the car of the future: electric, but not as you might think
TRANSCRIPT
1 VAB Technologiedag, 19/09/2014
Sebastian Verhelst, Faculteit Ingenieurswetenschappen en Architectuur, UGent
The car of the future Electric, but not as you might think!
Prof. Sebastian Verhelst
Green Drive Project Conference.
Tomorrow’s Vehicles: Challenges for Industry and University
Green Drive Project Conference, Antwerp, 23/09/2016
Sebastian Verhelst, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University
1973
2003
Gb oil consumption
oil discovery
Year 3
Orders of magnitude 2010 15 terawatt (15.1012W)
1 billion vehicles
• Which energy source? • Transport:
o Which energy carrier? o Which powerplant?
Criteria: • Sustainable • Scalable
7 TW
14 TW
7 TW
44 TW
72 TW
85.000 TW
H2
H2
?
H2
?
?
H2
Internal combustion engine • Cheap to produce: oEasy to produce oFrom abundantly available,
recyclable materials oRelatively little energy
needed for production • Fuel flexible • High power density • Still potential for efficiency
improvement
Energy density is crucial!
10
liquid
gas
Green Drive Project Conference, Antwerp, 23/09/2016
Sebastian Verhelst, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University
Energy density: illustration
11
60 kg gasoline
+ 40 kg alcohol
+ 100 kg hydrogen
+ 800 kg batteries
1300 kg
Green Drive Project Conference, Antwerp, 23/09/2016
Sebastian Verhelst, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University
Liquids: distribution and storage easier
12
€ 250
€ 10.000
€ 25.000
Green Drive Project Conference, Antwerp, 23/09/2016
Sebastian Verhelst, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University
Long term options for energy carrier and powertrain
for transportation?
Minimum set of criteria:
‣ Sustainability: closed cycle for energy carrier and
powertrain materials
‣ Scalability: resources for energy carrier and powertrain
‣ Compact: need sufficient energy & power density
13 Green Drive Project Conference, Antwerp, 23/09/2016
Sebastian Verhelst, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University
Conclusions for sustainable transportation
Energy carrier:
• Need for renewable (solar), liquid fuels
‣ Efficient, so practical and cheap distribution and storage
Powertrain:
• Internal combustion engine
‣ Sustainable technology
‣ Best bang (h) for your buck!
14 Green Drive Project Conference, Antwerp, 23/09/2016
Sebastian Verhelst, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University
Candidate fuels
• Simple molecules are preferred
‣ Production is more efficient
‣ Conversion (end-use) can be controlled more easily (h, emissions)
• Abundantly available building blocks: C, H, O, N, …
• Thus, most simple fuels:
‣ Hydrogen, H2 (at patm, liquid at 20K)
‣ Methane, CH4 (at patm, liquid at 91K)
‣ Ammonia, NH3 (at Tatm, liquid at 8.6 bar)
‣ Methanol, CH3OH (liquid)
‣ Dimethylether (DME), CH3OCH3 (liquid at 5.3 bar)
‣ …
LIQUIDS
15 Green Drive Project Conference, Antwerp, 23/09/2016
Sebastian Verhelst, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University
Case: methanol
• Can be produced in different ways
‣ Biomass, fossil fuels
‣ Synthesize using renewable energy: H2 + CO/CO2 CH3OH
• Liquid
‣ Cheap tanks, cheap distribution
‣ Miscible with gasoline and ethanol
‣ Evolution of infrastructure possible
• High engine efficiencies possible
• Also building block for synthetic hydrocarbons (MTO)
Has been a focus for UGent since 2009
16 Green Drive Project Conference, Antwerp, 23/09/2016
Sebastian Verhelst, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University
How can we introduce methanol as a fuel?
• Most successful biofuel presently: bio-ethanol
• Which is being used:
‣ Mixed into gasoline, in low concentrations (E5, E10)
‣ In high concentrations (E85) in “flex-fuel vehicles” (FFVs)
• EtOH lion share of the ~4% share of biofuels in transport,
~40M FFVs worldwide
• MeOH miscible with gasoline and EtOH
• Hypothesis gasoline-EtOH-MeOH
blends with identical properties to E85
(GEM blends) can be used by FFVs
17 Green Drive Project Conference, Antwerp, 23/09/2016
Sebastian Verhelst, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University
18
CH3OH
n(-CH2-) Transport
Liquid
Storage
Power Electricity
H2
H2O
CH4
CO2
Gas
Storage
Heat
Waste
Heat
…And this can be brought into play quickly using
GEM blends in existing E85/gasoline flex-fuel vehicles
“Renewable Power Methane”,
now supported by Audi as E-gas;
however, vehicle fuel tanks still expensive
because CH4 is not a liquid…
Massive storage of renewable
energy makes investment in it
viable
An integrated system
Conclusions & additional remarks
• Internal combustion engines (ICEs) far from being “fully
developed” with regards to efficiency (i.e. fuel consumption,
CO2) and emissions
‣ Lab: 57% efficiency with near-zero emissions
• + advantage: “flex-fuel”, cheap
ICE is sustainable technology!
“Keep the engine, change the fuel”
towards synthetic fuels, sustainable&scalable, “e-fuels” –
“solar fuels” – “liquid electricity” + support with fuels from
waste and biomass where this can be done sustainable
19 Green Drive Project Conference, Antwerp, 23/09/2016
Sebastian Verhelst, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University
Thanks for listening!
http://users.ugent.be/~sverhels
Green Drive Project Conference, Antwerp, 23/09/2016
Sebastian Verhelst, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University