the causes of violent jihadism

8/3/2019 The Causes of Violent Jihadism

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[npg[uz hn Jl~znz g

Rag`ni Fahleazm

Kn{il{e A) Bain`

m ;??3


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nxjur zUn îaune Zulunz az j~{{niu`q ai l zu{~cc`n lclaizu rag`niu, zn`-enzj{akne fahleazuz shg hlrnzu{~jd lu uhn îaune Zulunz lie )Z) aiun{nzuz lj{gzz uhn c`gkn) Ai g{en{ ug enrn`gp zg~ie,

sg{dlk`n, lie z~zulailk`n pgàjq {nzpgiznz, sn m~zu ~ien{zulie kguh uhn ilu~{n lie uhn zjgpng uhn jhl``nicn)

Rag`niu fahleazm hlz uh{nn jg{n jl~znz6

l j{azaz g `ncauamljq ai uhn M~zàm sg{è k{g~chu gi kq njgigmaj zulciluagi,pgp~`luagi p{nzz~{nz, la`~{nz g pgàuajl` aizuau~uagiz, lie eazp~unz grn{ uhnaiun{p{nuluagi g {nàcag~z unxuz4

uhn g{naci pgàjanz g uhn îaune Zulunz lie guhn{ Snzun{i jg~iu{anz ugsl{e uhn L{lklie M~zàm sg{è4

pluhg`gcajl` eqilmajz sauhai uhn M~zàm sg{è shajh p{gmgun knànz ai jgizpa{ljquhng{anz, ~iz~kzuliualune {~mg{z, lie liua-Znmauazm)

Ai leeauagi, l dnq ieaic g uhaz {npg{u az uhlu g~{ fahleazu ninmanz l{n igu jqiajl` mliap~`lug{zg lauh, k~u {luhn{, cni~ain`q {nàcag~z aiearae~l`z shgzn aiun{p{nuluagiz g Az`lm l{n c{g~ieneai kguh zjhg`l{`q aiun{p{nuluagi lie hazug{ajl` mgrnmniuz) B~{uhn{mg{n, uhnq l{n {nzpnjune kq lzaciajliu pn{jniulcn g uhn M~zàm sg{è)

Uaz zu~eq g rag`niu fahleazm qanèz uh{nn ampg{uliu pgàjq {njgmmnieluagiz6

Lmn{ajli p~kàj eap`gmljq ng{uz m~zu kn {ngj~zne {gm p{graeaic uamn`q, j`nl{cgrn{imniul` {nzpgiznz ug uhn enrn`gpmniu g {n`luagizhapz sauh j{neak`n aiun{`gj~ug{z

shg jli jgmm~iajlun Lmn{ajli rl`~nz aiea{nju`q)

Sn inne ug enrn`gp knuun{ zg~{jnz g digs`necn lkg~u uhn zgjal` zqzunmz uhlu z~ppg{urag`niu fahleazm) Un{n az l digs`necn clp lkg~u uhn jgiinjuagiz knusnni mlzz knànzlie gpn{luagil` un{{g{ inusg{dz)

G~{ luunmpuz ug en`ncauamavn rag`niu fahleazm kq znj~{aic jgienmiluagiz {gmmlaizu{nlm j`n{ajz lie cgrn{imniul` nlen{z gi`q zn{rnz ug {naig{jn uhn {leajl`z j`lamzuhlu uhnzn nàunz l{n ugg`z g Lmn{ajli ampn{alàzm) Sn m~zu kn m~jh mg{n jl~uag~zlkg~u hgs sn slen aiug uhng`gcajl` eazp~unz)

Uaz {npg{u az uhn {zu g uh{nn {npg{uz uhlu sa`` kn azz~ne kq uhn Lmn{ajli Znj~{auq _{gfnjuz{nznl{jh p{gc{lm gi Znj~{aic Lmn{ajl ai li Lcn g n{{g{) Un inxu {npg{u sa`` lzznzz hgs uhnîaune Zulunz az pn{g{maic ai uhn zu{~cc`n lclaizu rag`niu fahleazm zaijn 1'


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lu ljdscu

Un l~uhg{ sg~è adn ug uhlid znrn{l` aiearae~l`z g{ uhna{ z~ppg{u lie lerajn ai s{auaic uhaz{npg{u) Mz) Hg``q J) Cn`` p{graene nxunizarn {nznl{jh z~ppg{u lz sn`` lz zaciajliu neaug{al`

z~ccnzuagi) Mz) Làzn B{qn lie E{) Fam @~enz clrn `l{cn i~mkn{z g enula`ne z~kzuliuarn liezuqàzuaj {njgmmnieluagiz uhlu amp{grne uhn zu{~ju~{n lie z~kzulijn g uhn {npg{u) Znrn{l`jg``nlc~nz, igulk`q E{) D{azuai @g{e, E{) amguhq Hgqu, lie E{) Kl{e GIna`` p{graene rn{qhn`p~` jgmmniuz lie z~ccnzuagiz lu rl{ag~z pgaiuz ai uhn {nznl{jh) G jg~{zn, l`` n{{g{z l{nuhn l~uhg{z l`gin)

r


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k Juu6

auju Zua`` liguhn{zjhgg` g uhg~chu gj~znz gi uhn ljug{z l`{nleq enzj{akne, mgzu igulk`q uhn `ljd g njgigmajgppg{u~iauq shajh jl~znz mlzzarn ~inmp`gqmniu lie ~ien{nmp`gqmniu `nleaic ug {~zu{luagilie {leajlàvluagi);2 Lz l {nz~ù, au az eaj~ù ug p{neaju hgs pgp~`luagi ljug{z sa`` lnjuz~ppg{u g{ fahleazm)

Hgsnrn{, shni gin jgizaen{z uhn jhl``nicnz g njg`gcajl` enc{leluagi lie {nzg~{jn enp`nuagi,uhn p{gk`nm g {lpae`q c{gsaic pgp~`luagiz sauh l zdns ugsl{e qg~uh plaiuz l pguniual``q ea{npaju~{n g uhn ~u~{n g uhn {ncagi) Ai m~jh g uhn M~zàm sg{è, {lpae pgp~`luagi c{gsuh azgjj~{{aic lu uhn zlmn uamn lz njg`gcajl` p{gk`nmz l{n c{gsaic) Slun{ zjl{jauq ai pl{uaj~`l{ mlqkn l zaciajliu jl~zn g unizagi lie uhn azz~n mlq ~{uhn{ enzulkaàvn lie {leajlàvn pgàuajz aimliq jg~iu{anz) Lu uhn rn{q `nlzu, au znnmz àdn`q uhlu l `l{cn pgg` g pguniual` {nj{~auz g{ {leajl`mgrnmniuz sa`` jgiuai~n ug nxazu);3

Un [g`n g [nàcagi

Mliq lil`qzuz niclcn ai l g{m g ma{{g{-amlcaic shni uhnq lzz~mn uhlu M~zàm zgjanuanzl{n mguarlune p{aml{a`q kq z~jh azz~nz lz njgigmaj gppg{u~iauq) Sha`n mlun{al` ljug{z j`nl{`qp`lq l {g`n ai znuuaic uhn jgiunxu g{ uhn {azn g {leajlàzm, uhn zpnjaj g{m g uhaz {leajlàzmaz ennp`q `gecne ai l pl{uaj~`l{ znu g mgrnmniuz {ncl{eaic uhn mnliaic lie aiun{p{nuluagi gAz`lmaj unljhaicz) G pl{uaj~`l{ aiun{nzu, sauhai Az`lm uhn{n az l {nàcag~z zjhazm {nmaiazjniu guhn [ng{mluagi ai N~{gpn)

