The BIG FOUR!The BIG FOUR!

…….well really the BIG 2 with a .well really the BIG 2 with a Little 2 Little 2

Protein ObjectivesProtein Objectives

To be able to draw the structural diagrams To be able to draw the structural diagrams of 2 amino acidsof 2 amino acids

To be able to draw the dehydration To be able to draw the dehydration synthesis of two amino acidssynthesis of two amino acids

To know the functions of ProteinTo know the functions of Protein To know the shapes of ProteinTo know the shapes of Protein To know the factors that affect the efficiency To know the factors that affect the efficiency

of Enzymesof Enzymes

Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

ProteinProtein

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

LipidsLipids

All organic compounds :All organic compounds :

Have carbon as their core structureHave carbon as their core structure Contain hydrogen, oxygen and a few other Contain hydrogen, oxygen and a few other

atomsatoms Are considered MacromoleculesAre considered Macromolecules (Polymers = monomer + monomer + (Polymers = monomer + monomer +

monomer)monomer)

Polymer - MonomerPolymer - Monomer

ProteinProtein Amino AcidsAmino Acids Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids NucleotidesNucleotides CarbohydratesCarbohydrates GlucoseGlucose LipidsLipids Glycerol + Fatty Glycerol + Fatty

AcidsAcids

ProteinProtein

Building blocks are Amino AcidsBuilding blocks are Amino Acids There are only 20 Amino AcidsThere are only 20 Amino Acids They all have the same basic blueprint:They all have the same basic blueprint: 1. Central carbon1. Central carbon 2. Amine Group2. Amine Group 3. Carboxyl Acid3. Carboxyl Acid 4. Single Hydrogen Atom4. Single Hydrogen Atom 5. R-group (consists of different arrangements of 5. R-group (consists of different arrangements of

atoms)atoms)

A Typical Amino AcidA Typical Amino Acid

Dehydration SynthesisDehydration Synthesis

Carboxyl acid of one Amino Acid bonds to Carboxyl acid of one Amino Acid bonds to the Amine group of the next Amino Acid.the Amine group of the next Amino Acid.

A A Peptide BondPeptide Bond forms forms

Loss of water = DehydrationLoss of water = Dehydration

Draw the Dehydration Synthesis of 2 Draw the Dehydration Synthesis of 2 Glycine molecules Glycine molecules

The product is called a “Dipeptide Molecule”The product is called a “Dipeptide Molecule”

……as the chain gets longer….as the chain gets longer….

More than 2 amino acids = PolypeptideMore than 2 amino acids = Polypeptide

More than 200 amino acids = ProteinMore than 200 amino acids = Protein

Functions of ProteinFunctions of Protein

Structural moleculeStructural molecule EnzymesEnzymes HormonesHormones AntibodiesAntibodies Passive and Active channels in the Plasma Passive and Active channels in the Plasma

MembraneMembrane

Shapes of ProteinShapes of Protein

1. Primary – linear arrangement of amino 1. Primary – linear arrangement of amino acids acids

N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C

Shapes of ProteinShapes of Protein

2. Secondary – helix or folded arrangement2. Secondary – helix or folded arrangement

Shapes of ProteinShapes of Protein

3. 3. Tertiary – 3-D shape caused by the interaction Tertiary – 3-D shape caused by the interaction of amino acids with large r-groupsof amino acids with large r-groups

Shapes of ProteinShapes of Protein

4. Quaternary – multiple polypeptides with 4. Quaternary – multiple polypeptides with 3-D shape Shapes of Protein3-D shape Shapes of Protein

Organic Compound ReviewOrganic Compound Review All organic compounds have __________ as their core element.All organic compounds have __________ as their core element. Large molecules made up of repeating units are called __________.Large molecules made up of repeating units are called __________. The building blocks of organic compounds are called __________.The building blocks of organic compounds are called __________. All 20 amino acids have the same structural blueprint; a central All 20 amino acids have the same structural blueprint; a central

__________, an __________ group, a __________ acid group, a single __________, an __________ group, a __________ acid group, a single ___________ and an _____________.___________ and an _____________.

The simplest amino acid is called ___________.The simplest amino acid is called ___________. Amino acids link together in a process called ________________.Amino acids link together in a process called ________________. Amino acids are linked by a special covalent bond called a ____________.Amino acids are linked by a special covalent bond called a ____________. The first amino acid set down in every protein is _____________.The first amino acid set down in every protein is _____________. Five important functions of my favorite organic compound are Five important functions of my favorite organic compound are

_____________, _________________, ________________, _____________, _________________, ________________, ________________, and ______________________________.________________, and ______________________________.

Protein are found in 4 shapes: ________________, ___________________, Protein are found in 4 shapes: ________________, ___________________, ______________________ and _____________________.______________________ and _____________________.

Organic Compound ReviewOrganic Compound Review All organic compounds have All organic compounds have CarbonCarbon as their core element. as their core element. Large molecules made up of repeating units are called Large molecules made up of repeating units are called PolymersPolymers.. The building blocks of organic compounds are called The building blocks of organic compounds are called MonomersMonomers.. All 20 amino acids have the same structural blueprint; a central All 20 amino acids have the same structural blueprint; a central CarbonCarbon, ,

an an AmineAmine group, a group, a CarboxylCarboxyl acid group, a single acid group, a single HydrogenHydrogen and an and an R-R-group.group.

The simplest amino acid is called The simplest amino acid is called GlycineGlycine.. Amino acids link together in a process called Amino acids link together in a process called Dehydration SynthesisDehydration Synthesis.. Amino acids are linked by a special covalent bond called a Amino acids are linked by a special covalent bond called a PeptidePeptide.. The first amino acid set down in every protein is The first amino acid set down in every protein is MethionineMethionine.. Five important functions of my favorite organic compound are Five important functions of my favorite organic compound are StructuralStructural, ,

HormonesHormones, , Enzymes, AntibodiesEnzymes, Antibodies and and Carrier ProteinCarrier Protein.. Protein are found in 4 shapes: Protein are found in 4 shapes: PrimaryPrimary, , SecondarySecondary, , TertiaryTertiary and and

QuaternaryQuaternary..

Factors that may alter the shape of Factors that may alter the shape of Protein Protein

TemperatureTemperature Changes in pHChanges in pH

Protein StructureProtein Structure

Denaturation – temporary change in shapeDenaturation – temporary change in shape Coagulation – permanent change in shapeCoagulation – permanent change in shape

EnzymesEnzymes

Are Organic Catalysts that control the speed Are Organic Catalysts that control the speed of chemical reactions in cellsof chemical reactions in cells

Only function in one chemical reactionOnly function in one chemical reaction Are unaffected by the reaction, so they can Are unaffected by the reaction, so they can

be used over again.be used over again. If the shape of the enzyme changes, the If the shape of the enzyme changes, the

enzyme can’t do it’s job. enzyme can’t do it’s job. Reduce the activation energy needed to Reduce the activation energy needed to

start the reactionstart the reaction

Anabolic and Catabolic Reactions Anabolic and Catabolic Reactions

EnzymesEnzymes

EnzymesEnzymes ShockwaveShockwave Lock and Key PrincipleLock and Key Principle

Anabolic ReactionsAnabolic Reactions

Catabolic ReactionsCatabolic Reactions