The Caltech High Energy The Caltech High Energy PhysicsPhysics

Experimental ProgramExperimental Program

David HitlinDavid HitlinMarch 27, 2003March 27, 2003

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High Energy Elementary Particle Physics at High Energy Elementary Particle Physics at CaltechCaltech

Major research areasMajor research areas ee++ee-- collider physics collider physics Decays of heavy quarks and leptonsDecays of heavy quarks and leptons Search forSearch for CP CP violation in heavy quark weak decaysviolation in heavy quark weak decays Search for the origin of mass and symmetry-breakingSearch for the origin of mass and symmetry-breaking Search for phenomena beyond the Standard ModelSearch for phenomena beyond the Standard Model Measurements of neutrino oscillation parametersMeasurements of neutrino oscillation parameters Study of very high energy cosmic raysStudy of very high energy cosmic rays New detector technologiesNew detector technologies

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Caltech HEPCaltech HEP

Who are we?Who are we? 6 teaching faculty (Barish, Hitlin, Newman, Porter, Peck, 6 teaching faculty (Barish, Hitlin, Newman, Porter, Peck,

Weinstein)Weinstein) ~10 postdoctoral/research faculty~10 postdoctoral/research faculty ~10 graduate students~10 graduate students Visitors, technical and administrative staffVisitors, technical and administrative staff

Organization of research groupsOrganization of research groups We operate under an ongoing DOE umbrella grant ($5.7M in FY03)We operate under an ongoing DOE umbrella grant ($5.7M in FY03)

with pooled resourceswith pooled resources There are two series of weekly seminarsThere are two series of weekly seminars

Monday – exp/theoryMonday – exp/theory Tuesday – exp-informalTuesday – exp-informal

Close contact with the HEP theory groupClose contact with the HEP theory group Overlap of interests with nuclear/astrophysics/space physics Overlap of interests with nuclear/astrophysics/space physics

groupsgroups Excellent resources at Caltech and JPLExcellent resources at Caltech and JPL

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Caltech HEP Research GroupsCaltech HEP Research Groups

BBAABBARAR (at PEP-II at SLAC) – Dubois-Felsmann, Hitlin, Porter (at PEP-II at SLAC) – Dubois-Felsmann, Hitlin, Porter Taking data at the PEP-II asymmetric Taking data at the PEP-II asymmetric ee++ee-- collider at SLACcollider at SLAC

Producing lots of heavy quark and heavy lepton physics, including Producing lots of heavy quark and heavy lepton physics, including first measurements of first measurements of CPCP-violating asymmetries in -violating asymmetries in BB meson decay meson decay

Preparing near-term upgradesPreparing near-term upgrades Designing and doing R&D for SuperDesigning and doing R&D for SuperBBAABBARAR and SuperPEP-II and SuperPEP-II

luminosity 10luminosity 103636 cm cm-2-2ss-1-1 vs current 5 x 10 vs current 5 x 103333 cm cm-2-2ss-1-1

MINOS MINOS (Soudan Mine, (Soudan Mine, beam from Fermilab) – Barish, Peck, beam from Fermilab) – Barish, Peck, MichaelMichael Under construction. Has commenced data-taking with cosmic rays Under construction. Has commenced data-taking with cosmic rays

-preliminary beam at end of 2004-preliminary beam at end of 2004

CMSCMS (at LHC at CERN) – Newman, Weinstein, Zhu (at LHC at CERN) – Newman, Weinstein, Zhu Under construction. Will commence data-taking in ~2007-8Under construction. Will commence data-taking in ~2007-8

NLCNLC (Next Linear Collider) – in the future (Next Linear Collider) – in the future

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HEP group objectives – the frontiers of particle HEP group objectives – the frontiers of particle physicsphysics The goal of most experimental efforts is to find physics beyond The goal of most experimental efforts is to find physics beyond

the the Standard ModelStandard Model StrategiesStrategies

Precision determination of the parameters of the Standard ModelPrecision determination of the parameters of the Standard Model The “intensity frontier” The “intensity frontier”

BBAABBAR AR at PEP-II – at PEP-II – CPCP violation, rare violation, rare b,c,b,c, decays decays MINOS at FNAL, Soudan – MINOS at FNAL, Soudan – oscillations oscillations

Search for new phenomenaSearch for new phenomena The “energy frontier”The “energy frontier”

CMS at LHC – Search for the Higgs, supersymmetric CMS at LHC – Search for the Higgs, supersymmetric particles and other new phenomenaparticles and other new phenomena