Mliq lil`qzuz hlrn ~ien{nzuamlune uhn ampg{ulijn g uhaz {nàcag~z zjhazm);8 Hgsnrn{, gin guhn mgzu {nrg`~uagil{q lzpnjuz g uhn j~{{niu fahleazu mgrnmniu az uhn j`lam g uhn fahleazuz ugkn lk`n ug pn{g{m `ncauamlun zj{apu~{l` lil`qzaz) {leauagil``q, ai Az`lm, uhn {achu ug aiun{p{nuuhn Dg{li lie Z~iilh slz gecne sauh uhn ~`nml, uhn jgmm~iauq g zjhg`l{z) J~{{niu {leajl`zj`lam uhlu kguh uhn Dg{li uhn {nrn`luagiz g uhn _{gphnu M~hlmmle -- lie uhn Z~iilh --uhn {njg{e g haz ennez jli kn aiun{p{nune aiearae~l``q kq {achung~z M~zàmz);1 Au az l zama`l{l{c~mniu ug uhlu mlen e~{aic uhn [ng{mluagi ai Jh{azualiauq)


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lmn{aJli znJ~{aq _{gFnJ

Sha`n au az unmpuaic ug zamp`q j`lzzaq Gzlml kai @leni lz l hn{nuaj lie jqiajl` lk~zn{ g hazlauh, uhn p{gk`nm az uhlu haz pgzauagi gi zj{apu~{l` aiun{p{nuluagi mlq, ai lju, kn li aij{nlzaic`qjgmmgi lie pgsn{~` gin) Gijn uhn mgigpg`q gi zj{apu~{l` aiun{p{nuluagi az k{gdni, auknjgmnz aij{nlzaic`q eaj~ù ug {nu~{i ug u{leauagil` han{l{jhajl` p{gjnzznz):? Uaz az l zn{ag~z

jgijn{i knjl~zn m~jh g uhn Snzun{i {nzpgizn ug kai @leniazm gi {nàcag~z un{mz hlz knni ugu{q ug àin ~p lz m~jh g uhn mlaizu{nlm ~`nml lz pgzzak`n lclaizu ham) Hgsnrn{, a shlu snl{n sauinzzaic az, ai lju, li lzzl~ù gi uhn u{leauagil` ~`nmlz {g`n, uhni uhaz lpp{gljh az ~iàdn`qug z~jjnne lu knzu lie az p{gg~ie`q jg~iun{-p{ge~juarn lu sg{zu zaijn au uniez ug {naig{jn uhn{leajl`z j{aua|~n g uhn ~`nml lz g~u-g-ug~jh k~{nl~j{luz)

B~{uhn{mg{n, ug uhn nxuniu uhlu `ncauamljq g{ zj{apu~{l` aiun{p{nuluagi mlq jgmn {gm ljgmmaumniu ug {leajlàzm lie ug pn{zgil` zlj{ajn, uhn eqilmajz g {nàcag~z ncauamljq mlqkn knjgmaic aij{nlzaic`q p{gk`nmluaj):< _{nljhaic {leajlàzm lie uhn p{gmguagi g rag`nijnaz aij{nlzaic`q uhn zg~{jn g `ncauamljq g{ pgp~`l{ j`n{ajz) Ai uhn plzu, j`n{ajz shg p{nljhnerag`nijn hle ug {zu nl{i `ncauamljq nauhn{ uh{g~ch c{nlu zjhg`l{zhap g{ pn{zgil` zlj{ajn) Lmgic

l ins cnin{luagi g {leajl` j`n{ajz, au az uhna{ jgmmaumniu ug rag`niu fahleazm lz li aeng`gcq uhlucarnz uhnm `ncauamljq ai uhn {zu p`ljn) Uaz az igu l cnin{l` aieajumniu g M~zàm j`n{ajz, k~u{luhn{ {nn{z ug l z~kznu g pgp~àzu {leajl`z shg l{n jhl``nicaic uhn ncauamljq g mlaizu{nlmmgen{lun j`n{ajz)

Liq z~jjnzz~` zu{luncq g{ enlàic sauh {nàcag~z q-mguarlune un{{g{azm sa`` inne ug lee{nzz uhnp{gjnzznz g `ncauamlun zj{apu~{l` aiun{p{nuluagi ai uhn M~zàm sg{è)

Un Inl{ Ninmq lie uhn Bl{ Ninmq

Ai uhn `lic~lcn g uhn fahleazu mgrnmniu, uhn inl{ ninmq {nn{z ug lpgzulun M~zàm {ncamnzuhlu {n~zn ug aizuau~un p~{n Zhl{al `ls) Unzn {ncamnz l{n saen`q znni lz k{~ul` lie jg{{~pu,nrni lmgic igi-fahleazuz) Un l{ ninmq {nn{z ug uhn îaune Zulunz lie uhn Snzu cnin{l``q)Un jgijnpu g uhn inl{ ninmq lie uhn l{ ninmq az g j{~jal` ampg{ulijn knjl~zn au l``gsz uhnfahleazuz ug k{aecn uhn clp lie mldn jgmmgi jl~zn sauh `l{cn i~mkn{z g mgen{lun M~zàmzshg eg igu guhn{sazn z~ppg{u uhn cgl`z g uhn fahleazu mgrnmniu):;

Bg{ jgmmauune fahleazuz, sl{ sauh uhn l{ ninmq hlz l`slqz knni znni lz ainraulk`n) E{arni kquhn aif~ijuagi ug zp{nle uhn lauh, kq uhn zsg{e a injnzzl{q, uhn p{nj~{zg{z ug uhn j~{{niu fahleazumgrnmniu l`slqz p`liine g{ l uamn shni, hlraic ~iane uhn M~zàm sg{è, uhnq sg~è kn lk`nug uldn uhn chu c`gkl`) Uaz lppnl` ug l c`gkl` sl{ g{ uhn zldn g Az lm ilu~{l``q gi`q luu{ljune

z~ppg{u {gm uhn {aicn g uhn pgp~`luagi)

Gin g uhn c{nlu aiigrluagiz g uhn j~{{niu fahleazu mgrnmniu hlz knni ug {nrn{zn uhn p{ag{auqp`ljne gi uhn inl{ ninmq lie uhn l{ ninmq) Shn{nlz u{leauagil``q uhn cgl` slz ug ~iaq uhnM~zàm sg{è {zu, j~{{niu fahleazuz knànrn au az ampn{luarn ug zu{adn {zu lu uhn Snzu shajh uhnqj`lam z~zulaiz ai pgsn{ gpp{nzzarn znj~`l{ {ncamnz uh{g~chg~u uhn M~zàm sg{è) Un zp{nleg uhaz jgijnpu hlz zn{rne ug ~iaun nxu{nmazuz sauh mgen{lunz) Sha`n l c{nlu mliq mgen{lunzsg~è {nfnju uhn iguagi g l c`gkl` sl{ ug zp{nle uhn egmlai g Az`lm, guhn{ mgen{lun {ng{mn{z


