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The Chemical Composition of Living Things

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Four main elements that make up 96% of the human body: Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Hydrogen Inorganic Cmpds: Do NOT contain C Exception to rule CO 2 Examples: Water Minerals Metals Sand Rock

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Carbon molecules Importance of Carbon Forms 4 strong stable covalent bonds Form single, double & triple bonds Examples: Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Polymerization building of complex molecules Monomer Single unit Polymer Multiple repeating units Macromolecule Large chain of compounds

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Dehydration Synthesis Dehydration Loss of water Synthesis Creation Build organic molecules Create bonds = store energy Humans protein production Plants fruit & veggie production Hydrolysis Hydro water Lysis splitting Break organic molecules apart Break bonds = release energy Digestion release energy from food

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Molecular Formula # elements in a compound Example: H 2 O CH 4 C 6 H 12 O 6 Structural Formula Picture of compound Shows arrangement & bond type Example: H HCH H

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Must contain Carbon Hydrocarbon: Simplest organic Chains of carbon connected by single, double or triple bonds Remaining bonds are filled with hydrogen Ex: _________ C C Ex: _________ C C C C Ex: _________ C C C C

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Hydroxyl: Also called Alcohols Abbreviated: Ex: Ethanol

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Carboxyl: Create acids Abbreviated: Ex: acetic acid

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Carbonyl: Given different names based on location w/in molecule Aldehyde end Ketone middle Ex: Formaldehyde

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Amine: Create bases Abbreviated: Examples:

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Identifying Organics 1. Is Carbon present? Yes Organic No - Inorganic 2. Is Nitrogen present? Yes Protein No Carb or Lipid 3. Is there a 2:1 ratio of Hydrogen to Oxygen Yes Carb No - Lipid

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Monosaccharides Simple sugars Building blocks of carbs Examples Glucose C 6 H 12 0 6 Galactose C 6 H 12 0 6 Fructose - C 6 H 12 0 6 Disaccharides Double sugars Created thru dehydration synthesis Examples Sucrose C 12 H 22 0 11 Maltose C 12 H 22 0 11 Lactose - C 12 H 22 0 11

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Polysaccharides Very long chains of monosaccharides Examples: Starch Cellulose (fiber) Glycogen Chitin Functions: Energy Simple instant Complex longer lasting Stored energy Plants cellulose Animals glycogen (liver) Structural Support Cellulose stems & leaves Chitin insect exoskeletons

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GlucoseFructose

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Alpha glucose (Starch)Beta-glucose (Cellulose)

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Building Blocks Glycerol 3 Fatty Acids

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Functions: Long term energy Hibernation Protection Internal organs Insulation Functions: Cell membranes Chemical Messengers Surround nerves brain Hormones

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Saturated Lipids Saturated full Hydrogen Carbons of fatty acids all joined by bonds Found animals Solid Cholesterol bad fat Unsaturated Lipids Less hydrogen Carbons of fatty acids joined by = bonds Found plants & fish Liquids Healthier good fats

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1 Glycerol model 3 Fatty Acids

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Amino Acids Building blocks 20 different A. As Same basic structure except for R group

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Also called polypeptides Functions: Movement muscle Transport blood Protection immune system Structures hair, horns, nails, silk, feathers

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Building blocks nucleotides Function Store genetic information Create proteins Examples: DNA deoxyribonucleic acid RNA ribonucleic acid

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glycinealanine

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Terms: Substrate what is broken down Active site area where enzyme & substrate connect Lock & Key Theory Extremely specific Unique shape of an enzyme allows it to connect with only 1 substrate

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Changes to Reaction Rates: Coenzyme - partner (speed up rxn rate) Competitive Inhibitor substance that blocks the active site & prevent lock & key fit (slow rxn rate) Denature - Enzyme loses its shape (slow rxn rate)