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THE CAMBRIDGEHISTORY OF JUDAI SM
VOLUME FOUR
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521772486 - The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period, Volume IVEdited by Steven T. KatzFrontmatterMore information
THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF JUDAISM
VOLUME ED ITOR
Steven T. Katz
EXECUT IVE ED ITOR IA L COMMITTEE
David Goodblatt
Richard Kalmin
Reuven Kimelman
INTERNAT IONAL ED ITOR IAL COMMITTEE
Nicholas DeLange
Menachem Elon
Shamma Friedman
Martin Goodman
David Weiss Halivni
Judith Hauptman
Lee Levine
Eric Meyers
Peter Schafer
Daniel Sperber
Gunter Stemberger
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521772486 - The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period, Volume IVEdited by Steven T. KatzFrontmatterMore information
THE CAMBRIDGE
HISTORY OF JUDAISM
VOLUME IV
THE LATE ROMAN -RABB IN IC PER IOD
VO LUM E ED I T O R
STEVEN T. KATZ
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521772486 - The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period, Volume IVEdited by Steven T. KatzFrontmatterMore information
CAMBR IDGE UNIVER S I TY PRE S S
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo
Cambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
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# Cambridge University Press 2006
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no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2006
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ISBN-13 978-0-521-77248-8 hardbackISBN-10 0-521-77248-6 hardback
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third-party internet websites referred to in this book,and does not guarantee that any content on such
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CONTENTS
List of figures page xList of general abbreviations xiiiList of abbreviations of rabbinic sources xxiii
IntroductionSTEVEN T. KATZ
1
1 Political, social, and economic life in the Landof Israel, 66–c. 235
SETH SCHWARTZ, Department of History, Jewish TheologicalSeminary of America, New York
23
2 The Diaspora from 66 to c. 235 CE 53I The Jews in Egypt and Cyrenaica, 66–c. 235 CE
ALLEN KERKESLAGER, Department of Theology,Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia
53
II The Jews in Carthage and Western North Africa,66–235 CE
CLAUDIA SETZER, Department of Religion, ManhattanCollege, New York
68
III The Jews in Asia Minor, 66–c. 235 CE
PAUL TREBILCO, Department of Theology and ReligiousStudies, University of Otago, Dunedin
75
IV The Jews in Babylonia, 66–c. 235 CE
DAVID GOODBLATT, Department of History, Universityof California, San Diego
82
3 The uprisings in the Jewish Diaspora, 116–117MIRIAM PUCCI BEN ZEEV, Department of History, Ben GurionUniversity of the Negev, Beersheva
93
4 The Bar Kochba Revolt, 132–135HANAN ESHEL, Department of Land of Israel Studies andArchaeology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan
105
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5 The legal status of the Jews in the Roman EmpireAMNON LINDER, Department of History, The HebrewUniversity of Jerusalem
128
6 Jewish art and architecture in the Land of Israel, 70–c. 235ERIC M. MEYERS, Department of Religion, Duke University,Durham
174
7 The destruction of the Jerusalem Temple: its meaningand its consequences
ROBERT GOLDENBERG, Department of History and JudaicStudies, State University of New York, Stony Brook
191
8 The origins and development of the rabbinic movementin the Land of Israel
HAYIM LAPIN, Department of History, Universityof Maryland
206
9 The canonical processJAMES A. SANDERS, Ancient Biblical Manuscripts Centerand Claremont School of Theology, California
230
10 The beginnings of Christian anti-Judaism, 70–c. 235PETER RICHARDSON, Department and Centre for the Studyof Religion, University of Toronto
244
11 The rabbinic response to ChristianitySTEVEN T. KATZ, Elie Wiesel Center for Judaic Studiesand Department of Religion, Boston University
259
12 The MishnahDAVID KRAEMER, Department of Talmud and Rabbinics,Jewish Theological Seminary of America, New York
299
13 The ToseftaPAUL MANDEL, Department of Hebrew and ComparativeLiterature, University of Haifa
316
14 Midrash HalachahJAY M. HARRIS, Department of Near Eastern Languagesand Civilization, Harvard University, Cambridge
336
15 Mishnaic Hebrew: an introductory surveyMOSHE BAR-ASHER, Department of Hebrew Language,Hebrew University of Jerusalem
369
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16 The political and social history of the Jewish communityin the Land of Israel, c. 235–638
DAVID GOODBLATT, Department of History, Universityof California, San Diego