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hlrn knc~i ug ljjnpu uhn aenl uhlu {ng{m ai uhn Maee`n Nlzu sa`` kn eaj~ù ug ljhanrn lz `gic lzuhn îaune Zulunz ai pl{uaj~`l{ z~ppg{uz gpp{nzzarn {ncamnz):: Mgen{lunz lie {leajl`z mlq hlrnean{niu `gic-un{m cgl`z, k~u uhnq l{n ~iaune ai uhna{ licn{ lu uhn îaune Zulunz lie uhn Snzu)Ug~ch mgen{lunz mlq igu lc{nn sauh uhn ~zn g rag`nijn ug g{jn l ^)Z) eazniclcnmniu, uhnq l{n

gni zqmpluhnuaj ug uhn zniuamniuz g uhn {leajl`z)

nxu zj Ru F

Un ljug{z eazj~zzne uh~z l{ gj~z p{aml{a`q gi azz~nz sauhai uhn M~zàm sg{è uhlu j{nlunz~ppg{u g{ fahleazm) Ug~ch nljh ljug{ m~zu ~ien{cg l p{gjnzz g aiun{iluagilàvluagi aig{en{ ug f~zuaq zu{adaic g~u lu pn{jnarne nxun{il` ninmanz, uhn {gguz g uhn p{gk`nm an sauhaiuhgzn L{lk lie M~zàm zgjanuanz) Lz l {nz~ù, uhnq l{n jgizaen{ne mg{n aiu{ljulk`n p{gk`nmzknjl~zn, lz l mluun{ g zu{luncq, uhn Snzu jli gi`q hgpn ug nijg~{lcn {ng{m g{ lju ug mauaclunuhn nxun{ilàvluagi p{gjnzznz) Lil`qzuz shg gj~z gi aiun{il` ljug{z unie ug kn mg{n pnzzamazuajzaijn uhnq hlrn nsn{ ea{nju pgàjq `nrn{z ug nnju jhlicn)

Li lùn{iluarn lzznzzmniu g fahleazm gj~znz gi ljug{z nxun{il` ug uhn L{lk lie M~zàm sg{èz,lie ai pl{uaj~`l{ gj~znz gi uhn g{naci {n`luagiz g g~uzaen pgsn{z) Uaz lrni~n g lpp{gljhaz jgiu{grn{zal` ai mliq ja{j`nz, lz au znnmz ug zgmn ug kn k`lmaic uhn rajuamz) Hgsnrn{,zaijn Lmn{ajli g{naci pgàjq lie uhn Az{lnà-_l`nzuaiali eazp~un l{n gni jaune kq fahleazuz lzf~zuajluagiz g{ rag`nijn, au az j{~jal``q ampg{uliu ug nxlmain uhn l{c~mniuz ai zgmn enpuh)

Un Z~bn{aic g M~zàmz Aiun{iluagil``q

Fahleazu s{auaicz gni pg{u{lq uhn `gu g M~zàmz aiun{iluagil``q lz li nie`nzz zn{anz g g~u{lcnz)

Unzn s{auaicz gni aij`~en l àuliq g jgmp`laiuz {licaic {gm jara` {achuz lk~znz g aiearae~l`M~zàmz ai Snzun{i jg~iu{anz ug jlznz g inl{-cnigjael` zau~luagiz, lz ai Kgzial lie Jhnjhiql)Ai uhaz il{{luarn, l`` zg{uz g eazpl{lun nrniuz l{n àidne ugcnuhn{) Un mlzzlj{nz lu Zlk{l lieZhaua`l kq Ml{giaun Jh{azualiz lie uhn Lzzle {ncamnz lu{gjauanz lu Hlml, kguh ai


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Lmn{ajli Bg{naci _gàjq

L jgmmgi uhnmn ai zu~eanz g fahleazm az uhn {g`n g ^)Z) g{naci pgàjq ai nijg~{lcaic{leajlàzm):> Gi uhn z~{ljn, uhn{n az l c{nlu enl` g rlàeauq ug uhaz pn{zpnjuarn) Un îauneZulunz hlz z~ppg{une Az{ln`) Au hlz z~ppg{une gpp{nzzarn l~uhg{aul{ali {ncamnz) Un iauneZulunz hlz p`ljne u{ggpz ai uhn Maee`n Nlzu lie, sauh uhn sl{ ai A{l|, airlene lie gjj~pane liL{lk zulun, enzu{gqaic li l~uhg{aul{ali k~u zulk`n jg~iu{q lie {np`ljaic au sauh lil{jhq) Nrnishni uhn îaune Zulunz hlz knni znni pgzauarn`q, lz ai uhn jlzn g z~ppg{uaic uhn aienpnienijn gLchliazuli ai uhn


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A{l| az kguh ennp lie k{gle uh{g~chg~u kguh uhn L{lk lie M~zàm sg{èz) Uaz eqilmajjgmpàjlunz Lmn{ajli ng{uz ug sai hnl{uz lie maiez lie àmauz uhn lkaàuq g p{g-Lmn{ajlicgrn{imniuz ug sg{d ljuarn`q lie gpni`q sauh uhn îaune Zulunz) Un {nzniumniu nù ai m~jh guhn sg{è grn{ Lmn{ajli ~ia`lun{làzm lie pn{jnarne grn{-{nàlijn gi g{jn hlz knni hnachunine

kq uhn A{l| sl{, lie hlz jgmpàjlune ng{uz ug sg{d nrni sauh `gic-zulieaic Lmn{ajli l`ànz giguhn{ azz~nz {n`lune ug uhn zu{~cc`n lclaizu rag`niu fahleazuz):1

Ug~ch, zu{luncajl``q, uhn sl{ ai A{l| hlz knni l eazlzun{, au az pgzzak`n ug grn{zulun uhn amplju guhn sl{ gi uhn zg~{jnz g z~ppg{u g{ rag`niu fahleazm) [leajl` c{g~pz hlrn knni rn{q nnjuarnai ~zaic l `gic zn{anz g rl{ane c{anrlijnz ug p{gmgun uhna{ jl~zn) Lu rl{ag~z pgaiuz, uhnzn c{g~pzhlrn gj~zne gi znj~`l{azm, zuluazm, lie jg{{~puagi ai


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uhn unizagi jl~zne kq uhn Az{lnà-_l`nzuaiali eazp~un7 Au mlq) Hgsnrn{, sn inne ug kn lsl{ng uh{nn leeauagil` z~kzuliuarn ljug{z uhlu l{n gni jaune lkg~u uhn eazp~un) Ba{zu, uhn{n az uhnp{gk`nm g uhn {achu-g-{nu~{i) Lkzniu zgmn {achu g{ _l`nzuaializ ug {nu~{i ug Az{ln` p{gpn{ lie{nj`lam `gzu p{gpn{uq, uhn{n sa`` l`slqz kn zgmn shg jgizaen{ uhn zau~luagi ~if~zu) Znjgie, carni

nxazuaic liua-Znmauazm ai uhn {ncagi lie jl``z g{ Zhl{al `ls, au az àdn`q uhlu uhn zulu~z g Az{lnàL{lkz sa`` jgiuai~n ug kn l zg~{jn g unizagi)5< Aienne, nrni sauhg~u liua-Znmauazm lie jgijn{izgrn{ uhn Zhl{al, uhn nxazunijn g nuhiaj earazagiz sauhai l jg~iu{q gni jl~zn unizagiz sauhaiealzpg{l jgmm~iauanz) Ua{e, uhn{n sn{n ig gjj~pane un{{aug{anz g{ znuu`nmniuz p{ag{ ug


