierce warriors

• The hunt was on for wealth to take from the heathen Indians.

• The Conquistadors came after Columbus.– CONQUISTADOR =

Conquerors

Page 10: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Hernan Cortes and the Aztecs

• From a good Spanish family.– Failed at being a

European soldier.– Failed at becoming a

lawyer.

Cortes was hungry for wealth and recognition.

Page 11: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Cortes

• 1519 – landed on the coast of Mexico with :– 600 men, 16 horses,

and a few cannon.

• WHY WOULD CORTES BURN HIS SHIPS WHEN HE GOT TO THE NEW WORLD?

Page 12: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

What did Cortes Have?

• Intelligence• Guile –crafty or artful

deception. • Ruthless – Without

pity or compassion• Violence• Luck

Page 13: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Luck?

• Cortes had three bits of luck:– His translator,

Malinche– Learning the Aztec

story about the White Gods

– The Aztec king, Moctezuma, was weak.

Page 14: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Malinche• Or, as the Spanish

history books call her – Dona Marina.

• Was she acting to help Cortes out of love for him?

• Was she acting in revenge for her treatment by the Indians?

• Was she acting to stay alive?

Page 15: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Malinche

• In Mexican history she is a traitor to her people.– malinchista

• In Spanish history she is a heroine.– Her son, with Cortes,

was the first MESTIZO.

• Mixed Race

Page 16: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Malinche taught Cortes about an ancient legend

• Quetzalcoatl a white god who would return from the waters to begin the “beginning of the end.”

• How would Cortes see this legend as being an advantage for him?

Page 17: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Moctezuma and the Aztecs

• The last king of the Aztec Empire was weak.

• Moctezuma (Montezuma) was very superstitious and waiting for “signs” from the gods on how he should act.

Page 18: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

The Aztecs were also hated by other tribes

• The demands from the empire for human sacrifices had many lesser tribes angry and just waiting for a leader to help them beat the Aztecs.

Page 19: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

What would you do?

• If you were Moctezuma?

• If you were Cortes?

Page 20: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Moctezuma’s Mistake

• Offered gifts to the man / god Cortes - but urged him not to come to the capital city of Tenochtitlan.– A city of gold.

Page 21: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Cortes wants the gold!• Sometimes fighting,

sometimes negotiating Cortes gets to Tenochitlan.

• DAZZLED by the wealth of the city.

• Absolute DISDAIN for the Aztec religion.

• How is Cortes going to get it?

Page 22: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Cortes makes no friends among the Aztecs

• Not everyone thought he was a man / god.

• Fighting breaks out.• Cortes takes

Moctezuma hostage and makes him sign all his wealth over to him.

Page 23: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

1520-1521: How far will Cortes go?

• Moctezuma is his prisoner.

• The Aztecs hate the Spanish

• A new group of Conquistadors that don’t like Cortes have landed near the capital.– They could take the

wealth!

Page 24: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Cortes

• Fought his way out of Tenochititlan.– Lost half of his men– Moctezuma was killed.

Page 25: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

1520 – 1521 CHAOS

• Indian tribes, Aztecs, Spaniards all fighting for control of the wealth and country.

Page 26: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Cortes with his Indian allies

• Take and destroy Tenochtitlan and rename it Mexico City.

• Steals the wealth– To “legitimize” his theft he takes

Moctezuma’s daughter and says she is her father’s heiress and marries her off to various followers.

Page 27: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Mexico and Mexico City is a Spanish possession

• The Indians are forced to become Christian.– Some willingly.

Page 28: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Cortes was helped to victory

• He brought smallpox with him.

• 80% of the Aztecs died.

Page 29: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

What happened to the rich Cortes?

• Had wealth, titles, and land but few people wanted to be known as his friends.

• Died in 1547 and asked for his bones to be buried in Mexico.

• Think he is buried in Mexico?