NLC – Detailed studies of new phenomena discovered at NLC – Detailed studies of new phenomena discovered at LHCLHC

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The Three Generation Standard ModelThe Three Generation Standard Model

There is experimental evidence (SLC/LEP) that there are no more There is experimental evidence (SLC/LEP) that there are no more thanthanthree generations of neutrinosthree generations of neutrinos lighter than the lighter than the ZZ00 meson meson

It is natural to infer, then, that there are only It is natural to infer, then, that there are only three generations of three generations of quarksquarks

There are also the gauge bosons of the theoryThere are also the gauge bosons of the theory

e

e

u

d

c

s

t

b

Z W Wgluons

0

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Higgs boson H0

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The Caltech The Caltech BBAABBARAR group lives on the third floor of group lives on the third floor of LauritsenLauritsen::

Please drop by anytime on FridayPlease drop by anytime on Friday

http://www.hep.caltech.edu/~babar/http://www.hep.caltech.edu/~babar/http://www.slac.stanford.edu/BFROOT/http://www.slac.stanford.edu/BFROOT/

There are potential openings for new students on There are potential openings for new students on BBAABBARAR

BBAABBARAR at Caltech at Caltech

David Hitlin David Hitlin (367)(367) Alex Samuel, Joan ErwinAlex Samuel, Joan Erwin (369) (369)

Frank Porter Frank Porter (348)(348) Alexei Dvoretskii, Edward Chen Alexei Dvoretskii, Edward Chen Timofei PiatenkoTimofei Piatenko (361) (361)

Gregory Dubois-Felsmann Gregory Dubois-Felsmann (355)(355)

Justin Albert Justin Albert (363)(363)

Anders Ryd Anders Ryd (351)(351)

Ilya Narsky Ilya Narsky (347)(347)

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BBAABBARAR at PEP-IIat PEP-II BBAABBARAR is an experiment at the is an experiment at the

PEP-II asymmetric PEP-II asymmetric ee++ee-- BB Factory Factory at SLACat SLAC

BBAABBARAR’s physics goals are to’s physics goals are to search for physics beyond the search for physics beyond the Standard Model by making novel Standard Model by making novel tests of the consistency of the tests of the consistency of the CKM matrix (shown here in the CKM matrix (shown here in the Wolfenstein parametization:Wolfenstein parametization:

112

1

21

23

22

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AiA

A

iAIs , the CP-violating phase of the CKM matrix, non-zero?If so, is its value consistent with the value implied by CP-

conserving measurements?

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BBAABBARAR//PEP-II StatusPEP-II Status PEP-II now has a peak luminosity of PEP-II now has a peak luminosity of

5.2 x 105.2 x 103333 cm cm-2-2ss-1-1, exceeding the design , exceeding the design goal of 3 x 10goal of 3 x 103333

BBAABBARAR has been taking data at PEP-II has been taking data at PEP-II since mid-1999since mid-1999

The data sample (The data sample (BB and charm mesons and charm mesons andand leptons) is now 112 fb leptons) is now 112 fb-1-1 and is and is growing rapidlygrowing rapidly

We expect to have collected ~0.5 abWe expect to have collected ~0.5 ab-1-1 by 2005by 2005

The size and quality of the data sample The size and quality of the data sample provides opportunities to substantially provides opportunities to substantially improve many existing experimental improve many existing experimental results in results in BB, charm and , charm and physics, as well physics, as well as to make new discoveries of important as to make new discoveries of important rare decays and produce analyses of rare decays and produce analyses of unprecedented sophisticationunprecedented sophistication

Upgrades of Upgrades of BBAABBARAR to take advantage of to take advantage of ever-increasing PEP-II luminosity, are ever-increasing PEP-II luminosity, are under design, providing an opportunity under design, providing an opportunity for detector-related hardware/software for detector-related hardware/software contributionscontributions

Planning is underway to increase PEP-II luminosity to 10Planning is underway to increase PEP-II luminosity to 103636

and to upgrade the detector to Superand to upgrade the detector to SuperBBAABBARAR

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BBAABBARAR made first measurement of made first measurement of CPCP violation in the violation in the BB meson meson systemsystem

0 modesSK 0/ modeLJ Ky

sin2 = 0.723 0.158 sin2 = 0.755 0.074

sin2 = 0.741 0.067 (stat) 0.033 (sys)

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Constraints on the unitarity triangleConstraints on the unitarity triangle

One solution for is in excellent agreement

with measurements of unitarity triangle apex

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Current Current AACPCP((KKss)) has large errors, but opposite sign has large errors, but opposite sign0.520.50

1

: sin 2 0.19 ( ) 0.09( )

Belle: sin 2 0.73 0.64( ) 0.18( )

Av

SK BABAR stat syst

stat syst

f b

f

+-= - ±

= - ± ±

1

1

erage: sin(2 , ) 0.39 0.41

/ , / Belle: sin(2 , ) 0.734 0.054S LJ K K BABAR

b f

y b f

= - ±

= ±

0 0SB Kj® Pure CKM forbidden penguin amplitude

Have we found hints of physics beyond the Standard Model?Have we found hints of physics beyond the Standard Model?