404
17 The material realities of Jewish life in the Land of Israel,c. 235–638
JOSHUA J. SCHWARTZ, Department of Land of Israel Studies,Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan
431
18 Aramaic in late antiquityYOCHANAN BREUER, Department of Hebrew Language,The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
457
19 The Diaspora, c. 235–638 492
I The Jews of Italy, c. 235–638LEONARD V. RUTGERS, Department of Late AntiqueStudies, Utrecht University
492
II The Jews of Spain, c. 235–638SCOTT BRADBURY, Department of Classical Languagesand Literatures, Smith College, Northampton,Massachusetts
508
20 Jewish archaeology in late antiquity: art, architecture,and inscriptions
LEE I. LEVINE, Department of Jewish History and Archaeology,The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
519
21 Jewish festivals in late antiquityJOSEPH TABORY, Department of Talmud, Bar Ilan University,Ramat-Gan
556
22 Rabbinic prayer in late antiquityREUVEN KIMELMAN, Department of Near Eastern and JudaicStudies, Brandeis University, Boston
573
23 Rabbinic views on marriage, sexuality, and the familyMICHAEL L. SATLOW, Program in Judaic Studiesand Department of Religious Studies, BrownUniversity, Providence
612
24 Women in Jewish life and lawTAL ILAN, Jerusalem
627
CONTENTS vii
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25 Gentiles in rabbinic thoughtDAVID NOVAK, Department of Philosophy, Centre for the Studyof Religion, University of Toronto
647
26 The formation and character of the Jerusalem TalmudLEIB MOSCOVITZ,Department of Talmud, Bar-Ilan University,Ramat-Gan
663
27 The late midrashic, paytanic, and targumic literatureAVIGDOR SHINAN, Department of Hebrew Literature,The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
678
28 Jewish magic in late antiquityMICHAEL D. SWARTZ, Professor of Hebrew and ReligiousStudies, Ohio State University
699
29 Jewish folk literature in late antiquityELI YASSIF, Faculty of Humanities, Tel-Aviv University
721
30 Early forms of Jewish mysticismRACHEL ELIOR, Department of Jewish Studies, The HebrewUniversity of Jerusalem
749
31 The political, social, and economic history of BabylonianJewry, 224–638 CE
ISAIAH M. GAFNI, Sol Rosenbloom Professor of Jewish History,The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
792
32 The history of the Babylonian academiesDAVID GOODBLATT, Department of History, Universityof California, San Diego
821
33 The formation and character of the Babylonian TalmudRICHARD KALMIN, Jewish Theological Seminary of America,New York
840
34 Talmudic law: a jurisprudential perspectiveHANINA BEN-MENAHEM, Faculty of Law, Hebrew Universityof Jerusalem
877
35 Torah in rabbinic thought: the theology of learningMARC HIRSHMAN,TheMelton Center of The Hebrew Universityof Jerusalem
899
36 Man, sin, and redemption in rabbinic JudaismSTEVEN T. KATZ, Elie Wiesel Center for Judaic Studiesand Department of Religion, Boston University
925
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37 The rabbinic theology of the physical: blessings, bodyand soul, resurrection, and covenant and election
REUVEN KIMELMAN, Department of Near Eastern and JudaicStudies, Brandeis University
946
38 Christian anti-Judaism: polemics and policiesPAULA FREDRIKSEN, Department of Religion, Boston UniversityODED IRSHAI, Department of Jewish History, The HebrewUniversity of Jerusalem
977
39 Jews in ByzantiumSTEVEN BOWMAN, Department of Judaic Studies, Universityof Cincinnati
1035
40 Messianism and apocalypticism in rabbinic textsLAWRENCE H. SCHIFFMAN, Skirball Department of Hebrewand Judaic Studies, New York University
1053
Appendix: Justinian and the revision of Jewish legal statusALFREDO MORDECHAI RABELLO, Faculty of Law,The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
1073
Index 1077
CONTENTS ix
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F IGURES
Map A The Roman world in the time of Marcus Aurelius page xxviMap B The Roman East in the second century 31.1 Judaea 242.1 Ancient synagogues in the Diaspora, selected sites 542.2 Asia Minor 742.3 Sardis synagogue plan 782.4 Sardis synagogue reconstruction 784.1 Bar Kochba didrachm (shekel) 1144.2 The geographical distribution of the coins of the Bar
Kochba Revolt 1174.3 The group of letters from Nah. al H. ever as they
were found 1184.4 A Greek letter from Shimon Bar Kosiba about
the Four Species 1194.5 An Aramaic letter from Shimon Bar Kosiba about
the Four Species 1206.1 Dionysos mansion at Sepphoris 1816.2 The Necropolis at Beth Shearim 1857.1 The Temple seven-branched candelabrium (menorah);
detail from the Arch of Titus 19513.1 A page from the Tosefta: Baba Metsia, ch. 2 (the Erfurt
