the chemical composition of living things. physical properties describe physical appearance ...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Chemical Composition of Living Things. Physical Properties Describe physical appearance Color, texture, shape Physical Changes Change in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e985503460f94b9b7ee/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
BIOCHEMISTRYThe Chemical
Composition of Living Things
![Page 2: The Chemical Composition of Living Things. Physical Properties Describe physical appearance Color, texture, shape Physical Changes Change in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e985503460f94b9b7ee/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROPERTIES & CHANGES
Physical Properties Describe physical
appearance Color, texture,
shape Physical Changes
Change in appearance only
Reversible Melting, freezing,
breaking, etc.
Chemical Properties Describe how
material reacts Flammability,
reactive, & pH Chemical Changes
Change in composition
Irreversible Burning, oxidizing,
digesting, etc.
![Page 3: The Chemical Composition of Living Things. Physical Properties Describe physical appearance Color, texture, shape Physical Changes Change in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e985503460f94b9b7ee/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
CHEMICAL RXNS W/IN LIVING ORGANISMS
Chemical rxns require energy (activation energy)
Enzymes lower the activation energy needed to start a chemical rxn. Catalyst = speed
things up Allows biological
processes to happen faster
![Page 4: The Chemical Composition of Living Things. Physical Properties Describe physical appearance Color, texture, shape Physical Changes Change in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e985503460f94b9b7ee/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
ENZYMES: HOW THEY WORK
Shape determines function Specific enzyme
for each different chemical rxn
Ex: Lactase enzyme speeds up the metabolism of lactose
Denature If an enzyme’s
shape changes, it won’t work as effectively
Caused by: Change in temp Toxins (acids, bases) Radiation
![Page 5: The Chemical Composition of Living Things. Physical Properties Describe physical appearance Color, texture, shape Physical Changes Change in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e985503460f94b9b7ee/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
# protons =
+ charge
# neutrons =
No charge
# electrons =
- charge
Atomic Number
Atomic Mass
Symbol
C
6
12.01
![Page 6: The Chemical Composition of Living Things. Physical Properties Describe physical appearance Color, texture, shape Physical Changes Change in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e985503460f94b9b7ee/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
ATOMIC DIAGRAMS Nucleus –
protons + neutrons
Electron clouds Surround nucleus 1st – 2nd – 3rd – 4th – 5th – 6th – 7th -
![Page 7: The Chemical Composition of Living Things. Physical Properties Describe physical appearance Color, texture, shape Physical Changes Change in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e985503460f94b9b7ee/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
ATOMIC DIAGRAMS
Valence Electrons – Electrons in the
outer most energy level
Octet Rule Must fill 1st level
before move onto the next
![Page 8: The Chemical Composition of Living Things. Physical Properties Describe physical appearance Color, texture, shape Physical Changes Change in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e985503460f94b9b7ee/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
CARBON
Protons -
___________
Neutrons -
_________
Electrons -
_________
Valence - __________
![Page 9: The Chemical Composition of Living Things. Physical Properties Describe physical appearance Color, texture, shape Physical Changes Change in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e985503460f94b9b7ee/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
SODIUM
Protons -
___________
Neutrons -
_________
Electrons -
_________
Valence - __________
![Page 10: The Chemical Composition of Living Things. Physical Properties Describe physical appearance Color, texture, shape Physical Changes Change in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e985503460f94b9b7ee/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
BORON
Protons -
___________
Neutrons -
_________
Electrons -
_________
Valence - __________
![Page 11: The Chemical Composition of Living Things. Physical Properties Describe physical appearance Color, texture, shape Physical Changes Change in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e985503460f94b9b7ee/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
CHLORINE
Protons -
___________
Neutrons -
_________
Electrons -
_________
Valence - __________
![Page 13: The Chemical Composition of Living Things. Physical Properties Describe physical appearance Color, texture, shape Physical Changes Change in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e985503460f94b9b7ee/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
BONDING
2/more atoms join to become more stable Atoms become stable when they have a