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• MINOS (Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search) is an accelerator “long-baseline” neutrino oscillation experiment.• The beam is generated using protons from the Fermilab Main injector and sent to the Soudan underground laboratory in northern Minnesota, 730 km away.• Sensitive to “atmospheric” oscillations.

B. Barish, B. Choudhary, R. Knapp, D. Michael, H. Newman, C. Peck, E. Tardiff

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The MINOS lives on the second and third floors of The MINOS lives on the second and third floors of LauritsenLauritsen::

Please drop by anytime on FridayPlease drop by anytime on Friday

http://www.hep.caltech.edu/minos/minos.htmlhttp://www.hep.caltech.edu/minos/minos.htmlhttp://www-numi.fnal.gov/http://www-numi.fnal.gov/

There are openings for new students on There are openings for new students on MINOSbMINOSb

MINOSMINOS at Caltech at Caltech

Barry Barish Barry Barish (101 E. Bridge)(101 E. Bridge) Paige RandallPaige Randall (250) (250)

Harvey Newman Harvey Newman (247)(247)

Charles Peck Charles Peck (360)(360)

Doug Michael Doug Michael (339)(339)

Chris Smith Chris Smith (340)(340)

Hai Zheng Hai Zheng (373)(373)

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Far Detector: 5400 tons

Near Detector: 980 tons

Det. 2

Det. 1735 km

• Precision measurements of:• Energy distribution of oscillations• Measurement of oscillation parameters• Participation of neutrino flavors• First protons on target in Dec. 2004.

• Direct measurement of vs oscillation• Magnetized far detector: atm. ’s.• Likely eventual measurement with beam• Already accumulating data

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(NNe)data

(NNe)MCR=

= 0.64 for E<1.3 GeV= 0.66 for E>1.3 GeV

No OscillationBest Fit oscillation: sin2 2 = 1.0, m2 = 0.0025 eV2

Data from Super-Kamiokande

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120 GeV protons120 GeV protons 1.9 second cycle time1.9 second cycle time 4x104x101313 protons/pulse protons/pulse 0.4 MW!0.4 MW! Single turn extraction (10Single turn extraction (10s)s) 4x104x102020 protons/year protons/year 700 m x 2 m diameter decay 700 m x 2 m diameter decay

pipe for neutrino beam.pipe for neutrino beam. 200 m rock absorber.200 m rock absorber. Near detector complex.Near detector complex. All excavation complete.All excavation complete.

Near detector

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8m octagonal steel & scintillator 8m octagonal steel & scintillator tracking calorimetertracking calorimeter

• Sampling every 2.54 cmSampling every 2.54 cm

• 4cm wide strips of scintillator4cm wide strips of scintillator

• 2 sections, 15m each2 sections, 15m each

• 5.4 kton total mass5.4 kton total mass

• 55%/55%/E for hadronsE for hadrons

• 23%/23%/E for electrons E for electrons

Magnetized Iron (B~1.5T)Magnetized Iron (B~1.5T)

484 planes of scintillator484 planes of scintillator

• 26,000 m26,000 m22

One Supermodule of the Far Detector…One Supermodule of the Far Detector…The far detector is now 90% complete.The far detector is now 90% complete.The near detector is assembled on the surface at Fermilab .The near detector is assembled on the surface at Fermilab .

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• The far detector is >90% built and operating.The far detector is >90% built and operating.• The magnetic field is on in the first half.The magnetic field is on in the first half.• The full detector will be complete byThe full detector will be complete by June 2003.June 2003.• A cosmic-ray veto shield is installed on A cosmic-ray veto shield is installed on 1/2 of the detector.1/2 of the detector.• Cosmic Ray data are being collectedCosmic Ray data are being collected for calibration and commissioning.for calibration and commissioning.

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interactioninteraction

Direction of travel

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Note: These results are for 2 years of running. Now in the process ofplanning longer running with higher proton intensity.

