“The War of Northern Aggression” (to the South)

A: Slavery B: State’s Rights C: Other Reasons (if you

say other, you need to describe the reason/reasons)

Write your answer on the front page of your

packet.

Frederick Douglass •Prominent speaker for American Anti-Slavery Society•Former slave•Started antislavery newspaper: North Star

William Lloyd Garrison

•Uncompromising abolitionist•Constitution supported slavery; had to change the Constitution

Sojourner Truth •Born: Isabella Baumfree•Former slave

Martin Delany •1st African American to graduate from Harvard Medical School•Founded newspaper: Mystery•Supported colonization in Liberia

Harriet Tubman •Former slave•Conductor on the Underground Railroad

Participation of Women Allowed

Sarah & Angelina Grimke’

Sojourner Truth

Race

African Americans need was urgent

Believed whites saw them as inferior

Tactics

Colonization of Liberia

Some whites supported because they didn’t want to live near African Americans

14 years: only 1400 moved

Change the Constitution

North South

•Abolition was a radical idea•Merchants : worried it would sour business between N & S•White workers & labor leaders: competition would lower wages•Blacks seen as inferior•People don’t want them living in their neighborhoods

•Southerners: outraged & defended slavery•Postmasters refused to deliver abolitionist literature•Southern congressmen: Gag Rule passed

Wanted: Harriett

Tubman

AKA: Black Moses

$40,000 Reward

40,000 – 100,000 slaves escaped using

the Underground Railroad

I have, Senators, believed from the first that… the subject of slavery would, if not prevented by some timely & effective measure, end in disunion [of the United States]… It has reached a point when it can

no longer be disguised or denied that the Union is in danger. You have thus had forced upon you the

greatest & the gravest question that can ever come under your consideration: How can the Union be

preserved? ~John C. Calhoon

March 4, 1850

Review: Set 36’30 line Provided balance in the Senate

South: government had no right denying citizens of their “property” or preventing them from taking their “property” to territories

North: areas should be closed to slavery while they are still territories

Wilmot Proviso: slavery shall not exist in any of the territories acquired from Mexico; failed in Congress

California asks to join as a free state Admission would shift the balance of power

in senate Solution:

Come up with another compromise

Henry Clay (Kent) – wrote compromise

John C. Calhoon (S.C.) –opposed Compromise

Daniel Webster (Mass) – favored Compromise

Stephen Douglas unbundled the compromise

Allowed Congress to vote for each component individually

Made it easier to pass

Find the 5 provisions of the Compromise of 1850.

You have 5 minutes!

1. California admitted as a free state2. People in New Mexico & Utah territories

would decide the issue of slavery3. Sale of slaves in DC abolished (but not

slavery)4. Texas would give up claims to New Mexico

for $10 million5. Fugitive Slave Act :

Senator: Illinois Drafted the Kansas Nebraska Act 2 motivations:1. Wanted Chicago to benefit from western

development2. Wanted to run for president

Supported the practice of popular sovereignty

Asking the nation to repeal the Missouri Compromise 1820

9 months debate; finally passed

Immigrant Aid Society: 1200 free soilers to Kansas

Proslavery settlers in Missouri went to Kansas to vote illegally

1855: 2 constitutions & capitals

Topeka: Antislavery

Lecompton: Proslavery

1856: proslavery southerners looted offices & homes in Lawrence

John Brown led a group to a proslavery settlement near Pottawatomie Creek

Killed 5 men Looting in Lawrence + Pottawatomie Creek =

summer of murderous raids known as “Bleeding Kansas”

Senator Charles Sumner’s speech “Crime Against Kansas” earned him a beating at the hands of Preston Brooks.

Whigs fell apart after 1850 Know Nothings (1854) Grew out of the issue of Nativism AKA: The American Party

Every American & naturalized Protestant citizen throughout the Union, [should] use his utmost

exertions to aid the cause by organizing & freeing the country from that monster [Catholicism]

which… is only waiting… to approach to plant its flag of tyranny, persecution, and oppression

among us. The American Party

Members: Northerners who were disgusted with the Kansas-Nebraska Act

Dedicated to stopping “Slave Power”, the repeal of the Kansas Nebraska Act & the Fugitive Slave Act

