the changing life of the people of the 18 th century chapter 20
TRANSCRIPT
The Changing Life of the The Changing Life of the People of the 18People of the 18thth century century
Chapter 20Chapter 20
Extended FamilyExtended Family
Rarity by 1700Rarity by 1700 May never have been common in EuropeMay never have been common in Europe
Family of Country People,” oil painting by Louis Le Nain, c. 1640. In the Louvre, Paris
MarriageMarriage
Later in lifeLater in life Years after reaching Years after reaching
adulthoodadulthood Men and women Men and women
average age 27average age 27 Some never at allSome never at all
William Hogarth: Marriage a la Mode 1735
Why Delay Marriage?Why Delay Marriage?
Not allowed to marry unless you could support Not allowed to marry unless you could support yourselfyourself
Land source of incomeLand source of income Wait until fathers death (peasant)Wait until fathers death (peasant) Small dowry to help fiancé buy land or build a Small dowry to help fiancé buy land or build a
house (peasant)house (peasant) Community controlsCommunity controls Legal permission/ approval of lordLegal permission/ approval of lord Landless paupers, abandoned children, more Landless paupers, abandoned children, more
money for welfaremoney for welfare
Hogarth
Hogarth
Work Away From HomeWork Away From Home
Apprentice for 7-14 years (males)Apprentice for 7-14 years (males) Servant (girls even middleclass)Servant (girls even middleclass) Wage paid to parentsWage paid to parents Endless workEndless work No laws against exploitationNo laws against exploitation Seducers- Prey of master of his friendsSeducers- Prey of master of his friends
The Kitchen Maid with Provisions, 1739 by Jean-Baptiste Simeon Chardin
from Black, An Illustrated History of Eighteenth-Century Britain, 35 (Mid-18th century machines were still dependent on human energy. Note the broadside song or poem of D. Defoe's Moll Flanders hung upon the idle apprentice's loom.)
Premarital SexPremarital Sex
Illegitimate children rareIllegitimate children rare 1 % of babies born out of wedlock1 % of babies born out of wedlock CommonCommon 33% of first children conceived before 33% of first children conceived before
marriagemarriage Betrothed or going steady- Pregnancy set Betrothed or going steady- Pregnancy set
the marriage datethe marriage date
Community ControlsCommunity Controls
Spirit of common actionSpirit of common action Police behavior and maintain standardsPolice behavior and maintain standards Irate parents and anxious villagersIrate parents and anxious villagers People involved in others livesPeople involved in others lives Beaters were publicly humiliatedBeaters were publicly humiliated
Birth ControlBirth Control
Unknown within marriageUnknown within marriage Coitus interruptous- Withdrawal by maleCoitus interruptous- Withdrawal by male ““Sheath”- Used against VDSheath”- Used against VD
It has also been suggested that Condom was a doctor in the time of Charles II. It is believed that he invented the device to help the king to prevent the birth of more illegitimate children.
New Patterns EmergeNew Patterns Emerge
1750- 1850- Illegitimacy explosion1750- 1850- Illegitimacy explosion Fewer women abstainFewer women abstain Fewer men marrying women they got Fewer men marrying women they got
pregnantpregnant
Cottage WorkersCottage Workers
Producers who work from homeProducers who work from home Marry for loveMarry for love Courtship more extensive and freer as Courtship more extensive and freer as
industry grewindustry grew
18th century cottage in Brittany
Urban AreasUrban Areas
Needs of growing pop. Sent villagers to Needs of growing pop. Sent villagers to towns and citiestowns and cities
Mobility= new sexual and marital Mobility= new sexual and marital relationshipsrelationships
No village tradition= more illegament No village tradition= more illegament birthsbirths
Marriage and family escape from hard lifeMarriage and family escape from hard life Promises of marriage lead to births- But Promises of marriage lead to births- But
usually no marriageusually no marriage
ChildrenChildren
Families 6-8 childrenFamilies 6-8 children High infant mortalityHigh infant mortality 1 in 5 die1 in 5 die Dehydration by Dehydration by
diarrheadiarrhea Dangerous childhood- Dangerous childhood-
neglect and abuseneglect and abuse
EducationEducation
Many never learn to readMany never learn to read Basic literacy growingBasic literacy growing
Breast FeedingBreast Feeding
Low class Low class Delay ovulation/ limit Delay ovulation/ limit
fertilityfertility Saves livesSaves lives Spaces births out by Spaces births out by
2-3 years2-3 years
A fashionable mother breastfeeding her baby, Coloured etching by James Gillray, English, 1796
Wet NurseWet Nurse
Hired to suckle children of aristocracy and Hired to suckle children of aristocracy and upper middle classupper middle class
2-3 years pass before job finished2-3 years pass before job finished Send own children awaySend own children away Bad traits to baby- nurse changed itBad traits to baby- nurse changed it Killing nurses- No child ever survivedKilling nurses- No child ever survived
Jean-Baptiste Greuze, Departure for the Wet Nurse, ca. 1760.
