the cerebral cortex is split into four lobes, with half of each one on the left, and half of each...
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• The Cerebral Cortex is split into four LOBES, with half of each one on the left, and half of each one on the right:–The FRONTAL LOBE –The PARIETAL LOBE–The OCCIPITAL LOBE–The TEMPORAL LOBE
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• The Frontal Lobes are the portions of the cortex lying just behind the forehead• Mostly involved in abstract thought,
speaking, muscle movements, making plans, and judgments
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• In the left frontal lobe specifically, there is an association area called Broca’s Area
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• Broca’s Area controls language expression and the muscle’s involved with producing speech
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• Along the top of both frontal lobes runs the motor cortex
Sensory Motor Integration
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• The motor cortex sends messages back to the muscles of the body in order to control voluntary movements.
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• The Parietal Lobes are the portion of the cortex lying at the top of the head, and includes the sensory (or somato-sensory) cortex
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•The sensory cortex registers and processes touch sensations, temperature, pressure.
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• The parietal lobes play important roles in integrating sensory touch information, and in the handling and manipulation of objects.
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• The Temporal Lobes are the portions of the cerebral cortex roughly located above the ears
• The functions of the temporal lobes are generally specific to audio processing, and may extend to comprehension, naming, verbal memory and other language functions.
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• In the left temporal lobe specifically, there is an association area called Wernicke’s Area
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•Wernicke’s Area interprets both written and spoken language.
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• Aphasia is a disorder of either Broca’s or Wernicke’s areas.• You may be able to
comprehend, but cannot intelligibly communicate, or vice-versa.
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• Broca’s Aphasia - Broca's aphasia characterizes patients as people who have loss the production of complete sentence structures in speech and writing.
• Wernicke’s Aphasia - Individuals with Wernicke's aphasia speak in long, uninterrupted sentences; however, the words used are frequently unnecessary or even made-up. They have a great deal of difficulty understanding other people's speech, sometimes to the point of being unable to understand spoken or written language at all.
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• The Occipital Lobes are located at the back of the head.
• The occipital lobe is responsible for processing visual information.
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•Collectively, the thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and the amygdala are known as the Limbic System as well
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• The THALAMUS receives sensory input from all of the senses except smell, and routes it to the proper area of the brain for processing
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• The HYPOTHALAMUS is responsible for several maintenance activities, including eating, drinking, body temperature, and sexual arousal
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• The HYPOTHALAMUS also relays communication between the brain and the endocrine system, via the pituitary gland, and then monitors the hormones released into the bloodstream
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•The HIPPOCAMPUS is essential to transferring short term memory to long term memory
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• The AMYGDALA:–Processes and recognizes
emotions, especially those tied to anger, disgust, fear–Emotional aspects of
memory stored here
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II. The Midbrain• The Midbrain is located in the
center of the brain and connects the forebrain to the hindbrain. It assists in:–Motor control–Hearing–Alertness and sleep/wake cycles–Temperature regulation
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• The RETICULAR FORMATION runs from the spine up and through the midbrain and connects to the thalamus. It is responsible for:–Visual tracking–Relaying audio and visual information to
the cerebellum–Pain sensations–Attentiveness and consciousness– Selective attention
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III. The Hindbrain
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•The hindbrain is the oldest and innermost region of the brain. It independently controls most life-sustaining functions of the body.
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• There are three brain areas associated with the Hindbrain:–Medulla–Cerebellum–Pons
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• The point at which the spinal cord enters the skull is called the MEDULLA. It is responsible for:–Involuntary functions such as
breathing, heart rate and blood pressure.
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• Extending from the rear of the brainstem is the CEREBELLUM
• The CEREBELLUM coordinates voluntary movements and fine motor skills
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• The PONS is responsible for– Sleep– Respiration– Swallowing– Bladder control– Eye movement– Facial expressions– Posture– Sleep paralysis– Generates the dreams of REM sleep
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