1. Where were most of the textiles & other manufacturing centers located? North or South

2. Where was most of the food grown or produced? North or South

3. Where was most of the population located in 1860? North or South

4. Where were most of the railroads located? North or South

5. Where were most of the lines of communication located? North or South

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852): Harriet Beecher Stowe

Cannibals All (1857):George Fitzhugh

•Illustrated that slavery was opposed to beliefs many Northerners held (importanceof women & ideal family)•Simon Legree, slaver owner, everything the North feared & despised•Slavery could corrupt anyone•Presented a picture of slavery in the South Northerners could believe

•Northern industrialists were no better than cannibals•Didn’t care about workers pay, living conditions & could easily replace workers•Slave holders had a vested interest in their slaves

Northerners: US could not be a country of Simon Legrees

Slavery would ruin the US South:

Represented the true spirit of the American Revolution since Revolutionary leaders had slaves

Slave households had order, grace & a sense of liberty

Northerners were arrogant & self righteous In a nutshell: made the 2 sides hate each other

more

Democrats Know Nothings Republicans

James Buchannan Millard Fillmore John C. Freemont

Supported the Kansas Nebraska Act

Federal government has the right to restrict slavery; Kansas admitted as a free state

Support of South & key Northern states

Strong Northern support

Winner

Hoped the Supreme Court would deal with the issue of slavery for

good

• 7:2 decision against Scott• Effects of decision:1. Slaves did not have rights to sue in court2. Enslaved people could not win freedom by living in a

free territory or state3. Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional & all

territories were open to slavery

Proslavery group writes a constitution: Lecompton Constitution

Most in Kansas were anti-slavery

Buchanan supported Lecompton Constitution

Constitution defeated: Aug. 1858 Kansas remained a territory where slavery

was legal

• Illinois deeply divided over slavery•7 debates on the issue of slavery in the territories•Who would YOU vote for? Why?

Stephen Douglas (D) Abraham Lincoln (R)

•White Americans were superior to African Americans•Tolerated slavery•Supported popular sovereignty

•Shared Douglas’ views regarding African Americans•Majority should not have the power to deny a minority of their rights•Did not believe the federal government had to power to forbid slavery•Slavery was wrong; an issue of morals

“A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave & half free. I do no expect the Union to be dissolved – I do not except the house to fall – but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other.”

-Abraham LincolnJune 1858

WINNER

Attacked a federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia

21 men (5 African Americans) Plan: give weapons to

enslaved people so they could rebel

Surrendered to Col. Robert E. Lee

Brown: guilty of treason & to be hung

Southern (D) Moderate Southern (Constitutional

Union)

Northern (D) Northern (R)

John C. Breckinridge John Bell Stephen Douglas Abraham Lincoln

Committed to an aggressive policy of expanding slavery in the territories.

Slaveholder Supported popular sovereignty

Against slavery in the territories

NC, AR, DE, MD, TX, LA, MS, AL, FL, GA & SC

TN, KY & VA NJ (split) & MO Every free stateexcept NJ (split)

On the ballot in the South On the ballot in the North

Lincoln won with out 1 southern electoral vote; 39% of popular vote; 180 majority electoral college votes

Southerners outraged Planters & proslavery called for the South to

secede Secessionists argued: states joined voluntarily &

could choose to leave Lower South Secedes & forms the Confederate

Sates of America & elected Jefferson Davis President

Sen. John Crittenden (Kent): plan would recognize slavery south of 36 30; Lincoln: NO

Horace Greeley: let the seceding states go peacefully

Northern businessmen: force the states to return

Succession wrong Committed to preventing the expansion of slavery Duty to enforce the laws of the US

We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection. The

mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield & patriot grave to every living heart… will yet swell the chorus of the Union when again touched, as surely they

will be, by the better angels of our nature.Abraham Lincoln

1st Inaugural Address& plea to the South

Federal troops occupied Lincoln needed to resupply

Symbol of the Union he swore to preserve Fighting = responsible for starting a war Abandoning = acknowledging the authority of the

Confederate government Confederate Pres ordered Gen PGT Beauregard

to demand Sumter’s surrender Anderson: NO

April 12, 1861: Beauregard opened fire; Anderson surrendered

Lincoln had no choice but to respond Asked for volunteers South = act of war 4 border states = uncommitted

North/Union South/Confederacy

•2x railroad tracks & factories (21,700: 9000 miles; 110,000: 20,600)•Balanced economy: farming & industry•Financially: better off•Already functioning government•Existing army & navy• 2/3 of nation’s population (21.5 million: 9 million)

