the built environment - wordpress.com€¦ · does neighborhood fast-food outlet exposure amplify...
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From Park to Club: Youth, Place & Alcohol
The Built Environment People, Places and Health Sheffield, 19th September 2016 Tim G Townshend
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Aim of today’s presentation
• Overview the impact of the built environment in supporting or inhibiting healthy lifestyle choices
• Specifically to briefly think about built environment and… • Mental wellbeing and restoration
• Physical Activity & Socialisation
• Food access
• Clusters of unhealthy shops and services
• Policy opportunities
• Conclusions
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Barton et al.
Health, wellbeing and place
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Contemporary Urban Life
• Life to day can be stressful and unhealthy!
• Overcrowding, noise, pollution, sedentary lifestyles, etc.
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Mental restoration and wellbeing
• We know ‘greener’ environments promote feelings of wellbeing –
• 4 dimensions to this – stress reduction/physical activity/socialisation/env. quality
• Mental wellbeing/stress reduction/restoration • Ulrich - psychoneuroendocrine
processes (1983) • Kaplans’- Attention Restoration
Theory (1995) • Etc.
The Meadows, Edinburgh
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Therapeutic landscapes - e.g. garden allotments
• Therapeutic landscape come in many forms
• Large body of evidence on the benefits of allotment gardening • stress reduction • communing with nature • Socialisation • exercise, improved diet etc
• They are still disappearing and few new ones created
(Townshend, 2016)
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Pushing boundaries of therapeutic design
Hogeweyk, Amsterdam – dementia friendly design • Emphasis on activity and encounter
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Rethinking - Blue-green Infrastructure (BGI)
• Evidence water settings may offer perceived psychological benefits of green ones (White et al, 2010; Volker and Kistemann,
2010)
• Urban blue as good as rural green?
• Potential for riversides/canals etc – e.g. walking for health (WfH) schemes
Quayside, Newcastle
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More generally BGI and Physical Activity (PA) • Studies (early 2000s e.g. Giles-Corti
etal 2005 etc) associated greenspace proximity with increased recreational activity • More recently
contradictory results? • Example of where research
has used multiple metrics, which has been unhelpful
• Though clearly they do provide the opportunity to be physically active
Parkrun
Grand Union Canal, Dublin
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Walkable Neighbourhoods
• More generally - premise for ‘walkable neighbourhoods’ remains strong – (Townshend, 2014)
• Which aspects might be more influential open to debate • Access to shops and services • High residential density • Pavements and public transport Help meet minimum guidelines • ‘Activity supportive’ – highest levels of
activity • Adams et al, 2013
• Socialisation increased in walkable neighbourhoods
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Looking at PA and food access
• Studies are limited –
• But e.g. suggest a link between poor access to PA facilities & poor diet
• E.g. Newcastle research (Gallo et al, 2015)
• Urban parks and social equity for younger people
• Study of two urban parks and their peripheries in disparate neighbourhoods
• Provision in the park poorer in poorer neighbourhood
• PLUS – surrounding food environment much less healthy
• (i.e. supporting a deprivation amplification hypothesis)
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Neighbourhoods and Fast Food
• Food environment influences individual food choice (Charreire et al., 2010; Caspi et al., 2012)
• There is evidence that fast food availability and consumption are linked (Caspi et al., 2012).
• Recent studies have found links between fast food outlet density and weight in older children/adolescents (Cetateanu & Jones, 2014)
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Unhealthy Clusters, or ‘Toxic High Streets’
Many traditional shopping streets – particularly in poorer areas have become a toxic mix of Fast food plus… Betting shops Money lenders (NB this list could be extended to consider – cheap alcohol suppliers, tanning salons etc)
• Access and Availability are generally related to consumption and thereby to health issues – though the mechanisms are complex
(Townshend, 2016)
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L.B. Harringay
Implications are under-researched
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…Before we leave food environments
• There are opportunities within the built environment to reconnect people with food in a positive way…
Incredible Edible Todmorden
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Emergent issues in research
• Multiple Environments – • Both PA and food env. research –
• Combined exposure is important – but more influential with some groups than others
(e.g. Burgoine, et al 2016)
• Importance of journeys – particularly active travel to school (e.g. Cooper, 2012)
Work
Home Play
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Can we learn from other cultures?