manuscript) 31816.1 Ancient synagogues in the Land of Israel, selected sites 42619.1 The Jewish Diaspora in the Roman Empire 49320.1 Bet Shearim Cemetery. Left: Catacomb 20; right:
Catacomb 14 52120.2 Sarcophagus fragment depicting Leda and the Swan
(Bet Shearim) 52320.3 Inscriptions from Catacomb 14, where members
of the patriarchal family or circle were buried 52320.4 Jewish catacomb in Rome 52420.5 Synagogue sites in the Roman-Byzantine period 52620.6 Western wall of the Dura Europos synagogue 528
x
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20.7 Torah shrine in the western wall of the Dura Europossynagogue 530
20.8 Four biblical figures in the western wall of the DuraEuropos synagogue 531
20.9 Plan of the Sardis synagogue and adjacentbath-gymnasium complex 533
20.10 ‘‘Eagle’’ table from the main hall of the Sardis synagogue 53420.11 Synagogue sites in Roman-Byzantine Palestine 53620.12 Facade of Baram synagogue 53720.13 Susiya synagogue 54120.14 Reconstruction of the mosaic floor from the Sepphoris
synagogue 54520.15 Zodiac panel from the mosaic floor in the Sepphoris
synagogue: original left, reconstruction right 54620.16 Mosaic floor from the Bet Alpha synagogue 54820.17 Aniconic mosaic floor from Jerusalem in the Second
Temple period 54920.18 Main hall of the Capernaum synagogue 55231.1 Sasanid Iran 79531.2 Babylonia and its environs and talmudic Babylonia 80631.3 Magic bowl 81531.4 Magic bowl 81639.1 Justinian’s empire in 565 1037
F IGURES xi
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GENERAL ABBREVIAT IONS
AA Archaologischer AnzeigerAAH Acta Academiae Scientiarum HungaricaeAASOR Annual of the American Schools of Oriental ResearchAB Anchor BibleABD Anchor Bible DictionaryAcOr Acta Orientalia (Copenhagen)ACW Ancient Christian WritersAfO Archiv fur OrientforschungAGG Abhandlungen der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften,
philologisch-historische Klasse, GottingenAGJU Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des
UrchristentumsAGSU Arbeiten zur Geschichte des Spatjudentums und UrchristentumsAHHI Alon ha-Hevra ha-numismatith l Yisra’elAHR American Historical ReviewAJA American Journal of ArchaeologyAJP American Journal of PhilologyAJSR Association for Jewish Studies ReviewsAJT American Journal of TheologyALBO Analecta lovaniensia biblica et orientaliaALGHJ Arbeiten zur Literatur und Geschichte des hellenistischen
JudentumsALUOS Annual of the Leeds University Oriental SocietyAnBib Analecta BiblicaANET J. B. Pritchard (ed.), Ancient Near Eastern Texts (Oxford
and Princeton, 1950; 3rd ed. 1969)ANF A. Roberts and J. Donaldson (eds.), Ante-Nicene Fathers,
10 vols. (Edinburgh, 1867 ff.)ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der romischen WeltAPAT E. Kautzsche (ed.), Die Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen des
Alten Testaments, 2 vols. (Tubingen, 1900)APOT R.H. Charles (ed.), The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the
Old Testament in English, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1913)
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ARW Archiv fur ReligionswissenschaftASOR American Schools of Oriental ResearchASTI Annual of the Swedish Theological InstituteATD Das Alte Testament DeutschATR Anglican Theological ReviewAusBR Australian Biblical ReviewBA Biblical ArchaeologistBASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental ResearchBASP Bulletin of the American Society of PapyrologistsBav. Talmud BavliBBB Bonner biblische BeitrageBETL Bibliotheca ephemeridum theologicarum lovaniensiumBevT Beitrage zur evangelischen TheologieBGU Aegyptische Urkunden aus den Konigslichen Staatlichen Museen Zu
Berlin, Griechische Urkunden, 15 vols. (Berlin, 1895–1983)BHT Beitrage zur historischen TheologieBiAR Biblical Archaeology ReviewBib BiblicaBIDR Bulletino dell’Istituto di Divitto RomanoBIFAO Bulletin de l’Institut francais d’archeologie orientaleBiOr Bibliotheca OrientalisBJ Bible de JerusalemBJRL Bulletin of the John Rylands University LibraryBJS Brown Judaic StudiesBLE Bulletin de litterature ecclesiastiqueBMCRE H. Mattingley (ed.), Coins of the Roman Empire in the British
Museum (London, 1965–8)BNTC Black’s New Testament CommentaryBPC L. Pirot and A. Clamer, La Sainte Bible (Paris, 1951)BrAR British Archaeological ReportsBTB Biblical Theology BulletinBWANT Beitrage zur Wissenschaft vom Alten und Neuen TestamentBZ Biblische ZeitschriftBZAW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fur die alttestamentliche WissenschaftBZNW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fur die neutestamentliche WissenschaftCAH Cambridge Ancient History (Cambridge, 1924–39; new ed.
