the camera and exposure
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The Camera and Exposure
Exerpts copied from Photography by Upton and London
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SLR vs. Range Finder Cameras
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SLR Single Lens Reflex
What You See is What You GetIn the SLR camera both the image previewedand the image captured are identical
The SRL camera has only one optical path,and it is into the lens
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It is inside the SRL camerawhere the image is diverted
between the preview andcaptured modes. A hinged
mirror is the divertingmechanism. In the preview
mode, the mirror reflects thelight up into a prism and out
the preview window
When the shutter is activated
the mirror "pops up", and thelight is diverted into the
image recording-medium
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Basic Camera Operations
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Keeping Your Lens Clean
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Dont touch the Shutter Blades
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Camera Cleaning Tools
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Exposure is a term that is used toexpress how much light impacts the
film
f-stop (aperture) and Shutter Speedare Exposure Combinations
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Aperture: Size of Lens Opening
Controls the brightness of
the light that reaches film
like the pupil of an eye
Size indicated by f-stop
Largest admits most light
Each stop after admits halfthe light of previous one
i.e. f/4 half as much as f/2.8
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Aperturef/2.8 f/4 f/5.6 f/8 f/11 f/16 f/22
Aperture/F-stop
Bigger f-stop number, the
smaller the lens opening andthe less light that is let in.
As the number gets bigger
(4, 5.6, 8), the aperture size
gets smaller and the amountof light admitted decreases.
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Depth of FieldDepth of field is a phrase that defines a measure of distance that spans a distanceahead of and behind a subject focused on; and, within that distance the image isfairly sharp. The distance ahead of and behind the subject is not equal. Generally
the distance ahead of the subject is 1/3 of the depth of field range. This is illustratedin Figure 5.1. The depth of field is shown in color. The red line represents the
subject and at the bottom is the camera location.
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Aperture and Depth of Field:Shallow
f/2 and lens
focused onboy (b) in
middle about
seven feet
away from
photographer
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Aperture and Depth of Field:
Deep/Wide
f/16 and lens
focused on boy
(b) in middle
about seven
feet away fromphotographer
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Three ways to control Depth of Field:
1.Smaller the aperture size (i.e. f/16, f/22), the greater
the depth of field.
2.Farther you are from the subject (mountain,
landscape), greater the depth of field.
3.Wider the lends, greater the depth of field
(i.e. 27mm, 35mm lens).Conversely:
1.Bigger the aperture size (i.e. f/2.8), the smaller
the depth of field.2.The closer you are to the subject (portrait, object
on desk), smaller the depth of field.
3.The longer the lens, the more shallow the depth
of field (i.e. 85-300mm telephoto or zoom).
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Video Clip depth of field
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uzedefUXARE
SNODART.COM Depth of Field
http://vimeo.com/1136116
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uzedefUXAREhttp://vimeo.com/1136116http://vimeo.com/1136116http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uzedefUXARE -
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Shutter Speed
The amount of time the shutter remains open
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Shutter Speed:Length of time light reaches film
The faster the shutter speed, the more likely a
moving subject will be sharp. i.e. 1/125 or 1/250
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Shutter Speed: Slow
Both the subject and the
camera were moving
panning 1/8, 1/15, 1/30
Camera is steady (possibly on
tripod) during this slow
exposure, i.e. 1/15
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Light and the Shutter Speed:
To expose film correctly, so that your picture
is neither too light nor too dark, you need to
control the amount of light that reaches thefilm.
In manual operation, you control both theshutter speed and the aperture (f/stop)
opening.
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Shutter Speed
Small aperture,
slow shutter
f/16 1/8
Medium aperture,
medium shutter
speed
f/4 1/30
Larger aperture,
fast shutter speed
f/2 1/500
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Equivalent Exposures
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Some example images using
minimum depth of field:
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Keith Carter
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Keith Carter
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Keith Carter
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Keith Carter
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_BvIF2NCZBqs/R1lMFulq8pI/AAAAAAAAAZ8/_sw1s7Lax-E/s1600-h/Keith+Carter,+Boy+and+Hawk,+2005.jpg -
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Some example images using
maximum depth of field:
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Linda Butler
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Linda Butler
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Linda Butler
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Linda Butler
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Some example images usingslow shutter:
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Ralph Eugene Meatyard
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Ralph Eugene Meatyard
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Ralph Eugene Meatyard
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Ralph Eugene Meatyard
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Ralph Eugene Meatyard
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Ralph Eugene Meatyard
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Hiroshi Sugimoto
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Alhambra
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Byrd Theatre, Richmond, VA
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Cinerama Dome
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La Paloma
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Paramount
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Union City Drive
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Rubidoux