Page 30: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Interesting thing, Cortes’ will

• He remembered his children – both legitimate and illegitimate – Spanish and Indian:

• Including the son Martin – the one he had with Malinche.– Martin became a Spanish

soldier and fought in Germany and Algiers in Africa.

Page 31: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Pizarro and the Incas

• Cortes’ “successes” at getting wealth encouraged other Conquistadors to try to acquire their own fortunes.

weapons:

Guns

Germs

Steel

Page 32: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Francisco Pizarro

• Illegitimate son with no inheritance from his father.

• Joined in with his second cousin Hernan Cortes in the final “mopping up” of the remains of the Aztec Empire.

• Became very “Machiavellian.”

Page 33: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Pizarro

• Poor and needed “patrons” to help him get his fortune.

• Completely RUTHLESS.

Page 34: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Pizarro

• Murdered one of his patrons, Balboa, when he was offered more opportunities by a rival conquistador.

• He commonly kidnapped Indians in Panama, demanding gold, and after it was delivered, sold the captive Indians into slavery.

Page 35: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Pizarro hears about a kingdom of gold to the south

in 1530.• The Incas• Supposed to have

more riches than the Aztecs.

Page 36: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Pizarro tries to invade

• No luck on his first two expeditions.

• Rumors of the wealth, but he can’t find it!

Page 37: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Pizarro prepares for a final try in 1530

• What should he do to help prepare?

Page 38: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Pizarro’s Plan

• Cuts a deal with the Spanish king.– Give 20% of the wealth

he finds to the king.– The king names him

governor of whatever he conquers. Gives CARTE BLANCHE.

– Pizarro buys three Inca slaves and teaches them Spanish.

Page 39: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

The Inca Emperor

• Atahualpa (ah tah WAHL puh) had just won a civil war against his brother.

• Powerful emperor and good military leader.

• A lot of unhappy enslaved tribes forced to pay taxes to the Incas and some human sacrifices.

Page 40: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Pizarro and Atahualpa Meet

• Pizarro tries Cortes’ trick of making the Inca think the Spanish were gods.

• Atahaulpa doesn’t buy it.

Page 41: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Pizarro and Atahualpa Meet

• Pizarro hands a Bible to Atahualpa and tells him to convert to Christianity and serve the Spanish.

• What do you think Atahualpa did?

Page 42: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Pizarro later invites Atahualpa to meet again

• The 6000 Incas come in ceremonial gear.

• Pizarro lays an ambush with 200 men, 27 horses and 3 cannon.

• Atahualpa is captured.

Page 43: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Ransom is demanded

• The Incas are told to fill a room once with gold and twice in silver within 2 months to get their emperor back.

• The Incas paid it.

Page 44: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Pizarro puts Atahualpa on “trial”

• Sentences him to burned as a heretic at the stake.

• IF Atahualpa converts, he won’t be burned at the stake.

• He was Garotted.

Page 45: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Pizarro takes over the empire

• Much bloodshed in forced conversions and stealing more wealth.

• Pizzaro tried to “rewrite” history to make himself look heroic.

• Killed by a rival Conquistador when he was 70.

Page 46: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750
Page 47: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750
Page 48: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Pizarro and other Conquistadors ruled Central and South America• Viceroys ruled for the

king.• Spanish and

Portuguese were “encouraged” to immigrate to the New World.

• The “encouragement” of the Indians to convert to Catholicism.

Page 49: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

Encomienda – forced labor

• The Indians were forced into slavery, mostly mining for the Spanish.

• When they died, slaves were brought from Africa to fill the labor shortage.

• MASSIVE amounts of gold, silver and gems left the New World.

Page 50: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

The Columbian Exchange

• From the New World tomatoes, pumpkins, peppers, corn and potatoes were taken to Europe

Page 51: The Beginnings of Our Global Age Europe and the Americas 1492-1750

The Columbian Exchange

• From Europe, wheat and grapes went to the New World.

• From Africa and Asia, bananas and sugar cane were brought.

• Chickens, horses, donkeys were introduced to the Americas too.