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p{gin ug kn`anrn uhlu uhn 1'


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ml__aiC hn Jgmm~iaanz

U m S

Jgmmauune Fahleazuz

Un{n hlrn knni g~{ cnin{luagiz g uhn mgen{i fahleazu mgrnmniu) Un {zu cnin{luagi gj~znegi aiun{il` {ng{m ai uhn M~zàm sg{è) Au znpl{lune auzn` {gm uhn mlaizu{nlm, shajh aij`~enel k{gle`q pgp~`l{ Az`lmazu mgrnmniu, kq auz sa`àicinzz ug ~zn rag`nijn lclaizu gppginiuz) Unj~`mailuagi g uhaz cnin{luagi slz uhn z~jjnzz~` lzzlzzailuagi g Ncqpuali p{nzaeniu Zlelu ai


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slz `gic-un{m) Uaz l``gsne g{ l jgiuai~ne nxpg{uluagi g uhn uh{nlu) Gpn{luaic ai l `nzz{anie`q nira{gimniu, hgsnrn{, eae p~zh uhn fahleazu mgrnmniu ug legpu mg{n zgphazuajluneu{lenj{l, mgzu igulk`q ai un{mz g jn``-g{cliavluagi, ilijaic lie mginq-`l~ien{aic, liejgrn{u {nj{~aumniu lie u{laiaic) Fahleazm knjlmn li ~ien{c{g~ie jgizpa{ljq, k~u gin g`l{cn {nljh) Sha`n zgmn fahleazu `nlen{z {nmlai j`nl{`q ai~nijne kq zjhg`l{`q l{c~mniuz

(\~uk lie Aki lqmaqql l{n saen`q |~gune ai fahleazu unxuz!, uhn ggu-zgèan{z g fahle sn{n`l{cn`q {nj{~aune lmgic eazc{~iu`ne qg~ic mni) Zgmn g uhnzn qg~ic mni sn{n rnun{liz gLchliazuli) Guhn{z sn{n {~zu{lune kq uhn `ljd g njgigmaj gppg{u~iauq lie pgàuajl` {nnegmlu hgmn) Zua`` guhn{z sn{n liamlune kq eazmlq grn{ p~kàj mg{l`z) Mliq sn{n e{arni kq l enza{nug hn`p n``gs M~zàmz, ai pl{uaj~`l{ _l`nzuaializ ai uhn sldn g uhn {zu aiualel (


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5

eqilmaj g mnzzlcn zncmniuaic) Ai ra{u~l``q nrn{qM~z am jg~iu{q, uhn unxukggdz ~zne ai zjhgg`z gj~zhnlra`q gi uhn j`lam uhlu uhn M~zàm sg{è hlz knniuhn ul{cnu g l zqzunmluaj jlmplaci g gpp{nzzagi

lie `gguaic kq uhn Snzu)58

Unzn unxuz nmphlzavnuhn amplju g jg`gialàzm, u{ljaic auz {gguz kljd uguhn J{~zlenz) Unq zu{nzz uhn p{nelug{q ilu~{n gSnzun{i jlpaulàzm lie, ai pl{uaj~`l{, auz lppnuaun g{Maee`n Nlzu ga ) Lie uhnq zu{nzz uhn jgiinjuagi liez~ppg{u g Snzun{i cgrn{imniuz g{ Az{ln`) Unznk{gle uhnmnz l{n {naig{jne ai uhn cgrn{imniu-jgiu{g``ne mneal (uhn{n az àuu`n {nnegm g uhn p{nzzai mgzu g uhn M~zàm sg{è!, kguh ai un{mz gznizluagil` jgrn{lcn carni ug Snzun{i lie Az{lnàg~u{lcnz, lie ai un{mz g neaug{al` jgmmniu

uhlu zp{nlez {~mg{z lie jgizpa{ljq uhng{anz)Mnzzlcn zncmniuaic gjj~{z shni `nlen{z carn |~aunean{niu mnzzlcnz ug egmnzuaj l~eanijnz uhli ugaiun{iluagil` l~eanijnz)

Sn digs {n`luarn`q àuu`n lkg~u uhn jl~znz gaiearae~l` ljuarn z~ppg{u g{ fahle) G~{ digs`necng uhn fahleazuz uhnmzn`rnz jgmnz {gm uhna{p~kàj p{gig~ijnmniuz, airnzuacluagiz g``gsaic

luuljdz, lie uhna{ gsi jginzzagiz shni jlpu~{ne) U~z, uhn{n az l digs`necn clp ai uhn zu~eqg un{{g{azm) Sn hlrn aig{mluagi lkg~u mlzz knànz, lie sn hlrn zgmn aig{mluagi lkg~u

hgs zpnjaj c{g~pz gpn{lun, k~u g~{ digs`necn g uhn p{gjnzznz kq shajh mlzz {~zu{luagi u~{izaiug gpn{luagil` g{cliavluagiz az àmaune) Ai guhn{ sg{ez, sn ~ien{zulie zgmn g uhn aip~uz lieg~up~uz, k~u sn eg igu hlrn l j`nl{ znizn g un{{g{azm lz l jgmp`nun zqzunm) G~{ ~ien{zulieaicg un{{g{azm z~ppg{u zu{~ju~{nz az l p{amn nxlmp`n)

Ljuarn z~ppg{un{z shg, iginuhn`nzz, {n{lai {gm ea{nju pl{uajapluagi ai rag`nijn l{n hl{en{ ugzu~eq knjl~zn uhnq unie ug {nmlai g~u g uhn zpguàchu) Sn eg digs uhlu zgmn g uhnzn ljuarnz~ppg{un{z l{n aiearae~l`z sauhai g{ j`gzn ug uhn {~àic nàunz) Mnmkn{z g uhn Zl~ea {gql` lma`ql{n uhn mgzu razak`n nxlmp`nz4 uhna{ z~ppg{u g{ _l`nzuaiali z~ajaen kgmkn{z lie jhl{auanz uhlu~iin` mginq ug L` \lnel hlz knni lmp`q egj~mniune)51 Unzn nàunz l{n p{nz~mlk`q mguarluneai pl{u kq uhn zlmn eqilmajz uhlu mguarlun zulun ug`n{luagi g{ z~ppg{u g nxun{il``q-gj~zne

{leajlàzm) Lz aiearae~l`z, uhnq l{n l`zg e{arni kq {nàcag~z lie aeng`gcajl` mguarluagiz lz sn``lz uhna{ gsi pn{zgil` zau~luagiz) Bg{ zgmn aiearae~l`z, uhn aif~ijuagi g{ M~zàmz ug niclcn aijhl{aulk`n ljuz lie ug p{graen zhnùn{ ug uhn inneq j`nl{`q l`zg p`lqz l pl{u) g uhn nxuniu uhlu uhnne~jluagil` zqzunm, mneal, lie zulun nàunz p{gmgun uhn rans g M~zàmz lz rajuamz, ljuarn z~ppg{ug{ fahleazm az gni f~zuane lz zn`-ennizn) îg{u~ilun`q, m~jh g uhaz az zpnj~`luarn) Zu~eanzg z~ppg{u g{ fahleazm gni {n`q gi lcc{nclun z~{rnq elul) Uaz az ~zn~` g{ ~ien{zulieaic zgmng uhn cnin{l` zgjanuq u{niez, k~u az g amaune ~uaàuq ai ~ien{zulieaic uhn pl{uaj~`l{ mguarluagizg zpnjaj aiearae~l`z)

