the body anatomy and physiology lesson 11...2018/05/21 · the body –anatomy and physiology...
TRANSCRIPT
Monday 21st May 2018
The Body – Anatomy and Physiology
Lesson 11
Left Atrium
The
Cardiac
Cycle
Left Atrium Back to the heart via the pulmonary vein
Distributed around the body via arteries
Capillaries at the Alveoli (lungs)–
Gaseous exchange delivering Carbon
Dioxide and collecting Oxygen
Capillaries at Muscles and organs –
Gaseous exchange delivering Oxygen
and collecting Carbon Dioxide
Through the Aorta
Back to the heart via veins Left Ventricle
Through the Vena Cava Into Right Atrium
Right VentricleOut of the Pulmonary Artery to the
Lungs
Extension
1) Colour all oxygenated sections red, deoxygenated
sections blue and areas of gaseous exchange
purple
2) 2) Add additional details i.e. location of valves,
other key anatomy, description of blood vessels etc
Task – complete the cycle in the correct order
Starter Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Through the Aorta
Distributed around the body via arteries
Capillaries at Muscles and organs – Gaseous exchange delivering
Oxygen and collecting Carbon Dioxide
Back to the heart via veins
Through the Vena Cava
Into Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Out of the Pulmonary Artery to the Lungs
Capillaries at the Alveoli (lungs)–
Gaseous exchange delivering Carbon
Dioxide and collecting Oxygen
Back to the heart via the pulmonary vein
The
Cardiac
Cycle
Starter Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Through the Aorta
Distributed around the body via arteries
Capillaries at Muscles and organs – Gaseous exchange delivering
Oxygen and collecting Carbon Dioxide
Back to the heart via veins
Through the Vena Cava
Into Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Out of the Pulmonary Artery to the Lungs
Capillaries at the Alveoli (lungs)–
Gaseous exchange delivering Carbon
Dioxide and collecting Oxygen
Back to the heart via the pulmonary vein
The
Cardiac
Cycle
Today’s lesson –Associated topics to cardio/ respiratory system
• Redistribution of blood
• The Cardiac Cycle
• Cardiac Output/ Stroke Volume
• Measuring breathing volumes
• Interpretation of data
Redistribution of blood during exercise
During exercise, blood flow to muscles increase to meet the increase in oxygen demand. This redirection of blood flow to the areas where it is most needed is known as a vascular shunt.
The body uses two mechanisms to control this redistribution. Vasoconstriction (narrowing) and Vasodilation (expanding) is used to redistribute blood to essential areas of the body while decreasing blood flow to others.
Where? Why?
Vasodilation
Vasoconstriction
Redistribution of blood during exerciseConsider where blood is needed/ sent when we exercise and where it is pulled from
Where? Why?
Vasodilation WorkingMuscles
To deliver more oxygen and other nutrients such as glucose/ fats to working muscles to create energy. Also to starve off effects of lactic acid.
Skin surface To ensure we don’t overheat the warm blood is shunted to the surface of the skin in order for it to be cooled down by the air. This makes us appear red.
Vasoconstriction Non working muscles
These receive minimal blood flow as they require no additional energy
Internal organs eg stomach
Only essential body functions are completed when exercising. Instead the blood flow is reduced to ensure these organs to not overheat whilst exercising.
Redistribution of blood during exerciseConsider where blood is needed/ sent when we exercise and where it is pulled from
There are 2 stages to each heart beat:
The Cardiac Cycle
1) Diastole (Filling) 2) Systole (Ejection)
The filling of the heart and subsequent emptying follows a particular sequence.
Diastole
The heart filling with
blood.
-----------------
The heart is relaxing
Systole
The heart emptying.
-------------------
The heart contracts
Cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate
The short term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system:
1. Increase in heart rate2. Increase in stroke volume3. Increase in cardiac output
Heart rate is the number of beats per minute made by our heart.
It can be measured via a heart monitor or by counting the number of times our arteries ‘pulse’ per minute (or part of).
We can feel our pulse where an artery runs close to the surface of the skin- for example - Radial Artery (wrist) or Carotid Artery (neck)
Cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate
The short term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system:
1. Increase in heart rate2. Increase in stroke volume3. Increase in cardiac output
Stroke volume is the amount of blood
pumped out of the left ventricle per beat.
The stroke volumes for each ventricle
are generally equal, both being
approximately 70 mL in a healthy 70-kg
man
Cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate
The short term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system:
1. Increase in heart rate2. Increase in stroke volume3. Increase in cardiac output
Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped out of the
left ventricle of the heart per minute.
The cardiac output is usually expressed in liters/minute.
For someone weighing about 70 kg (154 lbs), the cardiac
output at rest is about 5 liters/minute.
cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate
Breathing volumes
Tidal volume:
This is the amount you breathe in and out in one normal breath.
Name Tidal volume at rest (ml)
Tidal volume during exercise (ml)
James 500 3500
Exercise causes an increase in breathing rate and depth. This is due to a greater need for oxygen in the body and removal of carbon dioxide.
Tidal volume can increase up to 5-9 times higher than at rest to cope with exercise demands.
Interpretation of a spirometer trace
Lung volumes can be shown on a spirometer trace and will change during exercise.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
The volume able to be forcibly inspired during normal breathingThis decreases during exercise.
Expiratory Reserve VolumeThe volume able to forcibly expired, after a normal breatheThis decreases slightly during exercise.
Residual VolumeThe volume of air that remains in the lungs after forced maximum expiration. No change to this volume during exercise.
Interpreting heart rate data & graphs
The table below shows an athletes cardiovascular and respiratory measurement taken at rest and during exercise.
Describe what the tables tell you? Discuss why these changes have taken place?
Heart rate (bpm)
Strokevolume (ml)
Breathing rate (number per min)
Muscle temperature
72 60 18 Normal
Heart rate (bpm)
Strokevolume (ml)
Breathing rate (number per min)
Muscle temperature
156 140 48 Hot
Rest
During exercise
Interpreting heart rate data & graphs
Plot the information shown in the table onto graph paper to show how heart rate has changed over time. Label the axes and join up the points to make a line graph.
Describe what the graph tells you?
Time (minutes) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Heart rate (beats per minute)
68 80 104 120 120 140 90
Homework for the holidays – REVISION!!!!!Y10 Exam: Monday 18 June – 1.30pmAll content from paper 1 and paper 2 since September
Paper 1 – AG
• Health and Fitness
• Components of Fitness
• Fitness Testing
• Training Types (inc injury prevention, seasons, safety, training zones, warming up/ cooling down etc)
• Effects of exercise
• Skeletal/ Muscular Systems
• Movement analysis
• Circulatory/ Respiratory Systems