InfanticideInfanticide
Intentionally killing an infantIntentionally killing an infant Crime punishable by deathCrime punishable by death Drunk parents roll over and suffocate Drunk parents roll over and suffocate
childrenchildren Austria 1784Austria 1784
AbortionsAbortions
IllegalIllegal DangerousDangerous RareRare
Foundling Homes/ HospitalsFoundling Homes/ Hospitals
Type of OrphanageType of Orphanage Founded by Saint Vincent de PaulFounded by Saint Vincent de Paul Women leave babies on church door stepsWomen leave babies on church door steps 1770 1/3 of all babies born in Paris were 1770 1/3 of all babies born in Paris were
abandonedabandoned 1/3 of those were of married couples1/3 of those were of married couples Many enter few leaveMany enter few leave 50% die50% die
Attitudes Towards ChildrenAttitudes Towards Children
Class does not matterClass does not matter Another mouth is tragedyAnother mouth is tragedy Doctors and Clergy urge parents to not get Doctors and Clergy urge parents to not get
attachedattached Name all of your children after yourself in Name all of your children after yourself in
hopes that one will survivehopes that one will survive Neglected b/c they will dieNeglected b/c they will die Die b/c they are neglectedDie b/c they are neglected
Many call for better attitudesMany call for better attitudes Daniel Defoe- “Spare the rod and spoil the Daniel Defoe- “Spare the rod and spoil the
child”child” Urging healthy women to nurse their own Urging healthy women to nurse their own
childrenchildren Wrap babies in lose comfortable clothingWrap babies in lose comfortable clothing
SchoolsSchools
Boys and girls 7-12Boys and girls 7-12 Literacy/ religionLiteracy/ religion Reading to instill Reading to instill
catholic and catholic and protestant teachingsprotestant teachings
Prussia makes Prussia makes attendance attendance mandatorymandatory
ReadingReading
Bible most popularBible most popular Pamphlets or chapbooksPamphlets or chapbooks
Diet and NutritionDiet and Nutrition
Bread staff of lifeBread staff of life ““Just Price”- Price should be fairJust Price”- Price should be fair Food riotsFood riots Vegetables- Poor people foodVegetables- Poor people food Meat and eggs- love itMeat and eggs- love it Milk- Rarely drunkMilk- Rarely drunk
Impact on HealthImpact on Health
Basic bread and veggies adequate at Basic bread and veggies adequate at timestimes
Lack in Vitamins A and CLack in Vitamins A and C ScurvyScurvy GoutGout
PotatoesPotatoes
Important dietary supplementImportant dietary supplement 7 years war- not just famine food7 years war- not just famine food
Growing number of variety at marketsGrowing number of variety at markets Decline in price of sugarDecline in price of sugar
MedicalMedical
Dominated by malesDominated by males Did little to improve Did little to improve
peoples healthpeoples health Faith healers, Faith healers,
apothecaries, apothecaries, physicians, surgeons, physicians, surgeons, and midwivesand midwives
Faith HealerFaith Healer
Demons and evil spirits cause diseaseDemons and evil spirits cause disease Exorcise or drive out the demonExorcise or drive out the demon Treatment of mental health- depression Treatment of mental health- depression
and hysteriaand hysteria
ApothecaryApothecary
PharmacistPharmacist 100 or more drugs in one prescription100 or more drugs in one prescription Purging and bloodlettingPurging and bloodletting
SurgeonsSurgeons More successfulMore successful Serious study anatomySerious study anatomy Army surgeons lead the wayArmy surgeons lead the way Cauterize with fireCauterize with fire No painkillers or anesthesia'sNo painkillers or anesthesia's
18th century French Sketch: Trepanation
MidwivesMidwives Persecuted during 16Persecuted during 16thth and 17 and 17thth c witch c witch