•7 of 8 military colleges were in the South•Most officers sided with the Confederacy•Only needed to defend borders & not initiate attacks•Soldiers were eager to fight: “a struggle for their way of life”

North South

•Lincoln orders a blockade of seceded states•Troops & gunboats to gain control of the Mississippi•Cut the Confederacy in 2; the Anaconda Plan•Seize the capitol: Richmond, Virginia

•Prepare & wait•War of attrition •Stop exporting cotton to Europe

New bullet shaped ammo

Rifling Shells

Canister

South: food shortages = food

riots

labor shortages

desertions

women filled job

high taxes to pay for the war

massive inflation

smuggling

North: • industrial boom• women filled jobs• cheaply made

products = more profits for businesses

• decline in standard of living = labor unrest due to low wages

• income tax instituted inflation

Slaves: greater freedom Able to resist slavery Became southern soldiers Sabotaged plantations Worked less than before Male slaves seized for military labor

States worked against draft officials Asked Europe for help

No recognition Britain: ports used for privateers France: would not support Confederacy w/o Britain

persuade people to sacrifice personal interests for the common good

Build loyalty to the new government Fewer resources Lee called for a draft

3 yr service

White men 18 – 35; later 45 then 50

Farmers had to contribute 1/10 of produce Taxed income to pay for war

Had to convince citizens that saving the Union was worth the loss

Britain: threatened invasion after 2 Confedrepresentatives taken off a British ship

Lincoln - $19 billion from Britain for compensation

Pacific Railroad Act Homestead Act Tariffs $$ to War

Federal income tax: 3 – 5%

Internal Revenue Act: tax on liquor, tobacco, medicine & newspaper ads

Northern draft

$300 buy your way out

Copperheads: Democrats against the war Lincoln:

Army shut down opposition newspapers

Disloyal legislative members arrested

Kent: martial law

Suspended writ of habeas corpus

Lincoln opposed slavery; lacked power to abolish

Ending slavery = strategy to end war 1/1/63: Emancipation Proclamation

Slaves in areas of rebellion are free

Announcement = Democrats made gains in election of 1862

Union Gen. Benjamin Butler: seize enemy’s property – contraband

July 1862: Lincoln allows African Americans to join the military

‘65: 180,000 ; +1/2 were former slaves

July 1863: Massachusetts 54th Infantry under command of Robert Gould Shaw led attack on Ft. Wagner

Andersonville: most notorious

35,000 men on 26 acres

100 died a day

1:4 soldiers died from disease

Dysentery, typhoid, malaria, pneumonia

1:5 died from wounds Clara Barton “angel of the battlefield”: found

the American Red Cross

Battle Casualties Commanders Victory Significance

Ft. Sumter C: BeauregardU: Anderson

Confed Opening shots of Civil War

1st Battle of Bull Run U: 2900C: -200

U:McDowellC: Beauregard, Thomas & Stonewall Jackson

Union 1st major battle

Shiloh U: +13,000C: ~11,000

U: Grant & BuellC: Johnson

Union Bloodiest single battle

Antietam U: +12,000C: ~14,000

U: McClellanC: Lee

Union Bloodiest DAY of the Civil War

Fredericksburg U: 13,000C: 5000

U: BurnsideC: Lee

Confed Burnside’s actions led to the massacre of his men

Gettysburg U: +23,000C: +28,000

U: Meade, ChamderlainC: Lee, Longstreet, Picket

Union Bloodiest battle

Vicksburg U: GrantC: Pemberton

Union Confedsurrendered; Union controls Mississippi R.

Atlanta U: ShermanC: Hood

Union Sherman burnedAtlanta to the ground

9/19/1863 2 minute speech 15,000 people gathered to hear

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged

in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a

portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our

poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to

the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we

take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion --that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for

the people, shall not perish from the earth.

Problems

Radical Republicans: angered Lincoln vetoes Wade-Davis Bill

Supported John C. Fremont

Democrats

George McClellan

Capture of Atlanta = support for Lincoln = 212 of 233 electoral votes

Ratified December 18, 1865“Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,

except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place

subject to their jurisdiction” Lincoln: slavery once divided a nation, let’s

begin to heal wounds

Sherman moves North Confed: -35,000 starving men in Richmond Grant blocked Lee’s moves April 9: Lee surrendered to Grant at

Appomattox Court House

Group led by John Wilkes Booth April 14, 1865: shot Lincoln in the head at

Ford’s Theater 14 days for the funeral train to travel from DC

to Springfield, IL