Super-K, Neutrino 2002

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Higgs PhysicsHiggs Physics SUSY and searches for other new physics from SUSY and searches for other new physics from

Electroweak to Quantum GravityElectroweak to Quantum Gravity Precision Electroweak studies to the TeV ScalePrecision Electroweak studies to the TeV Scale

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CALTECH L3/CMS GROUPCALTECH L3/CMS GROUP

E. Aslakson, A. Bornheim, J. Bunn, D. Collados, G. Denis, P. Galvez, M. E. Aslakson, A. Bornheim, J. Bunn, D. Collados, G. Denis, P. Galvez, M. Gataullin, S. Iqbal, I. Legrand, V. Litvin, D. Nae, H. Newman Gataullin, S. Iqbal, I. Legrand, V. Litvin, D. Nae, H. Newman (247)(247), S. Pappas, S. Pappas (352)(352), S. Ravot, S. Shevchenko, S. Singh, E. Soedermadji, C. Steenberg , S. Ravot, S. Shevchenko, S. Singh, E. Soedermadji, C. Steenberg (344)(344), , F. Van Lingen, R. Wilkinson F. Van Lingen, R. Wilkinson (259)(259), L. Zhang, K. Wei, Q. Wei, A. Weinstein , L. Zhang, K. Wei, Q. Wei, A. Weinstein (260)(260) R. Y. Zhu R. Y. Zhu (243)(243)

CMS At LHC 1994 - 2020+CMS At LHC 1994 - 2020+ Search for Higgs, SUSY, New PhysicsSearch for Higgs, SUSY, New Physics

from Electroweak to Quantum Gravity from Electroweak to Quantum Gravity Precision Electroweak to the TeV ScalePrecision Electroweak to the TeV Scale Emphasis on Precision e/Emphasis on Precision e/ Measurements Measurements

MINOS At FNAL: 2001 - 2006+MINOS At FNAL: 2001 - 2006+ Neutrino Oscillations and Flavor MixingNeutrino Oscillations and Flavor Mixing

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The Large Hadron Collider (2007-)The Large Hadron Collider (2007-)

A next-generation particle collider A next-generation particle collider the largest superconductor the largest superconductor

installation in the worldinstallation in the world A bunch-bunch collision every 25 ns, A bunch-bunch collision every 25 ns,

generating 20 interactionsgenerating 20 interactions Only one in a trillion may lead Only one in a trillion may lead

to a major physics discovery to a major physics discovery Real-time data filtering: Real-time data filtering:

Petabytes per second to Gigabytes Petabytes per second to Gigabytes per secondper second

Accumulated data of many Petabytes/Year Accumulated data of many Petabytes/Year

(1 Exabyte by ~2012) (1 Exabyte by ~2012) Large data samples explored and Large data samples explored and

analyzed by thousands of geographically analyzed by thousands of geographically dispersed scientists, in hundreds of teamsdispersed scientists, in hundreds of teams

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Higgs Events In CMSHiggs Events In CMS

Higgs to Two Photons Higgs to Four Muons

General purpose pp detector;General purpose pp detector;well-adapted to lower initial well-adapted to lower initial luminosityluminosity

Crystal ECAL for precise Crystal ECAL for precise e and e and measurementsmeasurements

Baseline: Precise all-silicon trackerBaseline: Precise all-silicon tracker (223 m (223 m22); three pixel layers); three pixel layers

Excellent muon ID and preciseExcellent muon ID and precisemomentum measurements momentum measurements (Tracker + Standalone Muon)(Tracker + Standalone Muon)

Hermetic jet measurements Hermetic jet measurements with good resolutionwith good resolution

FULL CMSSIMULATION

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At L=2x10At L=2x103333 cm cm-2-2ss-1-1

1 fill (6hrs) ~ 26 1 fill (6hrs) ~ 26 pbpb-1-1

1 day1 day ~ 60 ~ 60 pbpb-1-1

1 month 1 month ~ 2 fb ~ 2 fb-1-1

1 year 1 year ~ 20 fb ~ 20 fb--

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3 months

1 year

MH = 130 GeV

The CMS detector is well The CMS detector is well optimised for precision optimised for precision LHC physics as well as LHC physics as well as new particle searchesnew particle searches

Physics Potential of CMSPhysics Potential of CMS

P.LecoqP.Lecoq27

Higgs, SUSY and Dark Matter Discovery Reach at CMS

The full range of SM Higgs masses will The full range of SM Higgs masses will be coveredbe covered mmHH < 1 TeV< 1 TeV

