the brain: our three pound universe the biological basis of behavior: unit ii
TRANSCRIPT
The Brain: Our Three Pound Universe
The Biological Basis of Behavior: Unit II
I. The Three Brains
A. Hindbrain – part of the brain at the rear base of the skull, involved in the basic processes of life 1. oldest part 2. responsible for automatic and survival
functions 3. Three parts
Medulla Cerebellum pons
B. Midbrain – small part of the brain above the pons that relays sensory information upward (vision & hearing). Reticular activating system
C. Forebrain – the most highly developed part of the brain responsible for the most complex aspects of behavior and mental life. 1. covers the brain’s central core 2. 4 parts
Thalamus Hypothalamus cerebral cortex corpus callosum
Brain Lobes (Each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex in divided into 4 lobes.)
Occipital (back) Temporal (side, below ears)
Wernicke’s Area Broca’s Area
Parietal (top and rear) Frontal (behind forehead)
Limbic System
Inner edge of cerebrumLearning and memoryEmotion HungerSexaggression
Major parts of the brain and their functions Forebrain
Thalamus-relay station for sensory stimulation Relays messages from sense organs for interpretation
Hypothalamus-vital, regulates body temp., storage of nutrients, motivation, and emotion
Hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, caring for offspring, and aggression Cerebrum- 70% of brain’s weight
Cerebral cortex-wrinkled surface, part that “thinks” Memory, language, emotions, complex motor functions, perception,
etc. Corpus callosum-connects two brain hemispheres of cerebral
cortex
Major parts of the brain and their functions (contd.) Midbrain
Reticular activating system-stretches from hindbrain through midbrain, to lower part of forebrain
attention Sleep Arousal (heart rates/blood pressure) Alcohol lowers activity
Major parts of the brain and their functions (contd.) Hindbrain
Medulla-heart rate and breathing, blood pressure, vital functions
Pons-coordinates left & right sides of body, body movement, attention, sleep alertness
Cerebellum-balance and coordination
Brain Lobes (sensory & motor areas) Occipital (back)
Primary visual area Temporal (side, below ears)
Hearing/auditory area Wernicke’s Area
Language function, puts together sounds & sights Broca’s Area
Language function Damage to areas causes “aphasia”
Trouble understanding, producing language Parietal (top and rear)
Skin senses Frontal (behind forehead)
Motor skills, executive center Solve problems, make plans & decisions, core of working memory
II. The Cerebral Hemispheres: Left and Right
A. corpus callosum – a connection of nerve bundles that carry messages between our two brain hemispheres
B. each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body.
C. laterization – specialization of the two cerebral hemispheres (L&R) for particular functions
III. Split Brain Patients Study
A. Split Brain Patients- those who due to epilepsy, have their corpus callosum cut.
Testing the Divided Brain
B. Accidents
Phineas Gage Story Personality changed
after the accident.What does this tell
us? That different part
of the brain control different aspects of who we are.
Neuroimaging Techniques 1. Computerized axial
tomography (CAT Scan) a) x-rays beam around the
head (3D view) b) pinpoints injuries and brain
deterioration
2. Position Emission Topography (PET Scan)
a) can see which areas of the brain are activated when performing tasks
b) a radioactive solution is injected into the body
Shows activity vs snapshot
3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) a) can see structures in detail, hard to see areas b) magnetic fields and radio waves c) more powerful than CAT scan