1970– )CAT Commentaire de l’Ancien Testament (1963– )CBQ Catholic Biblical QuarterlyCCAR Central Conference of American Rabbis JournalCCHS Catholic Commentary on Holy Scripture New York, 1953;
2nd ed., 1969
xiv GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS
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CCSL Corpus Scriptorum Series LatinaCD Cairo Genizah text of the Damascus DocumentCGTC Cambridge Greek Testament CommentariesChE Chronique d’EgypteCHJ The Cambridge History of Judaism (Cambridge, 1984– )CIG Corpus inscriptionum graecarum (Berlin, 1825– )CIJ J.-B. Frey (ed.), Corpus Inscriptionum Judaicarum, I (1936;
rev. B. Lifschitz, New York, 1975); I I (Rome, 1952)CIRB V. Struve (ed.), Corpus Inscriptionum Regni Bosporani
(Moscow, 1965)CJud Conservative JudaismCJZC Corpus judischev Zeugnisse aus der CyrenaikaCMH The Cambridge Medieval History (Cambridge, 1911–36;
new ed. 1996– )CPh Classical PhilologyCPJ V. Tcherikover and A. Fuks (eds.), Corpus Papyrorum
Judaicarum, 3 vols. (Cambridge, MA, 1957–64)CQ Classical QuarterlyCRAIBL Comptes-rendus de l’Academie des inscriptions et belles-lettresCRINT Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum
(Assen, 1984– )CSCO J. B. Chabot et al. (eds.), Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum
Orientalium (Paris, 1903 ff.)CSEL Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum (Vienna, 1866– )CTM Concordia Theological MonthlyDACL Dictionnaire d’Archeologie chretienne et de liturgie, 15 vols.
(Paris, 1907–50)DBSup Dictionnaire de la Bible, Supplement (Paris, 1928– )DCA W. Smith and S. Cheetham (eds.), Dictionary of Christian
Antiquities, 2 vols. (London, 1875–80)DF B. Lifschitz, Donateurs et fondateurs dans les synagogues juives
(Paris, 1967)DJD P. Benoit et al. (eds.),Discoveries in the Judaean Desert of Jordan
(Oxford, 1955– )DSD Dead Sea DiscoveriesDTC A. Vacant and E. Mangenot, Dictionnaire de theologie
catholique, 18 vols. (Paris, 1899–1972)EB Echter BibelEBib Etudes bibliquesEKKNT Evangelisch-Katholischer Kommentar zumNeuen TestamentEncJud C. Roth and J. Wigoder (eds.), Encyclopedia Judaica, 2 vols.
( Jerusalem and New York, 1971)
GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS xv
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EnsMiq Ensiklopedia Miqra’it ( Jerusalem, 1950)ErIs Eretz IsraelESC Annales. Economies, Societes, CivilisationsEstBib Estudios bıblicosET English translationETL Ephemerides theologicae lovaniensesETS Erfurter theologische StudienEvT Evangelische TheologieExT Expository TimesFC Fathers of the ChurchFGrHist Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, ed. F. Jacoby (Leiden,
1923– )FJB Frankfurter Judaistiche BeitrageFRLANT Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen
TestamentsFZPhTh Freiburger Zeitschrift fur Philosophie und TheologieGaR Greece and RomeGCS Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten drei
JahrhundertenGL W.D. Davies, The Gospel and the Land (Berkeley, 1974)GLAJJ M. Stern (ed.), Greek and Latin Authors on the Jews
and Judaism, 3 vols. (1974–84)GRBS Greek, Roman and Byzantine StudiesHAT Handbuch zum Alten TestamentHAW Handbuch der AltertumswissenschaftHDB Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible, 5 vols. (Edinburgh
and New York, 1898–1904)HJPAJC E. Schurer (ed.), The History of the Jewish People in the Age
of Jesus Christ, rev. and ed. by G. Vermes, F. Millar,and M. Black, 3 vols. (Edinburgh, 1973–87)
HKAT Handkommentar zum Alten TestamentHNT Handbuch zum Neuen TestamentHSAT Die heilige Schrift des Alten Testaments, ed. F. Feldmann
