the boxer rebellion

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THE BOXER REBELLION

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THE BOXER REBELLION

THE BOXER REBELLIONINTRODUCTIONBoxer rebellion started in china from late1890s onwardsBoxers were Chinese rebels who were anti foreign and anti Christian. Initially they were a secret society but later got organized into a threatening large group.The Boxer religious ideology was compounded of all three of the Chinese systems, but more of Taoism in its makeup than Buddhism and only an influence rather than an element of Confucianism.The Chinese people regarded the Christian missionaries, both Catholic and Protestant as foreigners and hence their enemies.The foreign missionaries for Boxer were Primary Devil and the Christian converts were the Secondary Devil both equally deserving death.

BOXERSThey were Chinese secret group, the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists or I-ho-chuan who performed calisthenics rituals and martial arts, which they believed that would enable them to withstand the bullets and other forms of attack.The Westerners referred to these rituals as shadow boxing, from here they get the name BOXERS.They came from various parts of the society, but most of them were peasants, particularly from Shandong and Zahili province.Struck by Natural disaster- flood and famineTerritorial and commercial expansion by foreign powersBoxer blamed their poor living standard condition on the colonizers.

BOXERSBOXERSThey were either illiterate or semi literateInitially they were anti Qing, however once they got the support of the Dowager Princess Ci Xi in 1898, to attack on Christians and foreigners, they sided with the Qing dynasty.However this is debatable.Originally opponents of theCi Xiand theQing Dynastyin general, the Muslim troops, called the Kansu Braves, joined forces with the Qing imperial army after the Qing decided to oppose the foreigners. The Braves played a prominent role in the siege of the foreign legations, and killed a Japanese diplomat in the streets of Beijing

WOMEN BOXERSRed LanternsThese Lanterns had a supreme leader in the person of a woman, Hung-lien Sheng-mu i f 1i , who was said to be a person of very modest origin but tremendous magic powers.7he Boxers. The Red Lanterns were said to be able to fly and to set fire to any object they wished to burn.4 They also had to go through a period of training which ranged from 48 days to five months.5 To begin with, they were taught an incantation and then went to a river or a pond to practise walking on water. Their supreme leader, Huang-lien Sheng-mu, had both healing power and the uncanny ability to undo the screws of foreign cannon. Their magic was believed to be less fallible than that of the Boxers, because they themselves were women. Woman was, according to the Boxers, their curse, for she was dirty.THEORIES ABOUT BOXERSWhether they were formed to oppose Qing Dynasty or support it.There are a number of contradicting views among the historians:Most widely held view- began with opposition to Qing Dynasty, by 1890 they started supporting themBoxers were recruited by Qing to oppose foreign influence.Victor Purcell- Boxers were originally opposed to the ruling Qing Dynasty, but then changed from anti Qing position to one who supports them.Joseph Esherick- Disagrees with Purcell and says- From beginning, Boxers were a Loyalist movement and they were never anti dynastic.- pro Qing and anti foreign from start.We need to consider both the alternatives since the views among the historians are divided.Was it a momement from below or was it created by above?Fairbank- In the sequence of event, each side aroused the otherRISE OF BOXERSA range of factors that led to the emergence of boxers:Foreign exploitation and humiliationStrong anti- Christian feeling in ChinaEconomic difficulties due to foreign encroachmentNatural disasters Anti Westernization- Railroads

CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES IN CHINA

11ladies- Fanciscan Missionaries of Mary Martyr Saints of Taiyuan in SanxiNunus of the order of Franciscan Mssionaries of Mary Martyr Santis of Taiuan at SanxiThe order of Friars Minor Matryr Saints of Taiuan at SanxiQing Dynasty EmpressCi Xi

EMPRESS CI XI AND THE BOXER REBELLIONThe Boxer uprising was a peasant movement, however, it wouldnt have been of such a ferocious character had Empress of Dowager not played such an important role.She supported the Boxers as they attempted to kill all the foreigners in Beijing, but the Western armies arrived and defeated the Boxers.As the Boxers began their attacks, the Western powers were slow to realize that the Dowager Empress intended to support the Boxer raids. Ci Xi hoped to use the Boxers to either drive out the foreigners or at least loosen their grip on China.She was very manipulative of the entire movement. If the Boxers succeeded she would take the credit; if the Boxers failed they would take the blame.

