the bologna process and graduate career tracking system inequalities in transition from higher...
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The Bologna process and graduate career tracking system
Inequalities in transition from higher education to labour market
Péter RóbertProfessor of Sociology, Széchenyi University, Győr
Senior researcher, Institute of Political Science (HAS) and TARKI, Budapest
Presentation on October 20, 2011 at Educatio
Source of inequalities
• Type of education (institutional level)- short program vs. long program- type of curriculum and examination (in terms of skill formation)- field of study
• Family background (individual level)- cultural climate in the family- economic / financial conditions in the family(based on respondent’s responses)
Indicators for LM entry success
Labour market entry is regarded successful if • the process is quick, if the graduate finds a job
within a short time • there is a good match between the job and the
qualifications
- vertical match: the job requires the given level of education (e.g. a tertiary degree)
- horizontal match: the job fits to the field of study
The advantage of being graduated
• The best chances to find a job appear if labour market entrants have tertiary education, particularly if they completed long programs (level of upper tertiary)
• Those with (upper) tertiary level of education have better chances to find a job with higher occupational status
Effects of education on hazard rates of the first job entry by country
Source: Comparative analysis of education and labour market entry in Central and Eastern Europe, MZES Project, Irena Kogan et. al.
Effect of education on the first job status by country
Source: Comparative analysis of education and labour market entry in Central and Eastern Europe, MZES Project, Irena Kogan et. al.
The curriculum is dominated by lectures vs. group assignments
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gro
up
assig
nm
en
ts (
%)
lectures (%)
EE
LT
PL
CZ
HU
SI TR
IT
ES
FR
AT DE
NL
BE
PT
NO
FI
UK
CH
The curriculum is dominated by theory vs. practice
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(%
)
theories and paradigms (%)
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HU
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TR IT
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FI UK
CH
The exams are dominated by tests vs. essays
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ltip
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written assignments (%)
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HU
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UK
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Learning effects on transition to LM
• Practical oriented curriculum results in smoother LM entry and better match between qualification and job
• Study related work during the years spent in higher education leads to quicker LM entry and better match
The impact of work during studies
Time (in months) searching for job
Study related
Non-study
related
All countries -- ++
Czech Republic -- ++
Hungary --
Poland --
Slovenia -- ++
Estonia --
Lithuania --
First job is a professional one
Study related
Non-study
related
All countries ++ --
Czech Republic ++ --
Hungary
Poland ++
Slovenia ++
Estonia -
Lithuania
Country patterns of transition from university to work
Methodology: Cluster analysis• An explorative technique to
display country patterns based on typical combination of characteristics
• Input indicators: right side panel
• Analysis is performed on country level data (N = 18)
• Selected cluster solution: countries are grouped and characterized by the indicators that served as input variables for the method
Indicators of LM entry- Job search: spent more than 6
months with finding a first job- Qualification and job mismatch
(objective): First job title is ISCO 3-9 with diploma
- Qualification and job mismatch (subjective): Feels that first job does not require a diploma
- Qualification and job mismatch (subjective): Feels that first job fits to field of study
Country characteristics for LM entry
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3.n.év
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Time needed to LM entry
Source: Hungarian graduate (2007) tracer study
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onth
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%
Low & admin. Medicine Life scie. Economics Informatics
Social scie. Engineering Humanities Agricult. Teaching
LM entry by field of study
• In Hungary, those graduated in medicine find a job during the shortest time
• They are followed by graduates from informatics, economics and engineering
• Longer time needed to find a job for the graduates from life science, social science and teaching
BUT: institutional and individual factors are not independent: field of study and social origin are related
Field of study by family background
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2,95
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3,05
3,1
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Financial conditions in the parental family (1=bad, 5=good)
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Low &admin.
Medicine Life scie. Economics Informatics Social scie. Engineering Humanities Agricult. Teaching
university (5 yrs), Phd college (3 yrs)
LM entry, field of study, social origin
• Graduates from most fields of study find a job faster if they come from a parental family with high level of education, while low educated parents increase the time for job search
• Graduates from medicine or law benefit particularly from the favourable social origin, while graduates from life sciences need especially more time to find a job if they come from low educated family
• But graduates in social sciences enter the labour market slower if they have a good family background with high level of parental education
Favourable family background can support the graduate by helping to find a job faster or by allowing her/him to search for a good job longer time
The role of family background in LM entry by field of study
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Kaplan-Meier survival estimation - Social Sciences
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Kaplan-Meier survival estimation - Medical / Health Sciences
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Kaplan-Meier survival estimation - Science
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Kaplan-Meier survival estimation - Law / Legal Studies
Thank you for your attention
Peter RobertSzechenyi University, Gyor ([email protected])TARKI Social Research Institute, Budapest