and H. Herkenne (Bonn, 1923– )HSCP Harvard Studies in Classical PhilologyHSM Harvard Semitic MonographsHTKNT Herders theologischer Kommentar zum Neuen TestamentHTR Harvard Theological ReviewHTS Harvard Theological StudiesHUCA Hebrew Union College AnnualHZ Historische ZeitschriftIB Interpreter’s Bible
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ICC International Critical CommentaryIDBSup Supplementary volume to the Interpreter’s Dictionary
of the Bible, ed. K. Crim (Abingdon, 1976)IEJ Israel Exploration JournalIG Inscriptiones Graecae, ed. Preussische Akademie der
Wissenschaften (Berlin, 1873– )IGLS Inscriptions grecques et latines de la SyrieILR Israel Law ReviewILS H. Dessau (ed.), Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, 5 vols. (Berlin,
1892–1916)Int InterpretationIOSPE I. Latyschev, Inscriptiones Antiquae Graecae Septentrionalis
Ponti Euxini Graecae et Latinae (Petrograd, 1916)JA Journal AsiatiqueJAAR (Sup) Journal of the American Academy of Religion (Supplement)JAC Jahrbuch fur Antike und ChristentumJAOS Journal of the American Oriental SocietyJBC R. E. Brown, J. Fitzmyer, and R. E. Murphy (eds.),The Jerome
Biblical Commentary (Englewood Cliffs, 1968)JBL Journal of Biblical LiteratureJBLMS Journal of Biblical Literature Monograph SeriesJE Jewish Encyclopaedia, 12 vols. (New York, 1901–6)JEA Journal of Egyptian ArchaeologyJECS Journal of Early Christian StudiesJEH Journal of Ecclesiastical HistoryJESHO Journal of the Economic and Social History of the OrientJHS Journal of Hellenic StudiesJIGRE W. Horbury and D. Noy, Jewish Inscriptions of Graeco-Roman
Egypt, with an index of the Jewish Inscriptions of Egypt andCyrenaica (Cambridge, 1992)
JRIL A. Linder, The Jews in Roman Imperial Legislation (Detroit,1987)
JIWE D. Noy, Jewish Inscriptions of Western Europe: vol. I , Italy(excluding Rome), Spain and Gaul; vol. I I , The City of Rome(Cambridge, 1993, 1995)
JJS Journal of Jewish StudiesJNES Journal of Near Eastern StudiesJPFC S. Safrai and M. Stern (eds.), The Jewish People in the First
Century, 2 vols. (1974–6)JPS W.D. Davies, Jewish and Pauline Studies (Philadelphia,
1984)JQR Jewish Quarterly Review
GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS xvii
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JR Journal of ReligionJRAS Journal of the Royal Asiatic SocietyJRRW M. Pucci Ben Zeev, ed., Jewish Rights in the Roman World
(Tubingen, 1998)JRS Journal of Roman StudiesJSHRZ Judische Schriften der hellenistisch-romischen ZeitJSJ (Sup) Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic
and Roman Period (Supplements)JSJT Jerusalem Studies in Jewish ThoughtJSNT Journal for the Study of the New TestamentJSOTSS Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement
SeriesJSP (Sup) Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha (Supplements)JSQ Jewish Studies QuarterlyJSS Journal of Semitic StudiesJTC Journal for Theology and the ChurchJTS Journal of Theological StudiesJWSTP M.E. Stone (ed.), Jewish Writings of the Second Temple Period
(Assen and Philadelphia, 1984)KAT Kommentar zum Alten TestamentKD Kerygma und DogmaKS Kleine SchriftenLCL Loeb Classical LibraryLD Lectio divinaLeS LeSonenuMAMA Monumenta Asiae Minoris AntiquaMBPAR Munchener Beitrage zur Papyrusforschung und antiken
RechtsgeschichteMEFR Melanges de l’Ecole francaise de Rome. Moyen Age. Temps
ModernesMeyerK H.A.W. Meyer, Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar uber das Neue
TestamentMGWJ Monatsschrift fur Geschichte und Wissenschaft des
JudentumsMNTC Moffatt New Testament CommentaryMPAT J. A. Fitzmyer and D. J. Harrington, AManual of Palestinian
Aramaic Texts (Rome, 1978)MTZ Munchener theologische ZeitschriftNEAEHL E. Stern (ed.), New Encyclopaedia of Archaeological Excavations
in the Holy Land, 4 vols. ( Jerusalem, 1993)NEB New English BibleNF Neue Folge
