the chemistry of life why do we study chemistry? chemistry is the foundation for biology!
TRANSCRIPT
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The Chemistry
of Life
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Why do we study chemistry?
Chemistry is the foundation for Biology!
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The World of Elements About 25 elements are essential for life
4 elements make up about 96% of living matter carbon (C) hydrogen (H) oxygen (O) nitrogen (N)
6 elements make up most of the remaining 4% sodium (Na) magnesium (Mg) phosphorus (P) sulfur (S) potassium (K) calcium (Ca) (iron … Fe)
C
H
P SNa Mg
K Ca
N OCarbsLipidsProteinsNucleic acids
PhospholipdsNucleic acids
BonesNerve impulses
Nerve impulses
ProteinsNucleic acids
CirculationDigestionImmune systems
Nerve impulsesMuscles
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Elements & their valence shellsElements in the same column have the same valence & similar chemical properties
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Chemical reactivity Atoms want to have a full or complete valence shell Two ways to achieve this:
◦Gain/lose electrons◦Share electrons
–
This tendency drives chemical reactions…
and creates bonds
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Bonds in Biology Weak bonds:
◦ hydrogen bonds◦ Attraction between + and -
◦ hydrophilic & hydrophobic interactions◦ Interactions with H2O
◦ van derWaals forces◦ ionic
Strong bonds:◦ covalent
◦ sharing electrons
Hydrogen bond
Covalent bond
I’m feeling bonded to you
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Nonpolar covalent bond Pair of electrons are shared equally by 2 atoms
◦Example: hydrocarbons = CxHx ◦Methane (CH4)
balanced, stable,good building block
Lots of energyto release
Lots of storedenergy
Will become the structural
basefor carbohydrates & lipids
* ENERGY *
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Polar covalent bond Pair of electrons are shared UNequally by 2 atoms◦Example: water = H2O ◦Oxygen has a stronger “attraction” for the electrons◦ Has a higher electronegativity
◦Water is a polar molecule◦ + vs – poles◦ Leads to many interesting properties
of water …
H
H
Oxygen
–
–
–
–+
+
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Hydrogen bonds Found between polar molecules involving H◦Example: water◦Attraction between positive H in one H2O to negative O in another H2O
◦Can also occur wherever an –OH exists in a large molecule
Weak bond◦Common in biology
HO
H
H bonds
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Let’s take a look at water … the elixir of life!
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Why study water? All life occurs in water◦It’s found inside & outside the cell
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The Chemistry of Water H2O molecules form H-bonds with each other◦+H attracted to –O◦Creates a “sticky” molecule
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The Chemistry of Water Special properties of water
◦Cohesion & adhesion◦ Surface tension, capillary action
◦Good solvent◦ Many molecules dissolve in H2O
◦Lower density as a solid◦ Ice floats!
◦High specific heat◦ Water stores heat
◦High heat of vaporization◦ heats & cools slowly
Ice .. Ice, Baby ….
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Cohesion & Adhesion Cohesion
◦H bonding between H2O molecules◦Water is “sticky”
◦ Surface tension
Adhesion◦H bonding between H2O & other substances◦ Capillary action◦ Meniscus
Think: Adhesive
tape
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How does H2O move towards the top of tree?
Transpiration works with cohesion & adhesion
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Water is the solvent of life Polarity makes H2O a good solvent◦Polar H2O molecules surround + and – ions
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What dissolves in water? Hydrophilic
◦Substances have attraction to H2O◦polar or nonpolar??
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What doesn’t dissolve in water? Hydrophobic
◦Substances that don’t have an attraction to H2O
◦polar or nonpolar??
I’m feeling kinda fatty
…
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The special case of ice Most substances become more dense as a solid, but not water◦Ice floats!◦H bonds form a crystal
And this hasmade all the difference!
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Specific heat H2O resists changes in temperature◦High specific heat◦Takes a lot to heat it up◦Takes a lot to cool it down
H2O moderates temperatures on Earth
Specific heat& climate
Important for me too -
outside & inside my body
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Specific heat Amniotic fluid acts as a temperature buffer for a developing fetus
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Heat of vaporization Amount of energy required to turn a substance from liquid to gas
Evaporative cooling
Organisms rely on heat of vaporization to remove body heat
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Ionization of water & pH Water ionizes
◦H+ splits off from H2O, leaving OH-◦ If [H+] = [OH-], water is neutral◦ If [H+] > [OH-], water is acidic◦ If [H+] < [OH-], water is basic
pH scale◦Measures [H+]◦How acidic or basic a solution is◦0 7 14 H2O H+ +
OH–
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pH Scaletenfold changein H+ ions
pH1 pH210-1 10-2
10 times less H+
pH8 pH710-8 10-7
10 times more H+
pH10 pH810-10 10-8
100 times more H+
10–1
H+ IonConcentration
Examples of Solutions
Stomach acid, Lemon juice1
pH100 Hydrochloric acid0
10–2 2
10–3 Vinegar, cola, beer3
10–4 Tomatoes410–5 Black coffee, Rainwater5
10–6 Urine, Saliva6
10–7 Pure water, Blood7
10–8 Seawater8
10–9 Baking soda910–10 Great Salt Lake1010–11 Household ammonia1110–12 Household bleach12
10–13 Oven cleaner13
10–14 Sodium hydroxide14
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Buffers & Cellular Regulation pH of cells must be kept ~7
◦ pH affects shape of molecules◦ Shape of molecules affects function
Control pH by buffers◦ H+ reservoir
◦ Donates H+ when [H+] falls◦ Absorbs H+ when [H+] rises
100
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
3Amount of base added
Bufferingrange
4 52
pH
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AnyQuestions?
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Homework Pick any specific terrestrial or aquatic animal and list the ways that water is important to its survival.
Relate your list to the properties discussed today.◦ Cohesion & adhesion◦ Good solvent◦ Lower density as a solid◦ High specific heat◦ High heat of vaporization◦ pH