In the MSSM Higgs sectorIn the MSSM Higgs sector mmHH < 130 GeV maximum< 130 GeV maximum Nearly all the parameter Nearly all the parameter

space will be explored space will be explored Discovery reach for SUSYDiscovery reach for SUSY

squarks and gluinos to M > 2 TeV squarks and gluinos to M > 2 TeV (not sensitive to SM bkgds)(not sensitive to SM bkgds)

sleptons to m > 400 GeV sleptons to m > 400 GeV Cosmologically interesting region Cosmologically interesting region

of SUSY parameters coveredof SUSY parameters covered SUSY leptons SUSY leptons

SUSY signals likely to be SUSY signals likely to be visible in the first (few) fb- 1visible in the first (few) fb- 1 LHC startup in Spring 2007LHC startup in Spring 2007

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H 0 in the CMS Precision ECAL

Caltech Role: Precision e/Caltech Role: Precision e/ Physics With Physics With CMSCMS

Crystal quality in mass Crystal quality in mass productionproduction

Precision laser monitoringPrecision laser monitoring Study of calibration physics Study of calibration physics

channels channelsInclusive Inclusive J/J/,,UU, W, Z, W, Z

Realistic Realistic HH 00 background background studies: 2.5 M simulated studies: 2.5 M simulated eventsevents

Signal/Bgd optimization:Signal/Bgd optimization: /jet separation/jet separation

Vertex reconstruction Vertex reconstruction withwith associated tracks associated tracks

Photon reconstruction:Photon reconstruction: Pixels + ECAL + Tracker Pixels + ECAL + Tracker

Optimization of tracker Optimization of tracker layout layout

ECAL Design: Crystal sizes ECAL Design: Crystal sizes cost-cost- optimized for optimized for /jet separation/jet separation

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LHC Data Grid Hierarchy: Originated by LHC Data Grid Hierarchy: Originated by CaltechCaltech

Tier 1

Tier2 Center

Online System

CERN 700k SI95 ~1 PB Disk; Tape Robot

FNAL: 200k SI95; 600 TBIN2P3 Center INFN Center RAL Center

InstituteInstituteInstituteInstitute ~0.25TIPS

Workstations

~100 MBytes/sec

~2.5 Gbps

100 - 1000

Mbits/sec

Physicists work on analysis Physicists work on analysis “channels”“channels”

Each institute has ~10 physicists Each institute has ~10 physicists working on one or more channelsworking on one or more channels

Physics data cache

~PByte/sec

~2.5 Gbits/sec

Tier2 CenterTier2 CenterTier2 Center~2.5 Gbps

Tier 0 +1

Tier 3

Tier 4

Tier2 Center Tier 2

Experiment

CERN/Outside Resource Ratio CERN/Outside Resource Ratio ~1:2~1:2Tier0/(Tier0/( Tier1)/( Tier1)/( Tier2) Tier2) ~1:1:1~1:1:1

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TeraGrid Wide Area Network: NCSA, ANL, SDSC, TeraGrid Wide Area Network: NCSA, ANL, SDSC, CaltechCaltech

Source: Charlie Catlett, Argonne

NCSA/UIUC

ANL

UIC Multiple Carrier Hubs

Starlight / NW Univ

Ill Inst of Tech

Univ of Chicago

Indianapolis (Abilene NOC)

I-WIRE

Pasadena

San Diego

DTF Backplane(4x: 40

Gbps)

Abilene

Chicago

Indianapolis

Urbana

OC-48 (2.5 Gb/s, Abilene)Multiple 10 GbE (Qwest)Multiple 10 GbE (I-WIRE Dark Fiber)

Solid lines in place and/or available in 2001 Dashed I-WIRE lines planned for Summer 2002

StarLight: Int’l Optical Peering Point(see www.startap.net)

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Grad student opportunitiesGrad student opportunities

Caltech plays a major role in the experiments in which it is Caltech plays a major role in the experiments in which it is involvedinvolved Grad students take on important projects and become central Grad students take on important projects and become central

to the effortto the effort Caltech grad students have a very high retention rate in the field Caltech grad students have a very high retention rate in the field

and often go on to leadership rolesand often go on to leadership roles

There are opportunities with experiments There are opportunities with experiments currently taking datacurrently taking data working on upgradesworking on upgrades in preparation, nearing turnon - in preparation, nearing turnon - MINOSMINOS in preparation, with a longer timescale - in preparation, with a longer timescale - CMSCMS in the planning stage – in the planning stage – SuperSuperBABARBABAR, NLCNLC

BBAABBARAR