U mdc mu) Hlzak Ma{ H~zzlaislz kg{i lie {lazne ai l M~zàm hg~znhgè ai@nnez, Nic`lie) Hn p`lqne zgjjn{ lie j{ajdnuai zjhgg`) K~u au slz igu li aenl` jhaèhgge)Un Mluuhns M~{{lq jgmp{nhnizarn zjhgg` hn

luuniene slz {arni kq {ljal` earaenz Au slzl`slqz shaunz lclaizu Lzaliz lie uhn{n sn{nzg mliq chuz) Kq uhn nie g haz zjhgg` elqz,Hlzak hle u~{ine hnlra`q ug {nàcagi) Hn kncliluunieaic mgz|~n {nc~`l{`q) Hn sg{n {gknz liec{ns haz knl{e g~u) Hn mlen uhn pa`c{amlcnug Mnjjl, lie shni hn {nu~{ine, {n|~niunesauh Zhnhvle lisnn{ lie Mghlmmle Zaea|~nDhli) Dhli slz lppl{niu`q l jn`` g{cliavn{)Hn hle u{lrn`ne ug u{laiaic jlmpz ai _ldazulilie Lchliazuli) L`gic sauh Cn{mlain

@aieznq, uhnzn g~{ enugilune l zn{anz g kgmkzai @giegi gi F~`q 3, ;??>) Hlzak slz l j`lzzaj{nj{~au qg~ic, {~zu{lune, lie lànilune)

Zg~{jn6 Elrae Sa`àlmz, Qg~ic lie K{auazh6 Un@giegi Z~ajaen Kgmkn{z, Ela`q Mla`, F~`q )


23/36

ljau Z~ppg{un{z

M~jh g uhn jhl``nicn ai uhn zu{~cc`n lclaizu rag`niu nxu{nmazm az uhlu au az eaj~ù ug cnu m~jhjggpn{luagi {gm uhn pgp~`luagi lz l shg`n ai M~zàm jg~iu{anz) Sha`n ljuarn z~ppg{un{z l{ne{arni kq zama`l{ mguarluagiz lz rag`niu fahleazuz, uljau z~ppg{un{z shgzn z~ppg{u gni jgmnz{gm ailjuagi {luhn{ uhli ljuagi znnm ug kn e{arni kq l ean{niu znu g jgijn{iz)

Ba{zu, uhn{n az j`nl{`q k{gle-klzne zqmpluhq sauh uhn mlj{g-`nrn` cgl`z g uhn fahleazu mgrnmniua uhgzn cgl`z l{n enine lz egmnzuaj {ng{m, {nzazulijn ug Az{ln`, lie l {nzug{luagi g uhn p{aenlie zu{nicuh g M~zàm pngp`nz nrn{qshn{n) Znjgie, knjl~zn mliq cgrn{imniuz ai uhn M~zàmsg{è l{n l~uhg{aul{ali lie jg{{~pu, m~jh g uhn pgp~`luagi az {nuajniu ug u~{i ug uhn l~uhg{auanz)@ljd g u{lizpl{nijq lie e~n p{gjnzz, lie uhn saen-zp{nle ~zn g ug{u~{n, hlrn ~ien{maine uhn`ncauamljq g `gjl` cgrn{imniuz) Ua{e, sha`n {n`luarn`q ns M~zàmz z~ppg{u uhn rag`nijn ~znekq {leajl`z, mliq znn au lz l `ncauamlun {nzpgizn ug rag`nijn ~zne kq `gjl` cgrn{imniuz, lie kquhn îaune Zulunz, Az{ln`, lie guhn{ pn{jnarne ninmanz g Az`lm)>?

Un clp knusnni k{gle-klzne zqmpluhq g{ uhn jl~zn lie |~aun il{{gs z~ppg{u g{ rag`nijnlclaizu jaraàliz az uhn zg~{jn g uhn rlzu eazj{nplijq {ncl{eaic uhn zjgpn g uhn p{gk`nm)Lil`qzuz l{n g{jne ug {n`q gi nxu{nmn`q aiea{nju mnliz ug lzjn{ulai uhn i~mkn{ g pguniual`z~ppg{un{z g fahle ai liq carni jg~iu{q) Bg{ aizulijn, lil`qzuz u{q ug mnlz~{n z~ppg{u g{~ielmniulàzm kq jg~iuaic uhn i~mkn{ g mni snl{aic ~`` knl{ez ai g{ml` jn{nmgianz, z~jhlz uhn c{le~luagi phgugz g ~iarn{zauq zu~eniuz lie jlenuz)>< Guhn{ mnuhgez aij`~en uhn ~zn gjgiuniu lil`qzaz g{ zpnjaj ph{lznz ai p~kàj zpnnjhnz uhlu l{n p{nz~mne ug znie aiun`àcak`n,uhg~ch z~ku`n, mnzzlcnz g z~ppg{u ug nxu{nmazuz) Un mnuhgeg`gcq g uhn zu~eq g fahleazm{nznmk`nz D{nmàig`gcq e~{aic uhn Jgè Sl{ shni Snzun{i lil`qzuz pg{ne grn{ paju~{nz g Mlq

Elq pl{lenz ug znn shg slz zulieaic inxu ug shgm gi uhn @niai ml~zg`n~m) Au az li ainxljuzjanijn lu knzu)

ljau Gppginiuz

Un `l{cnzu ean{nijn knusnni uljau z~ppg{un{z g fahleazm lie auz uljau gppginiuz az linuhajl` f~ecmniu lkg~u uhn ncauamljq g rag`nijn, ai pl{uaj~`l{ uhn ~zn g un{{g{ lclaizujaraàliz)>; @aidne ug uhlu az l zu{luncaj lzznzzmniu lkg~u uhn ~uaàuq g rag`nijn) Ai mliqM~zàm jgmm~iauanz, uhn{n az l znizn uhlu rag`nijn az jg~iun{-p{ge~juarn) Bg{ nxlmp`n, lmgic_l`nzuaializ uhn{n az l cnin{l` jgizniz~z uhlu luuljdz gi Az{lnàz hlrn mlen uhaicz sg{zn) Zgmn_l`nzuaializ jgiuai~n ug z~ppg{u rag`nijn, hgsnrn{, knjl~zn uhnq knànrn uhlu p{nzniuaic l ~iane

{giu az ~zn~`, lie guhn{z eg zg zamp`q g~u g l enza{n g{ {nrnicn)

Un{n l{n uh{nn ampg{uliu eqilmajz uhlu nxp`lai shq mliq M~zàm gppginiuz g rag`nijn {nmlaiuljau gppginiuz, nxp{nzzaic uhna{ {~zu{luagiz p{arlun`q {luhn{ uhli ljuarn`q gppgzaic fahleazm)Un {zu az nl{) Fahleazuz eg igu f~zu ~zn rag`nijn lclaizu cgrn{imniuz g{ nxun{il` ninmanz) Unql`zg ~zn rag`nijn, lie uhn uh{nlu g rag`nijn, lclaizu aiearae~l`z ai uhna{ jgmm~iauq shgm uhnqz~zpnju g sg{daic sauh uhn l~uhg{auanz) Un ailkaàuq g cgrn{imniuz ug p{gunju aiearae~l`z àraiclmgiczu uhn fahleazuz jgiu{ak~unz ug l e{lmluaj m~uaic g {nzazulijn ug rag`nijn)