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NJV New Jewish VersionNovT Novum TestamentumNovTSup Novum Testamentum SupplementsNPNF Nicene and Post-Nicene FathersNRSV New Revised Standard Version of the BibleNRT Nouvelle revue theologiqueNTAbh Neutestamentliche AbhandlungenNTS New Testament StudiesOBO Orbis Biblicus et OrientalisOEANE E.M. Myers (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology
in the Near East, 5 vols. (New York, 1997)OGIS W. Dittenberger (ed.), Orientis Graecae Inscriptiones Selectae
(Leipzig, 1903–5, repr. Hildesheim, 1970)OTL Old Testament LibraryOTS Oudtestamentische StudienP. PapyrusPAAJR Proceedings of the American Academy of Jewish ResearchPCZ C. C. Edgar (ed.), Zenon Papyri, 4 vols. (Cairo,
1925–31)PEFA Palestine Exploration Fund AnnualPEQ Palestine Exploration QuarterlyPER Papyrus Erzherzog RainerPG J. P. Migne (ed.), Patrologiae cursus completus, series graeca
(Paris, 1875– )P. Giess. O. Eger, E. Kornemann, and P.M. Meyer (eds.), Griechische
Papyri zu GiessenPJ Palastina-Jahrbuch des deutschen Evangelischen InstitutsPL J. P. Migne (ed.), Patrologiae cursus completus, series latina
(Paris, 1844– )P. Lond. F. G. Kenyon et al. (eds.), Greek Papyri in the British Museum
(London, 1893– )PLRE A.M.H. Jones, J. R. Martindale, and J. Marris (eds.),
The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, 3 vols.(Cambridge, 1971–92)
P. Petrie J. P. Mahaffy and J. G. Smyly (eds.), The Flinders Petrie Papyri(Dublin, 1891– )
PRJ W.D. Davies, Paul and Rabbinic Judaism (London andPhiladelphia, 1948; 4th ed. 1980)
PSI G. Vitelli et al. (eds.), Publicazioni della Societa italianaper la Ricerca dei Papiri greci e latini in Egitto: Papiri grecie latini (Florence, 1912– )
PVTG Pseudepigrapha Veteris Testamenti graecae
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PW A. F. von Pauly (ed.), Real-Encyclopadie der classischenAltertumswissenschaft, 24 vols. (Stuttgart, 1894–1978)(Pauly-Wissowa)
PWSup Supplements to Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopadie derclassischen Altertumswissenschaft (Stuttgart, 1903– )
QDAP Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine1QH Hodayot (Thanksgiving Hymns) from Qumran Cave 11QM MilHAmAh (War Scroll)1QS Serek ha-yaHad (Rule of the Community, Manual of Discipline)RAC T. Klauser (ed.), Reallexikon fur Antike und Christentum
(Stuttgart, 1950– )RArch Revue archeologiqueRB Revue bibliqueREA Revue des etudes anciennesRechBib Recherches bibliquesREG Revue des etudes grecquesREJ Revue des etudes juivesREL Revue des etudes latinesRevQ Revue de QumranRevSR Review of Science and ReligionRev Tun Revue tunisienneRFIC Revista di filologia e di istruzione classicaRGG Die Religion in Geschichte und GegenwartRGVV Religionsgeschichtliche Versuche und VorarbeitenRHPR Revue d’histoire et de philosophie religieusesRHR Revue de l’histoire des religionsRIDA Revue internationale des droits de l’AntiquiteRivAC Rivista di archeologia cristianaRN Revue numismatiqueRPh Revue de philologie, d’histoire et de litterature anciennesRQ Romische Quartalschrift fur christliche Altertumskunde und
KirchengeschichteRSI Rivista storica italianaRSR Recherches de science religieuseRSV Revised Standard Version of the BibleSAH Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften,
philosophisch-historische KlasseSAW Sitzungsberichte, Oesterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften
in Wien, philosophisch-historische KlasseSB Sources bibliquesSBL Society of Biblical LiteratureSBLASP Society of Biblical Literature Abstracts and Seminar Papers