Looking at the intensive use of public space by older persons in China
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Policy Implications for built env.
• Positively National Planning Policy Framework does mention health!
• There are existing mechanisms to integrate health concerns into urban planning – particularly impact assessment – Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEAs) – Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
• Though not statutory Health Impact Assessments (HIA)
• Planning policies to address particular issues – e.g. fast food proliferation – (mixed success – but improving picture?)
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Conclusions
• WE do know what creates a supportive healthy built environment - Creating green, ‘walkable’ environments (while restricting unhealthy clusters) would seem to be common sense
• Yet on the ground trends would appear to be accelerating in the opposite direction
• Evidence base linking built environment is far from perfect – but there is arguably enough
• It won’t be easy to change deeply entrenched positions – there is huge inertia in the system – but there is also huge opportunity for health and built environment professionals to work together to try and create healthier places
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References Bauman, A., et al., (1999) Geographical influences upon physical activity participation: evidence of a ‘coastal effect’, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 23 322-324.
Burgoine T, Forouhi NG, Griffin SJ, Brage S, Wareham NJ and Monsivais P. Does neighborhood fast-food outlet exposure amplify inequalities in diet and obesity? A cross-sectional study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2016.
Cetateanu A and Jones A. Understanding the relationship between food environments, deprivation and childhood overweight and obesity: Evidence from a cross sectional England-wide study. Health and Place. 2014; 27: 68-76.
Cooper AR, Jago R, Southward EF and Page AS. Active travel adn physical activity across the school transition: The PEACH project. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2012; 44: 1890-7.
Halonen, J.L., (2013) Green and Blue Areas as Predictors of Overweight and Obesity in an 8-Year Follow Study, Obesity, 22 (8) 1910-1917
Hartig et al (2014) Nature and health, Annual Review of Public Health, 36 207-228.
Kaplan, S. (1995) 'THE RESTORATIVE BENEFITS OF NATURE - TOWARD AN INTEGRATIVE FRAMEWORK', Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15(3), pp. 169-182.
Korpela, K.M., et al., (2010) Favorite green, waterside and urban environments, restorative and perceived health in Finland, Health Promotion International 25 (2) 200-209.
Townshend T.G. (2014) Walkable Neighbourhoods: principles, measures and health impacts, in Burton E., & Cooper, R Well-being and the Environment, Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell.
Gallo, R., Townshend, T.G. & Lake A.A. (2014) Exploring urban parks and their peripheral food environments using a case study approach, Urban Design International doi.udi.2013.35.
Giles-Corti B, Broomhall MH, Knuiman M, et al. Increasing walking: How important is distance to, attractiveness and size of public open space? American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2005; 28: 169-76.
Townshend, T.G. (2016) My Haven, My Sanctuary in Babalis D ed.) Approaching the Integrative City, Altralinea, Firenze.
Townshend, T.G. (2016) Toxic High Streets, Journal of Urban Design: DOI:10.1080/13574809.2015.1106916
Ulrich, R.S. (1983) 'Aesthetic and affective response to natural environment', in Altman, I. and Wohwill, J.F. (eds.) Behavior and the Natural Environment New York: Plenum Press, pp. 85-125
Volker, S., & Kristemann, T., (2011) The impact of blue space on human health and well-being – Salutogenic health effects of inland surface waters. A review, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 214(6): 449-460
White, M.P., et al., (2010) Blue space: The importance of water for preference, affect, and restorativeness ratings of natural and built scenes Journal of Environmental Psychology 30: 482-493
White, M.P., et al., (2013) Coastal proximity and health: a fixed effects analysis of longitudinal panel data, Health and Place 23, 97-103
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