24/36


Znjgie, mliq M~zàm l{n jgiraijne uhlu p{nzniuaic l ~iaune {giu lclaizu nxun{il` ninmanz, aipl{uaj~`l{, az zu{luncajl``q rl`~lk`n lie uhlu l{c~mniuz lkg~u uljuajz g~chu igu ~ien{main uhaz~iauq) Uaz az pl{uaj~`l{`q u{~n ai uhn mg{n nmkluu`ne M~zàm jgmm~iauanz, mgzu igulk`q lmgicuhn _l`nzuaializ, uhg~ch au zhg~è kn igune uhlu nrni Gzlml kai @leni hlz nxpàjau`q nmk{ljne

jggpn{luagi sauh hn{nuajl` Zhaaunz ai g{en{ ug p{nzniu l ~iaune {giu lclaizu uhn îaune Zulunz)>:

Ua{e, lz sauh uhn uljau z~ppg{un{z, mliq uljau gppginiuz g un{{g{ iginuhn`nzz z~ppg{u uhn{leajl`z mlj{g-`nrn` cgl`z) Un{n az l pn{jnpuagi uhlu nrni uhg~ch uhnq mlq jgmmau mg{l``q{np{nhnizak`n ljuz, uhna{ hnl{u, zg ug zpnld, az ai uhn {achu p`ljn) Ai guhn{ sg{ez, gppgzauagi ugun{{g{azm g~chu igu kn mazuldni g{ z~ppg{u g{ uhn îaune Zulunz)

Ljuarn Gppginiuz

Un{n l{n ai l`` M~zàm jg~iu{anz lu `nlzu zgmn ljuarazuz lie cgrn{imniu `nlen{z shg gppgzn

fahleazm gpni`q lie p~kàj`q) Un ljuarazuz l{n k{lrn aiearae~l`z shg {azd uhna{ àrnz liezulieaic ai uhna{ jgmm~iauanz kq jhl``nicaic rag`niu uh~cz) Unq l{n gni mguarlune kq{nàcag~z jgmmaumniuz lie mg{n cnin{l` znj~`l{ ig{mz) U{nluz g rag`nijn gni jhlzn uhnmug uhn Snzu, shn{n uhnq `gzn zgmn j{neakaàuq lz l~uhniuaj M~zàm rgajnz) Leeauagil``q, Maee`nNlzun{i cgrn{imniuz l{n z~zpajag~z g uhnzn aiearae~l`z, shg l{n gni lz j{auajl` g gpp{nzzarncgrn{imniuz lz g {leajl` fahleazuz) Un eqilmajz g nmac{luagi lie `ljd g zulun z~ppg{u zn{rn ug~ien{main uhn ljuarn gppginiuz g fahleazm)

Un guhn{ gppginiuz g fahleazm l{n uhn zulun cgrn{imniuz lie zulun-nmp`gqne j`n{cq aimliq M~zàm jg~iu{anz) _{gunjug{z g uhn zulu~z |~g lie nàun p{ara`ncn, uhnzn c{g~pz l{n gnilcc{nzzarn ai uhna{ luuljdz gi fahleazuz) îg{u~ilun`q, uhna{ uljuajz lie `ljd g zqmpluhq g{ uhn

fahleazu jl~zn g {ng{m ~ien{main uhna{ j{neakaàuq) Un mg{n l~uhg{aul{ali cgrn{imniuz znnd ugz~pp{nzz fahleazm, uhn mg{n ncauamljq uhnq carn ug uhn {leajl`z)

U i-m S

Un jhl``nicn g fahleazm ai uhn igi-M~zàm sg{è `l{cn`q jgizazuz g jn``z g aiearae~l`z shguldn lerliulcn g zqmpluhnuaj nij`lrnz lie jara` àkn{uanz ai g{en{ ug p`li lie nxnj~un un{{g{luuljdz) Sn znn mliq g uhn zlmn eqilmajz lz ai uhn M~zàm sg{è, k~u uhn{n l{n zgmn dnqean{nijnz)

Ba{zu, ai uhn Snzu, fahleazu c{g~pz znnm ug hlrn zhl``gsn{ z~ppg{u zu{~ju~{nz) Mgzu

un{{g{azuz lie fahleazuz {nj{~aune ai uhn Snzu hlrn knni eazlnjune qg~ic mni {nj{~auneaiug zml``, {leajl` mgz|~nz g{ gni aiug zml`` {nàcag~z zu~eq ja{j`nz) Un ampàjluagiaz uhlu fahleazm az igu qnu l mlzz mgrnmniu lmgic Snzun{i M~zàm jgmm~iauanz, liemachu kn j~{ula`ne uh{g~ch jl{n~` aiun`àcnijn lie airnzuacluagi mnlz~{nz)>5 C{nlun{ng{uz lu aiunc{luagi mlq nlzn unizagiz, k~u ~ùamlun`q uhn{n sa`` l`slqz kn l pgg` geazlnjune lmgic uhn qg~ic p{gin ug {nj{~aumniu aiug {leajl` jn``z lz sn`` lz j~ùz,clicz, e{~c z~kj~ù~{nz, lie zg gi)


25/36

Znjgie, M~zàmz ai uhn Snzu l{n ug{i knusnni l enza{n ug fgai uhn mlaizu{nlm liejgijn{i grn{ p{gunjuaic uhna{ j~ù~{l` hn{aulcn lie rl`~nz) Nzpnjal``q ai N~{gpn, uhazjgijn{i grn{ j~ù~{n lie rl`~nz aij`~eaic z~jh hgu-k~uugi azz~nz lz uhn snl{aic g uhnhnle zjl{ knjgmnz l zn`-{naig{jaic eqilmaj) N~{gpnliz ~zn M~z am znpl{luninzzlz li nxj~zn g{ eazj{amailug{q u{nlumniu, lie M~zàmz ~zn eazj{amailug{q u{nlumniu ugf~zuaq mnlz~{nz ug lzzn{u l eazuaiju aeniuauq)

Ua{e, uhn jara` àkn{uanz azz~n jgmpàjlunz uhn mluun{ g li nnjuarn {nzpgizn ug un{{g{inusg{dz) J`nl{`q, fahleazuz ~zn uhn p{gunjuagiz g Snzun{i jara` àkn{uanz ug lju ai uhnîaune Zulunz lie N~{gpn)>> Uaz p{ge~jnz l kljd`lzh uhlu f~zuanz uhn ~zn g airlzarn

airnzuacluagi lie z~{rna``lijn lz sn`` lz p{nrniuarn enuniuagiz ai zgmn N~{gpnlijg~iu{anz) K~u uhnzn {nzu{ajuagiz gi jara` àkn{uanz, gni znni lz eazj{amailug{q aiM~zàm jgmm~iauanz, jl~zn M~zàmz ug u~{i l kàie nqn ug {leajl`z ai uhna{ maezu) Uazazz~n az jgmpàjlune ~{uhn{ kq uhn lju uhlu jara` àkn{uanz l{n rl`~ne g{ {nlzgiz uhlu l{njgmp`nun`q znpl{lun {gm uhn un{{g{azm azz~n)

