the bifor face facility: ecohydrological responses of a ... hydrology 2015... · bifor face...
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The BIFoR FACE facility: ecohydrological responses of a mature deciduous woodland to elevated carbon dioxide
Rob MacKenzie on behalf of the nascent BIFoR team
Mature forests are a carbon sink – because of elevated CO2, nitrogen deposition, &
changing climate
(Odum’s 1-D steady-state is inapplicable for finite patches with varying boundary conditions)
BIFoR FACE top-level research questions
1. Does elevated CO2 increase the carbon storage in mature woodlands?
2. Do other macro- or micro-nutrients limit the uptake of carbon?
3. What aspects of biodiversity and ecosystem structure-and-function alter?
4. How can lessons learnt be generalised to other woodlands and forests? (Global Network of second-generation Forest FACE experiments)
Norby, R. J., …, A. R. MacKenzie, R. Thomas…, Model-data synthesis for the next generation of forest FACE experiments, New Phytologist, 2015, DOI: 10.1111/nph.13593
CO2
Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment (FACE) Methodology
Aim to run experiment for 10 years +
“The ecological equivalent of the Large Hadron Collider”
Wind 30 m diameter
24
-27
m, d
epen
din
g o
n
loca
l can
op
y h
eigh
t
Aquatic systemsSoil horizons
Microbial pathogens
Feeding insects
Parasitic insects
Birds and free moving
insectivores
Litter Layer
Tree roots and rhizosphere symbiotic
microbes
Leaf fall
Leaf decomposition
Nutrient flow through soil
Nutrient fixation
Detritivores(Invertebrate and microbial )
Trees, shrubs and ground plants
Bed Rock
Nutrient flow through water
systems(invertebrates and microbial)
Nutrient emissions in VOCs
VOCs - parasite attractants
Leaf damage
Tissue damage
Anti-herbivore defence
Anti-microbial defence
Pollinator insects
Tertiary and quaternary
feeding animals
FACE 2.0 …SEX AND DEATH
Plant-pathogen molecular interactions - Current tree pathogens - Which pathogens will
emerge or cause most devastation in the changing environment?
Plant-insect interactions and chemical ecology
Rhizosphere microbiology, nutrient fixation and cycling
Plant Physiology - Tree growth - photosynthesis and
respiration (Which trees will be the winners under increased CO2?
- Trees role in C and N cycles
Animal behaviour
Litter layer: Invertebrate detritivores and nutrient cycling
Aquatic zoology and animal behaviour
Laser Scanning
Image from Eric Casella, Forest Research
3D reconstruction of trees to measure volume of wood
The BIFoR FACE facility
FACE – 3 no-infrastructure controls (ambient air);
3 ambient-air FACE rings &
3 treatments of +150 ppmv CO2
Fieldwork compound – cabins & CO2 reservoir
a decadal experiment to study the response of a mature temperate deciduous forest ecosystem to elevated CO2.
1 km
BIFoR FACE: ring structure
30m
24-27m, depending on local canopy height
Core Measurements at Mill Haft
Underway – Dendrometers
– LAI - via hemispherical photography
– Leaf gas exchange
– Stream Monitoring (Discharge,Water temperature, pH, Turbidity, Dissolved oxygen, Nitrate & Nitrite, Dissolved organic carbon
– Eddy covariance flux measurements (CO2,H2O, CH4)
– Phenocam
– Meteorology above & below canopy
– Plant tissue sampling
– Invertebrate sampling
– Litter traps
– Soil sampling
Pending – Soil gas fluxes
– Minirhyzotrons
Gauging stations
10 min measurements of: • Discharge • Water temperature • pH • Turbidity • Dissolved oxygen • NO3 • Dissolved organic carbon (incl. different fractions)
Data transferred via telemetry system to online server. Allows for continuous real-time viewing through web browser.
Evidence of sub-daily NO3 cycles
2 days
FACE ring hydrological monitoring 12 dataloggers distributed between six rings
Dendrometer
Depth-variable response of soil moisture to rain event
0
50
100
150
200
250
50 100 150 200 250
90% distance (m) Peak (m) Flux Footprint Estimates
Preliminary Flux results
400
200
0
He
at F
lux (
W/m
2)
01/05/2015 03/05/2015 05/05/2015 07/05/2015
Date & Time
300
200
100
0
Win
d D
ir (ºN)
8
6
4
2
Wsp
d (
m/s
)
-10
-5
0
5
10
CO
2 (µ
mo
l s-1 m
-2)
-100x10-3
-50
0
50
100
CH
4 (µ
mo
l s
-1 m
-2)
Wind Direction Wind Speed
Latent Heat (E) Sensible Heat (H)
CO2 CH4 (5pnt mean)
Diurnal Cycles
-4
-2
0
2C
O2 (µ
mo
l s
-1 m
-2)
06:0001/01/1904
12:00 18:00
Time of Day
200
150
100
50
0
He
at F
lux (W
/m2)
Respiration
Net photosynthesis
BIFoR Field Facility: Timeline
2014 2015 2016
Baseline
FACE design FACE build
FACE operation
Other field activities (by agreement)
2014 2026
FC SIS 2015-2020 HadGEM 3 JULES 4.0
HadGEM 13?? JULES 14.0??
FC SIS 2020-25
IPCC AR6 IPCC AR7
BIFoR summer intensive 2015