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SBLDS Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation SeriesSBLMS Society of Biblical Literature Monograph SeriesSBLSCS Society of Biblical Literature Septuagint and Cognate StudiesSBS Stuttgarter BibelstudienSBT Studies in Biblical TheologySC Sources chretiennesSCI Scripta Classica IsraelicaSCO Studi classici e orientaliScrHie Scripta HierosolymitanaSD Studies and DocumentsSE Studia EvangelicaSEA Svensk exegetisk arsbokSEG J. J. E. Hondius et al. (eds.), Supplementum Epigraphicum
Graecum, (Leiden, 1923– )SGUA F. Preisigke et al. (eds.), Sammelbuch griechischer Urkunden
aus Agypten, (Strasbourg etc., 1913– )SHA Scriptores Historiae AugustaeSJLA Studies in Judaism in Late AntiquitySJT Scottish Journal of TheologySNT Studien zum Neuen TestamentSNTSMS Society for New Testament Studies Monograph SeriesSP Studia patristicaSPB Studia postbiblicaSSM W.D. Davies, The Setting of the Sermon on the Mount
(Cambridge, 1964)ST Studia theologicaStLi Studia LiturgicaStr-B H. Strack and P. Billerbeck, Kommentar zum Neuen Testament
aus Talmud und Midrasch, 6 vols. (Munich, 1922–61)SUNT Studien zur Umwelt des Neuen TestamentsSVF Stoicorum Veterum FragmentaSVTP Studia in Veteris Testamenti Pseudepigrapha H. Kreissig, Die
sozialen Zusammenhange des judaischen Krieges (Berlin, 1970)TAM Tituli Asiae MinorisTAPA Transactions of the American Philological AssociationTB Theologische BuchereiTBei Theologische BeitrageTDNT G. Kittel and G. Friedrich (eds.), Theological Dictionary
of the New Testament (Grand Rapids, 1964– ); ET ofTWNT
TextsS Texts and StudiesTextus Textus, Annual of the Hebrew University Bible Project
GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS xxi
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TF Theologische ForschungThViat Theologia ViatorumTLZ Theologische LiteraturzeitungTRE G. Krause and D. Muller (eds.), Theologische Realenzyklopadie
(Berlin, 1977– )TRev Theologische RevueTRu Theologische RundschauTSAJ Texte und Studien zum antiken JudentumTSK Theologische Studien und KritikenTU Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der
altchristlichen LiteraturTWNT G. Kittel and G. Friedrich (eds.), Theologisches Worterbuch
zum Neuen Testament (Stuttgart, 1933– )TZ Theologische ZeitschriftUNT Untersuchungen zum Neuen TestamentUSQR Union Seminary Quarterly ReviewUUA Uppsala universitetsarsskriftVC Vigiliae ChristianaeVCSup Vigiliae Christianae, SupplementVS Verbum salutisVT Vetus TestamentumVTSup Vetus Testamentum SupplementsWF Wege der ForschungWHJP C. Roth et al. (eds.),World History of the Jewish People (1966– )WMANT Wissenschaftliche Monographien zum Alten und Neuen
TestamentWUNT Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen TestamentYer. Talmud YerushalmiZAW Zeitschrift fur die alttestamentliche WissenschaftZDMG Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlandischen GesellschaftZDPV Zeitschrift des deutschen Palastina-VereinsZKG Zeitschrift fur KirchengeschichteZNW Zeitschrift fur die neutestamentliche WissenschaftZPE Zeitschrift fur Papyrologie und EpigraphikZTK Zeitschrift fur Theologie und KircheZWT Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Theologie
xxii GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS
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ABBREVIAT IONS OF RABB INICSOURCES
Ah. AhilutAr. ArakhinARN A/B Avot de-Rabbi Natan, version A/BAv. Zar. Avoda ZaraBava K./M./B. Bava Kamma/Metsia/BatraBekh. BekhorotBen. BenachovBer. BerachotBez. BezahBikk. BikkurimBT Babylonian TalmudCant. R. Canticles RabbaDem. DemaiDeut. R. Deuteronomy RabbaEccles. R. Ecclesiastes RabbaEd. EduyotEr. EruvinEsth. R. Esther RabbaExod. R. Exodus RabbaGen. R. Genesis RabbaGitt. GittinHag. HagigaHor. HorayotH. ull. H. ullinKel. KelimKer. KeritotKet. KetubbotKidd. KiddushinKil. KilayimKinn. KinnimLam. R. Lamentations RabbaLev. R. Leviticus RabbaM. Mishnah