THE ARMY OF EUNUCHSEunuchs were among the Dowager Empresss key attendants. They made a considerable sacrifice in order to gain a powerful position in government. This great sacrifice was to get their genitals were cut off . Most of the eunuchs attending Ci Xi were volunteers.The operation to castrate the volunteers was performed by a specialist called a knifer. The genitals, referred to as the Thrice Precious, were cut off as close to the body as possible to avoid leaving a stump. A pewter plug was then inserted in the urethra and the wound bandaged. The new eunuch was made to walk around to prevent blood clots. For three days he was denied anything to drink to prevent urination. After that the bandages were removed and the plug taken out. If the urine flowed like a fountain, the operation was declared a success. Complete recovery took three months. The genitals were preserved in a jar as proof of the eunuchs status.

NATURE AND EXTENT OF REBELLIONFrom May of 1900 Boxer raids increased. Between June 13 and 14 the Boxers attacked Christians and foreigners in Beijing and Tianjin. The Qing government told the foreigners that their diplomats in Beijing were well-defended by Imperial troops and there was no need to send troops.On 20 June, Clemens von Ketteler, the German minister in Beijing, was killed by Boxers. The following day the Dowager Empress declared war on all the foreign powers. Purcell gives 4 reasons behind this war:The vent anger against the foreignerRise patriotic feelings among the Chinese peopleRemove foreign military influence from the capitalEliminate foreigners

THE LEGATION MAP OF BEIJING

French troops on the road to Peking

A French Cartoon of 1898 criticising other powers for their Colonial interest in China (the French character to the right is looking on with concern)NATURE AND EXTENT OF REBELLIONThe Boxer uprising was crushed by superior foreign weaponry and technology. The Boxers, despite all their rituals, were not invulnerable to bullets. By the time the uprising was brought under control, however, 250 missionaries across China had been killed.When the foreign troops arrived in Beijing, Ci Xi was smuggled to safety. After the peace terms were arranged she returned to the capital. CHINESE REFUGEES FLYING AWAY FROM TAINING DURING THE REBELLION

In the late 1890s Herbert Hoover, the future 31st President of the United States, took his new bride to Tianjin in north China to pursue his career as a geologist. Hal Wert describes how the couple became embroiled In Beijing in 1900.

IMPACT OF THE REBELLIONThe Boxer ProtocolPeace Treaty was made that kept the foreign troops out of important regions in Central and Southern China in order to avoid such a repetition of the rebellion.The rebellion proved to be extremely catastrophic as the Chinese people had to face an even greater tax burden, as the Imperial government raised the money to pay the massive indemnities imposed by the foreign powers.However, in the longer term the Boxer Rebellion triggered some major historical changes.The Boxer uprising was also a clear reflection of an emerging nationalist movement, which transformed China in the twentieth century. The decisions made by Ci Xi and her court during the uprising indicated that the Qing dynasty was incapable of ruling China.

IMPACT OF THE REBELLIONThe Boxer rebellion paved the road for the Revolution of 1911, which eventually marked the end of the Qing dynasty.It accelerated the demand for reform and revolution.GERMAN TROOPS RETURN TO BEIJING AFTER THE REBELLION

INSIDE THE FORBIDDEN CITY CELEBRATING THE VICTORIES OF THE ALLIESCAPTURED BOXERS

CAPTURED BOXERS

BOXERS EXECUTIONBOXERS WAITING TO BE EXECUTED

BOXERS ON THEIR WAY TO EXECUTION

CHINESE BOXERS EXECUTED BY JAPANESE

BOXERS BEING EXECUTED

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