the bones of the appendicular skeleton. the appendicular skeleton = 126 bones of the pectoral...
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THE BONES OF THE THE BONES OF THE APPENDICULARAPPENDICULAR
SKELETONSKELETON
the the appendicular skeletonappendicular skeleton = 126 = 126 bones of the pectoral girdle, upper bones of the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbslimbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs
SKELETAL SKELETAL ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION
pectoral girdlepectoral girdle = scapula + clavicles = scapula + clavicles upper limbsupper limbs = humerus, radius, ulna, = humerus, radius, ulna,
carpals, metacarpals, phalangescarpals, metacarpals, phalanges pelvic girdlepelvic girdle = 2 os coxae or coxal = 2 os coxae or coxal
bonesbones lower limbslower limbs = femur, tibia, fibula, = femur, tibia, fibula,
patella, tarsals, metatarsals, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, phalangesphalanges
THE THE PECTORAL PECTORAL GIRDLEGIRDLE
2 clavicles + 2 scapula2 clavicles + 2 scapula supports the upper limbs, provides a supports the upper limbs, provides a
place for muscle attachmentplace for muscle attachment arrangement of bonesarrangement of bones
is good for mobility, is good for mobility,
but bad for stability but bad for stability
THE PECTORAL THE PECTORAL GIRDLEGIRDLE
claviclesclavicles = = “collarbones”“collarbones” ““S” shapeS” shape not very strong; not very strong;
easily fracturedeasily fractured
THE PECTORAL THE PECTORAL GIRDLEGIRDLE
scapulaescapulae = = “spade” shoulder “spade” shoulder bladesbladesbroad, broad,
triangular triangular bonesbones
THE PECTORAL THE PECTORAL GIRDLEGIRDLE
glenoid cavityglenoid cavity = = a depression a depression where the head where the head of the humerus of the humerus fits fits
THE UPPER LIMBSTHE UPPER LIMBS
humerushumerus: location = upper arm: location = upper arm extends from the scapula to the extends from the scapula to the
elbowelbow head fits into the glenoid cavity of head fits into the glenoid cavity of
the scapulathe scapula
THE UPPER LIMBSTHE UPPER LIMBS
radiusradius: location = forearm: location = forearm on the thumb side between the on the thumb side between the
elbow & wristelbow & wrist
THE UPPER LIMBSTHE UPPER LIMBS
ulnaulna = forearm = forearm longer than the radius, overlaps longer than the radius, overlaps
the humerusthe humerus
THE UPPER LIMBSTHE UPPER LIMBS
carpalscarpals = wrist = wrist 8 bones – 2 rows of four short 8 bones – 2 rows of four short
bonesbones
THE UPPER LIMBSTHE UPPER LIMBS
5 5 metacarpalsmetacarpals = palm = palm distal ends form the knucklesdistal ends form the knuckles numbered 1-5 starting with the numbered 1-5 starting with the
thumbthumb
THE UPPER LIMBSTHE UPPER LIMBS
14 14 phalangesphalanges = fingers / digits = fingers / digits 3 in each finger 3 in each finger (proximal, middle, (proximal, middle,
distal), distal), 2 in the thumb 2 in the thumb / pollex / pollex (proximal, distal) (proximal, distal)
THE PELVIC GIRDLETHE PELVIC GIRDLE made of 2 made of 2 osos coxaecoxae or coxal bones which or coxal bones which
articulate with each other & the sacrumarticulate with each other & the sacrum
THE PELVIC GIRDLETHE PELVIC GIRDLE functions include support for the functions include support for the
trunk, attachments for the lower trunk, attachments for the lower limbs, protection for the bladder, limbs, protection for the bladder, large intestine, & reproductive large intestine, & reproductive organsorgans
has a cup-shaped has a cup-shaped acetabulumacetabulum which which receives the head of the femurreceives the head of the femur
THE PELVIC GIRDLETHE PELVIC GIRDLE
each coxal bone has 3 parts:each coxal bone has 3 parts: iliumilium: the largest portion, upper : the largest portion, upper
prominence called the iliac crestprominence called the iliac crest ischiumischium: the lowest portion, you : the lowest portion, you
sit on the ischial tuberosities sit on the ischial tuberosities pubispubis: the anterior portion, fuses : the anterior portion, fuses
at the pubic symphysisat the pubic symphysis
THE PELVIC GIRDLETHE PELVIC GIRDLE the the obturator foramenobturator foramen is a large is a large
opening where nerves & blood opening where nerves & blood vessels pass from the spinal cord to vessels pass from the spinal cord to the lower limbsthe lower limbs
