the biology of mind. biological psychology ◦ branch of psychology concerned with the links between...
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The Biology of Mind
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Biological Psychology
◦Branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior
◦Some biological psychologists call themselves: ◦Neurobehavioral neuroscientists◦Neuropsychologists ◦Behavior geneticists ◦Physiological psychologist ◦Biopsychologists
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It all Starts with the Neuron
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Neuron
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Neuron Structure
Neurons do NOT touch each other- the space in between is call the synapse.
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How a Neuron FiresIt is an electrochemical process Electrical inside the neuron Chemical outside the neuron (in the synapse in the form of a neurotransmitter) The firing is call Action Potential
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The All or None Response The idea that either the neuron fires or it does not No part-way firing
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Action Potential
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How Neurons Communicate
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Neurotransmitters Chemical messengers released by terminal buttons through the synapse. We should know at least 4 types and what they do
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Acetylcholine Enables muscle action, learning & maybe memory
Lack of ACh has been linked to Alzheimer's
Too much means muscle spasms & death
Too little can mean paralysis
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Dopamine Influences learning, meaning & attention Too much is linked to schizophrenia Too little is linked to Parkinson’s
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Serotonin Affects mood, hunger, sleep & arousal Too little is linked to depression Too much Serotonin Syndrome
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Endorphins Natural pain killer “Runner’s High” Linked to pain control & pleasure
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Drugs can be . . .
Agonists: Make neurons fire Antagonists: Stop neural firing Re-uptake inhibitors: Block re-uptake
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Agonists and Antagonists
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Types of Neurons
Afferent (Sensory) Neurons
Efferent (Motor) Neurons
Interneurons
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Sensory Neurons(Afferent Neurons)
Take information from the senses to the brain.
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Motor Neurons(Efferent Neurons)
Take information from brain to the rest of the body.
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Inter Neurons Take messages from Sensory Neurons to other parts of the brain or to Motor Neurons
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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Sympathetic Nervous System
Flight or Fight Response
• Automatically accelerates heart rate, breathing, dilates pupils, slows down digestion
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
Automatically slows the body down after a stressful event. Heart rate and breathing slow down, pupils constrict and digestion speeds up.
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Peripheral Nervous System
All nerves that are not encased in bone.
Everything but the brain and spinal cord.
Is divided into two categories….somatic and autonomic.
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Somatic Nervous System Controls voluntary muscle movement. Uses motor (efferent) neurons.
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Autonomic Nervous System
Controls the automatic functions of the body. Divided into two categories…the sympathetic and the parasympathetic
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Reflexes Normally, sensory (afferent) neurons take info up through spine to the brain. Some reactions occur when sensory neurons reach just the spinal cord. Survival adaptation.
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A Simple Reflex
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A Simplified Neural Network
Neurons that learn to work together as a team.
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The Endocrine System
A system of glands that secrete hormones.Similar to nervous system, except hormones work a lot slower than neurotransmitters.
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The Major Endocrine Glands