Bg~{uh, uhn Az{lnà-_l`nzuaiali azz~n, gni j{qzul`àvne sauh j{~en g{mz g liua-Znmauazm, j{nlunz l j`nl{ snecn knusnni M~zàmz lie Snzun{i cgrn{imniuz, pl{uaj~`l{`quhn îaune Zulunz)

lc u zjp u _kAz uhn p{gk`nm g rag`niu fahleazm cnuuaic knuun{ g{ sg{zn7 Lz l p{ljuajl` mluun{, uhaz az linxu{lg{eail{a`q ea j~ù |~nzuagi ug lizsn{) Un{n l{n {n`luarn`q ns eazj{nun elul pgaiuz, lienljh p{graenz gi`q àmaune aizachu aiug uhn cnin{l` |~nzuagi)

Un {zu, lie mg{n gkrag~z, elul pgaiu az uhn u{nie àin ai un{mz g i~mkn{z g un{{g{ luuljdzkq fahleazu g{cliavluagiz) Sha`n uhn i~mkn{z unie ug ~ju~lun ug l jn{ulai enc{nn {gm qnl{

_c eu u m SRansz g luuljdz lclaizu jaraàliz

Gni Zgmnuamnz [l{n`q Inrn{

F~zuane F~zuane F~zuane F~zuane_ldazuli


26/36


ug qnl{, uhn u{nie az kguh ~imazuldlk`n lie l`l{maic) Luuljdz kq Az`lmaj {leajl` c{g~pz hlrnaij{nlzne kguh ai i~mkn{ g aijaeniuz lie i~mkn{z g jlz~lùanz zaijn 1'3B{gm uhaz i~mkn{, au mlq kn pgzzak`n ug ain{ uhn i~mkn{ g jn``z lie p`guz eaz{~pune) Uazi~mkn{, ~ig{u~ilun`q, az g àmaune lil`quajl` rl`~n) F~zu lz mg{n l{{nzuz egmnzuajl``q jli zacil`nauhn{ knuun{ `ls nig{jnmniu g{ sg{zniaic j{amailàuq, nàmailuaic un{{g{azuz nauhn{ enmgizu{lunzknuun{ jg~iun{-un{{g{ p{gjnzznz g{ zamp`q uhn p{nznijn g mg{n un{{g{azuz)

Un uha{e znu g elul pgaiuz az pg`àic elul) L c{nlu enl` g uhn sg{d gi un{{g{azm hlz {nànegi uhnzn mnlz~{nz, k~u uhnq l{n u{nmnieg~z`q àmaune ai ~uaàuq) ^ùamlun`q, f~ecmniuz lkg~urag`niu fahleazm klzne gi pg``z {n`q gi l rlzu i~mkn{ g lil`quajl` ain{nijnz uhlu mlq g{ mlq

igu kn sl{{liune) _g``z l{n z~kfnju ug rl{ag~z kalznz klzne gi hgs |~nzuagiz l{n pgzne lie uhn{nzpgieniuz knànz lkg~u uhn ilu~{n g uhn |~nzuagin{ lie uhn lamz g uhn pg``) [nzpgieniuzmlq nxlccn{lun uhna{ z~ppg{u g{ nxu{nmazm lz l g{m g k{lccaic, g{ mlq z~pp{nzz au g~u g lenza{n g{ p{arljq) _g``z eg l pgg{ fgk, gi uhn shg`n, g lzznzzaic aiunizauq g p{nn{nijnz) Aiegmnzuaj pgàuajl` pg`àic, au az pgzzak`n ug il{{gs uhn {licn g pguniual` n{{g{z kq z~k-j`lzzaqaicaiearae~l`z klzne gi shnuhn{ uhnq l{n {ncazun{ne g{ àdn`q rgun{z lie ug ~{uhn{ {nin uhlukq lef~zuaic {nz~ùz klzne gi uhn hazug{q g plzu pg`àic elul mlujhne lclaizu n`njuagi {nz~ùz)Nrni uhni, uhn zjanijn az amp{njazn) Ai uhn jlzn g pg`àic elul gi fahleazm, sn zamp`q eg iguhlrn nig~ch nmpa{ajl` aig{mluagi ug lzznzz uhn ilu~{n g{ nxuniu g uhn clpz ai uhn elul) Shlupn{jniulcn g aiearae~l`z shg knànrn un{{g{azm az f~zuane ai lju carn z~ppg{u ug un{{g{azug{cliavluagiz7 Egnz au rl{q klzne gi uhna{ aeniuajluagi g jn{ulai azz~nz lz mg{n ampg{uliuuhli guhn{z7 Egnz au rl{q klzne gi lcn g{ zgjag-njgigmaj zulu~z7 Az z~ppg{u g{ Az`lmazm l cgge

p{neajug{ g z~ppg{u g{ fahleazm7 Sn zamp`q eg igu digs uhn lizsn{ ug uhgzn klzaj |~nzuagiz)

Lu uhaz f~iju~{n, uhn{n l{n uh{nn k{gle zjhgg`z g uhg~chu lkg~u uhn cnin{l` u{nieàin g uhnfahleazu uh{nlu) Un {zu zjhgg` g uhg~chu az j`gzn`q lzzgjalune sauh uhn K~zh lemaiazu{luagi,shajh j`lamz c{nlu p{gc{nzz ai uhn C`gkl` Sl{ gi n{{g{ zaijn 1'


27/36

JjUn{n az l ~ielmniul` cgrn{ilijn j{azaz ai uhn M~zàm sg{è uhlu zu{nujhnz knqgie zulun

cgrn{imniu aiug uhn {nl`m g {nàcag~z mluun{z) Uaz cgrn{ilijn j{azaz j{nlunz l `ncauamljq clpaiug shajh rl{ag~z {leajl` mgrnmniuz hlrn nnjuarn`q mgrne)

Ean{niu jgmm~iauanz sauhai uhn M~zàm sg{è hlrn ean{niu {n`luagizhapz sauh rag`niu fahleazm)Liq zn{ag~z pgàjq {nzpgizn m~zu ljdigs`necn uhn ean{nijnz lie igu kn `~{ne aiug zamp`n, gin-zavn-uz-l`` zu{luncanz) Lu uhn rn{q `nlzu, zu{luncq ai uhn sl{ gi un{{g{ m~zu aij`~en i~mn{g~zmauacluagi uljuajz ug in~u{làvn ~iaiuniene, k~u p{neajulk`n, jgizn|~nijnz g g~{ ljuagiz)

Sn inne ug uldn uhn {nàcag~z {gguz g un{{g{azm lie nxu{nmazm zn{ag~z`q) Sha`n au az jgmg{uaicug ljj~zn rag`niu {leajl`z g jqiajazm, au az mg{n ampg{uliu ug ljdigs`necn uhlu mliq g uhnfahleazuz l{n cni~ain`q {nàcag~z) B~{uhn{mg{n, au az ampn{luarn ug nxlmain uhn ilu~{n g uhnuhng`gcajl` enklunz ai uhn M~zàm sg{è ai g{en{ ug j{l l ralk`n {nzpgizn)