THE LOWER LIMBSTHE LOWER LIMBS
THE LOWER LIMBSTHE LOWER LIMBS femurfemur = “thigh bone” = “thigh bone”
longest, strongest bone in the bodylongest, strongest bone in the body extends from the hip to the kneeextends from the hip to the knee head of femur fits into the acetabulum head of femur fits into the acetabulum
of the coxaeof the coxae
PatellaPatella = kneecap, a sesamoid bone = kneecap, a sesamoid bone articulates with the femurarticulates with the femur
THE LOWER LIMBSTHE LOWER LIMBS
tibiatibia = larger bone of the lower leg, = larger bone of the lower leg, “shin”“shin” on the medial side of the legon the medial side of the leg
THE LOWER LIMBSTHE LOWER LIMBS
fibulafibula = smaller bone of the lower = smaller bone of the lower legleg on the lateral lower legon the lateral lower leg bears no weightbears no weight
THE LOWER LIMBSTHE LOWER LIMBS
tarsalstarsals = ankle = ankle 7 tarsal bones7 tarsal bones the the talustalus is the only free moving bone is the only free moving bone
of the ankleof the ankle the the calcaneuscalcaneus / heel is the largest / heel is the largest
tarsal bonetarsal bone
THE LOWER LIMBSTHE LOWER LIMBS metatarsalsmetatarsals = soles / arch = soles / arch
numbered 1-5 starting with the big toenumbered 1-5 starting with the big toe longitudinal arch + transverse archlongitudinal arch + transverse arch when arches weaken you may get flat when arches weaken you may get flat
feetfeet
THE LOWER LIMBSTHE LOWER LIMBS
phalangesphalanges = toes = toes 14 total, 3 in each except the big 14 total, 3 in each except the big
toetoe
JOINTSJOINTS
230 in the body230 in the body = functional junctions between bones= functional junctions between bones
bind parts of the skeletal systembind parts of the skeletal system make bone growth possiblemake bone growth possible allow the skeleton to change shape allow the skeleton to change shape
during birthduring birth enable movementenable movement
JOINTSJOINTS
classified according to their degree classified according to their degree of movement = functional of movement = functional classification classification immovableimmovable slightly movableslightly movable freely movablefreely movable
JOINTSJOINTS
also classified according to the type also classified according to the type of tissue binding bone = structural of tissue binding bone = structural classificationclassification fibrousfibrous cartilaginouscartilaginous synovialsynovial
FIBROUS JOINTS:FIBROUS JOINTS:
bones are tightly joined by a layer bones are tightly joined by a layer of dense connective tissueof dense connective tissue
allow little or no movementallow little or no movement ex. sutures of the skull, tibia-ex. sutures of the skull, tibia-
fibulafibula
CARTILAGINOUS CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS:JOINTS:
bones are connected by bones are connected by fibrocartilagefibrocartilage
allow limited movementallow limited movement ex. intervertebral discs, pubic ex. intervertebral discs, pubic
symphysis, 1st rib to sternumsymphysis, 1st rib to sternum
SYNOVIAL JOINTS:SYNOVIAL JOINTS:
bones are covered with articular bones are covered with articular cartilage & held together by a cartilage & held together by a fibrous joint capsule (outer layer of fibrous joint capsule (outer layer of ligaments + inner layer of synovial ligaments + inner layer of synovial membrane)membrane)
SYNOVIAL JOINTS:SYNOVIAL JOINTS:
some have menisci (shock-absorbing some have menisci (shock-absorbing pads), some have bursae (fluid-filled pads), some have bursae (fluid-filled sacs located between the skin & sacs located between the skin & bony prominences such as knees & bony prominences such as knees & elbows)elbows)
SYNOVIAL SYNOVIAL JOINTS:JOINTS:
types of synovial joints:types of synovial joints:glidingglidinghinge hinge PivotPivotellipsoidalellipsoidalsaddlesaddleball-and-socketball-and-socket
TYPES OF JOINT TYPES OF JOINT MOVEMENTS:MOVEMENTS:
flexion / extensionflexion / extension abduction / adductionabduction / adduction CircumductionCircumduction hyperextension hyperextension Refer to Refer to
handouts!handouts! retraction / protractionretraction / protraction elevation / depression elevation / depression RotationRotation pronation / supinationpronation / supination oppositionopposition dorsiflexion / plantar flexiondorsiflexion / plantar flexion eversion / inversioneversion / inversion