xxiii
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Maasr. MaasrotMaas. Sh. Maaser SheniMakhsh. MakhshirinMakk. MakkotMeg. MegillaMeg. Taan. Megillat TaanitMekh. Mekhilta (de-R. Yishmael )Mekh. de-R. Sh.b.Y. Mekhilta de-R. Shimon bar YohaiMen. MenahotMidr. Ha-Gad. Midrash ha-GadolMidr. Prov. Midrash ProverbsMidr. Pss. Midrash Psalms (Shohar Tov)Midr. Tanh. Midrash TanhumaMidr. Tann. Midrash TannaimMikw. MikwaotMoed K. Moed KatanNaz. NazirNed. NedarimNeg. NegaimNez. NezikinNid. NiddahNum. R. Numbers RabbaOh. OhalotPar. ParaPes. PesahimPes. de-R.K. Pesikta de-Rav KahanaPirke de-R. El. Pirke de-R. EliezerPes. R. Pesikta RabbatiPT Palestinian TalmudRosh H. Rosh ha-ShanahRuth R. Ruth RabbaSanh. SanhedrinSem. SemahothSER Seder Eliyahu RabbaSEZ Seder Eliyahy ZuttaShabb. ShabbatShek. ShekalimShev. SheviitShevu. ShevuotSifre Deut. Sifre DeuteronomySifre Num. Sifre NumbersSifrei Z. Sifrei Zutta
xxiv ABBREVIATIONS OF RABBINIC SOURCES
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S.O.(R.) Seder Olam (Rabba)Song R. Song of Songs RabbaSot. SotahSuk. SukkotTaan. TaanitTam. TamidTanh. TanhumaTanh. B. Tanhuma ed. BuberTem. TemuraTer. TerumotTev. Y. Tevul YomTg. TargumTg. Jon. Targum JonathanTg. N. Targum NeofytiTg. Onk. Targum OnkelosTg. Ps.-Jon. Targum Pseudo-JonathanToh. TohorotTos. ToseftaUkts. UktsinYad. YadayimYal. Shim. Yalkut ShimoniYev. YevamotZav. ZavimZev. Zevahim
ABBREVIATIONS OF RABBINIC SOURCES xxv
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Provinces shown thus
Land over 1,000 metres
A B20°W C 0 D E10°E
Camulodunum
Chester
Londinium
York
CHERUSCI
Moguntiacum
ColoniaAgrippinensis
Lugdunum
BRITANNIA
AQUITANIA
Burdigala
TolosaNarboMartius Massilia
Arelate
Tarraco
Saguntum
Balearic IsCarthago
Nova
BAETICA
Corduba
Gades
MAURITANIATINGITANIA
HISPANIA CITERIOR
CORSICA
SARDINIA
SICILIA
AFRICA
NUMIDIA
Caesarea
LambaesisBullaRegia
CirtaCarthago
Lepcis Magna
Syracusae
BrundisiumNeapolis
Rome
Genua
AquileiaMediolanum
RAETIA
NumantiaAriminum
Agrigentum
10°W
c
40°N
b
a
50°N
30°N
C 0 D E10°E
d
0 250 500 750 1000 km
0 250 500 miles
SCALE
ASIA
CHATTI
MARCOMANNI
Bonna
Aleria
GERMANIASUPERIOR
Legio
Carteia
Emerita
Volubilis
MAURITANIACAESARIENSIS
Baetis
Tagus
GERMANIAINFERIOR
QUADI
ArausioNemausus
Rhodanus(Rhône)
Emporiae
Carnuntum
ALPESCOTTIAE
ALPESMARITIMAE
(Po)
Albis (Elbe)
Liger (Loire)
LUGDUNENSIS
BELGICA
(Danube)
G arumna
Iberus(Ebro)
ApenninusM
.
DALM
ATIA
NORCIU
Savus
Dravus
Pyrenaei M
(Garonne)
NARBONENSIS
Rhe
nus
(Rhi
ne)
LUSI
TANIA
Danuvius
A l p e s
Padus
Tib
eris
Ligurians
Thamesis(Thames)
c. A.D. 142
c. A.D. 122
Map A The Roman world in the time of Marcus Aurelius
xxvi
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c
40°N
b
a
CYRENE
Cyrene
CRETE
CYPRUS
SirmiumDACIA
ILLYRICUM
MACEDONIA
Danuvius
Thessalonica
THESSALY
PELOPONNESE
Athens
BASTARNAE
ARMENIA
AEGYPTUS
Alexandria
Memphis
Petra
ARABIA
Palmyra
AntiochiaTarsus
SamosataTyana
Melitene
SYRIAPALAESTINA
SYRIA
CI L I C I A
Sinope
AncyraGALATIA
LYCIA
PA M PHY LIA
ASIA
Ephesus
Smyrna
Cyzicus
Byzantium Nicomedia
Nicaea
PONTUS EUXINUS(Black Sea)
Borysthenes
Salamis
Caesarea
20°E F 30°E4 40°EG 50°EH 60°EJ
30°N
20°E F 30°E 40°EG H
Nilus
d
(Dneiper)
SARMATIANS
TAURI
PARTHIA
Jerusalem
SINUSARABICUS
Pergamum
MYSIA
HalysP O N T U S
B I T HY
NI A
CAPPADOCIA
Ta u r u s M.
THRACE
(Danube)
GETAE
Hebrus
M OESIA
IN FERIOR
MO
ESIA
SU
PERIOR
EP
IRU
SAEGAEUM
MARE
Dyrrhachium
Apollonia
ActiumCorcyra
Chios
DelosCos
Sparta
Dyme
Olympus ArgosCorinth
A CHA EADelphi
Cnossus
Rhodes
Aphrodisias
50°N
PANNONIASUPERIOR
PANNONIAINFERIOR
Map A (cont.)
xxvii
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