Un uljau z~ppg{un{z lie gppginiuz g un{{g{, kq uhna{ ailjuagi, p{graen nnjuarn zliju~l{q g{{leajl`z) Sha`n au mlq kn pgzzak`n ug mldn uhnzn jgmm~iauanz f~mp g uhn nijn, au az àdn`q uhlu~ien{ p{nzz~{n mliq sg~è knjgmn ljuarn z~ppg{un{z g rag`niu fahleazm) Unzn c{g~pz inne ugkn hlie`ne rn{q jl{n~``q knjl~zn, sha`n uhnq mlq gppgzn rag`nijn, uhnq mlq l`zg z~ppg{u zgmng uhn jg{n cgl`z g fahleazu mgrnmniuz)

îen{zulieaic g uhn zpnjaj nnjuz g uhn rl{ag~z aeniuane jl~znz g rag`niu fahleazm {nmlaizaijgmp`nun) Lz l {nz~ù, uhn{n l{n mliq ~i{nzg`rnlk`n, gi-cgaic enklunz lkg~u uhn ilu~{n g uhn

jhl``nicn uhlu zn{rn ug jgmpàjlun uhn enrn`gpmniu g lpp{gp{alun pgàjq {nzpgiznz)


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nu

< Bg{ aizulijn, uhaz {npg{u egnz igu nxpàjau`q nxlmain _{nzaeniu K~zhz j`lam uhlu fahleazuz zu{adn uhnîaune Zulunz knjl~zn uhnq hlun {nnegm) Un{n az ra{u~l``q ig z~ppg{u ai uhn lil`quaj g{ zjhg`l{`q

jgmm~iauanz g{ uhlu lzznzzmniu, zg sn hlrn jhgzni igu ug gj~z gi uhlu pl{uaj~`l{ j`lam)

; _{nzaeniu Cng{cn S) K~zh enj`l{ne l sl{ gi un{{g{ ai haz mnzzlcn ug l fgaiu znzzagi g Jgic{nzz gi

Znpunmkn{ ;?, ;??: Uaz un{m slz glune lz l u{al` kl``ggi kq uhn K~zh Lemaiazu{luagi ai Mlq ;??>) Ug~ch ~ùamlun`q

{nfnjune kq uhn lemaiazu{luagi, au {nmlaiz l lrg{ne un{mz kq mliq lil`qzuz) Z~zli K) C`lzzn{, [nrans

Mlq Zha n{{g{ _gàjanz6 ^)Z) Az Nxpnjune ug @ggd Knqgie L` \lnel, Slzhaicugi _gzu, Mlq ;1, ;??>, p)

L?

2 Sa`àlm MjJliuz (ne)!,Maàuliu Aeng`gcq Lu`lz, Nxnj~uarn Z~mml{q (^)Z) Maàul{q Ljlenmq6

Jgmkluuaic n{{g{azm Jniun{, ;??2!, p)


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;< L {njniu pg ` hachàchuz uhn jgmp`nxauq g uhaz azz~n ai A{li) A{lializ gi uhn shg`n z~ppg{une uhn

`ncauamljq g _l`nzuaiali luuljdz gi Az{lnà jaraàliz, k~u hle rn{q incluarn ransz g Gzlml kai @leni)

Unq zu{gic`q lrg{ne enmgj{ljq, k~u gi`q hl` nù uhlu nxpgz~{n ug g~uzaen mneal slz pgzauarn) Bg{ uhn

~`` {nz~ùz, znn _~kàj Gpaiagi ai A{li lie Lmn{ajl gi Dnq Aiun{iluagil` Azz~nz, Fli~l{q ;5, ;??3,

Sg{è_~kàjGpaiagi)g{c _g``)

;; _ns C`gkl` Luuau~enz Z~{rnq, ;??>) Lrla`lk`n lu huup6''pnsc`gkl`)g{c'{npg{uz'eazp`lq)

php7[npg{uAE=;53

;: Uaz eqilmaj hlz slxne lie sline lu rl{ag~z uamnz) Mliq ne~jlune nàunz hle legpune znj~`l{azm

sauh l zgjalàzu `nliaic ai uhn ammnealun ln{mluh g enjg`giavluagi) Un {zu cnin{luagi g Az`lmazuz

sn{n uhna{ p{gcniq) Zaijn uhni, uhn pluun{i hlz knjgmn mg{n jgmp`nx, lie uhn{n az igs l jgmp`nx max g

cnin{luagil` earaenz sauhai uhn mgen{iavn{-u{leauagilàzu earaen)

;5 Mnhmgge Il|zhkliea, _{gk`nmz lie _{ljuajl` Zg`~uagiz ug ljd`n Nxunmazm4 lie M~zàm Qg~uhlie Jgmm~iauq Azz~nz, Zh{arnihlm _lpn{z, Ig) < (Ennizn Ljlenmq g uhn îaune Daicegm, L~c~zu

;??2!)

;> L cgge eazj~zzagi g cnin{luagil` eqilmajz jli kn g~ie ai Sa`àlm Zu{l~zz lie Ina` Hgsn, Un

Hazug{q g Lmn{ajlz B~u~{n 85 ug ;?21 Cnin{luagiz (Ins Qg{d6 Sa`àlm Mg{{gs,


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:< Jh{azualin Lmlipg~{, [leajl`, mgen{lun M~z`amz kluu`n g{ qg~ic Nic`azh maiez, JII Knhaie

uhn Zjninz, Fli ;;, ;??3) huup6''sss)jii)jgm';??3'SG[@E'n~{gpn'?


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5

5; Znn B{nnegm Hg~zn C`gkl` _{nzz B{nnegm [lidaicz ;??2) Lrla`lk`n lu huup6''sss){nnegmhg~zn)g{c'

unmp`lun)jm7plcn=;3


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>2 [lphln` _n{`, {niez ai n{{g{azm6 ;??2, J[Z [npg{u g{ Jgic{nzz, F~`q ;3 Uaz elul az lrla`lk`n g{m uhn MA_ n{{g{azm Digs`necn Klzn) huup6''sss)udk)g{c'

>8 Un Iluagil` Znj~{auq Zu{luncq g uhn ^iaune Zulunz, Ml{jh ;??2) huup6''sss)shaunhg~zn)cgr'izj'

izz';??2'izz;??2)pe!)


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u {cElian` Kniflmai lie Zunrni Zamgi) Un Lcn g Zlj{ne n{{g{) Ins Qg{d6 [liegm Hg~zn, ;??;)

_nun{ @) Kn{cni) Hg`q Sl{, Aij)6 Aizaen Un Znj{nu Sg{è g Gzlml kai @leni) Ins Qg{d6g~jhzugin, ;??;)

Blslv L) Cn{cnz) Un Bl{ Ninmq6 Shq Fahle Sniu C`gkl`) Ins Qg{d6 Jlmk{aecn îarn{zauq_{nzz, ;??>)

Ca``nz Dnpn`) Fahle6 Un {la` g _gàuajl` Az`lm) Jlmk{aecn, ML6 Kn`dilp _{nzz, ;??;)

Majhln` Zjhn~n{) Ampn{al` H~k{az6 Shq uhn Snzu az @gzaic uhn Sl{ gi n{{g{) Slzhaicugi, EJ6K{lzznqz, ;??5)

@ls{nijn S{achu) Un @ggmaic gsn{6 L`-\lnel lie uhn [gle ug 1'


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Lmn{ajli Znj~{auq _{gfnju

the causes of violent jihadism

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