hunt crazehunt craze Older/ widowed womanOlder/ widowed woman Trained by other womenTrained by other women Assist in labor and deliveryAssist in labor and delivery Treated female problems tooTreated female problems too
HospitalsHospitals
Horrible placesHorrible places No privacyNo privacy Operations performed in patients bedOperations performed in patients bed Fresh air considered harmfulFresh air considered harmful Nurses- drunk, greedy, and oldNurses- drunk, greedy, and old
St. Bartholomew’s Hospital 1720
ReformReform
Improve ventilationImprove ventilation Bad air causes diseaseBad air causes disease 1790- first humane sanitarium founded by 1790- first humane sanitarium founded by
William TukeWilliam Tuke
Mental DiseaseMental Disease
Moonlight caused madnessMoonlight caused madness LunaticLunatic Someone harmed by lunar lightSomeone harmed by lunar light
MasturbationMasturbation
Caused madnessCaused madness AcneAcne EpilepsyEpilepsy Premature ejaculationPremature ejaculation Parents, religious institutions, and schools Parents, religious institutions, and schools
wag war against itwag war against it
ExperimentationExperimentation
Expensive and worthless curesExpensive and worthless cures 1750- Small pox 1750- Small pox Inoculation in the Muslim lands Inoculation in the Muslim lands 1 in 50 died from inoculation1 in 50 died from inoculation Edward Jenner- country doctorEdward Jenner- country doctor
ParishParish
Local parish fulfills many needsLocal parish fulfills many needs Focal point of devotionFocal point of devotion Organized pilgrimages to local shrinesOrganized pilgrimages to local shrines Place of gossipPlace of gossip Woven in to community lifeWoven in to community life
Priests and ParsonsPriests and Parsons
BookkeepersBookkeepers Complete registers give historians much Complete registers give historians much
information on population and family lifeinformation on population and family life Distribute charityDistribute charity OrphansOrphans
JesuitsJesuits
Society of JesusSociety of Jesus Teachers, missionaries, and agents of the Teachers, missionaries, and agents of the
papacypapacy Ordered out of France in 1763Ordered out of France in 1763 France and Spain pressured Rome to France and Spain pressured Rome to
dissolve them completelydissolve them completely 1773 pope orders them dissolved1773 pope orders them dissolved Revived after the French RevolutionRevived after the French Revolution
PietismPietism
Protestant revivalProtestant revival Works for 3 reasonsWorks for 3 reasons
Calls for a warm, Calls for a warm, emotional religion fro emotional religion fro everyoneeveryone
Reasserted the earlier Reasserted the earlier radical stress on the radical stress on the priesthood of all priesthood of all believers- Bible believers- Bible reading extended to reading extended to all classesall classes
Practical power of Practical power of Christian rebirthChristian rebirth
John WesleyJohn Wesley
1703-911703-91 Impacted by pietismImpacted by pietism Preached to crowds in open fieldsPreached to crowds in open fields Oxford UniversityOxford University Holy Club Holy Club Become known as the Methodists bc they Become known as the Methodists bc they
were so methodical in their devotionwere so methodical in their devotion
CarnivalCarnival After lent- (40 days of fasting and After lent- (40 days of fasting and
penitence b4 Easter)penitence b4 Easter) Drinking, masquerading, and dancingDrinking, masquerading, and dancing Plays, processions, and rowdy spectaclesPlays, processions, and rowdy spectacles
Urban FairsUrban Fairs
Prepared food, Prepared food, acrobats, freak acrobats, freak shows, open air shows, open air performances, optical performances, optical illusionsillusions
EntertainmentEntertainment
BoxingBoxing CircusesCircuses Horse racesHorse races Bull fightsBull fights
Blood SportsBlood Sports
BullbaitingBullbaiting CockfightingCockfighting