full outer energy level Most organic elements need 8 electrons Hydrogen is the exception – it only needs 2
![Page 14: The Chemical Composition of Living Things. Physical Properties Describe physical appearance Color, texture, shape Physical Changes Change in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e985503460f94b9b7ee/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
IONIC BONDS
Atoms gain/lose electrons to increase stability Gains (-) ion Loses (+) ion
Opposing charges attract forming a bond
![Page 15: The Chemical Composition of Living Things. Physical Properties Describe physical appearance Color, texture, shape Physical Changes Change in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e985503460f94b9b7ee/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
IONIC BONDS
Formulas 1st – (+) ion 2nd - (-) ion # indicates how
many of each element are needed
NaCl
Sodium & Oxygen
![Page 16: The Chemical Composition of Living Things. Physical Properties Describe physical appearance Color, texture, shape Physical Changes Change in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e985503460f94b9b7ee/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
COVALENT BONDS
2/more atoms share electrons to increase their stability
Occurs when neither element can “give away” electrons
Atoms joined by covalent bonds are called molecules
![Page 17: The Chemical Composition of Living Things. Physical Properties Describe physical appearance Color, texture, shape Physical Changes Change in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e985503460f94b9b7ee/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
COVALENT BONDS
Carbon & Sulfur
![Page 18: The Chemical Composition of Living Things. Physical Properties Describe physical appearance Color, texture, shape Physical Changes Change in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e985503460f94b9b7ee/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
BONDING
Nitrogen & Oxygen
Bond ____________ Formula ___________
![Page 19: The Chemical Composition of Living Things. Physical Properties Describe physical appearance Color, texture, shape Physical Changes Change in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e985503460f94b9b7ee/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Unique Characteristics of Water
Most dense in liquid form Allows ice to float Importance to living things?
Aquatics Terrestrial
![Page 20: The Chemical Composition of Living Things. Physical Properties Describe physical appearance Color, texture, shape Physical Changes Change in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e985503460f94b9b7ee/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Unique Characteristics of Water
Water has a high surface tension Cohesion – molecules “stick” to themselves Adhesion – molecules “stick” to another
substance Capillary Action – molecules drawn up a tube Importance to living things?
Blood Plants
![Page 21: The Chemical Composition of Living Things. Physical Properties Describe physical appearance Color, texture, shape Physical Changes Change in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e985503460f94b9b7ee/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Unique Characteristics of Water
High Specific Heat Resists changes in temperature Requires increased energy to raise temp Importance for Living Things?
Aquatic Organisms Mammals Climate
![Page 22: The Chemical Composition of Living Things. Physical Properties Describe physical appearance Color, texture, shape Physical Changes Change in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e985503460f94b9b7ee/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Unique Characteristics of Water
Versatile Solvent Water is “polar” or charged Any polar substance will dissolve in water “Like dissolves Like” Gives water the ability to form mixtures, acids
& bases Importance to living things?
Structure Nutrient/waste exchange Buffer
![Page 23: The Chemical Composition of Living Things. Physical Properties Describe physical appearance Color, texture, shape Physical Changes Change in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e985503460f94b9b7ee/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Unique Characteristics of Water
pH Scale
![Page 24: The Chemical Composition of Living Things. Physical Properties Describe physical appearance Color, texture, shape Physical Changes Change in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e985503460f94b9b7ee/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Water forming Mixtures
Solutions: Homogeneous 1
substance equally dissolved in another
Examples:
Suspensions: Heterogeneous
2/more layers form; particles “hanging”
Examples:
![Page 25: The Chemical Composition of Living Things. Physical Properties Describe physical appearance Color, texture, shape Physical Changes Change in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e985503460f94b9b7ee/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Water forming Mixtures
COLLOID Gel-like substance
w/clusters large molecules spread throughout
Properties both liquid & solid depending upon pressure applied
Examples: