The Civil War

CausesEconomic differences – sectional rivalry on slavery and the protective tariff

Different beliefs about the type of union of the country

Election of Lincoln as President

Struggle over control of the central government

Way of living

SlaveryInvolved individual freedom and democratic beliefs

The South – importantThe North – immoralNew states free or not??

Missouri Compromise 1820

House of Reps voted to gradually end slavery

The North had a larger population and the South was losing power

Admission of Missouri as a free state – upset the balance of 11 free and 11 slave states

The South would have a minority in both houses

Compromise – Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state to keep the balance

A boundary at the 36º30´ parallel

To the north – only free statesTo the south – slave states

Compromise of 1850California – free state15 free and 15 slave statesThe South - running out of territory

Afraid of becoming a permanent minority

California – free statethe Mexican Cession -Texas, the territory from the border of the Louisiana Purchase to the Pacific Ocean and the province of New Mexico – free or slave states

Popular sovereigntyAbolished the slave trade but not slavery in the District of Columbia

Fugitive Slave Law

Suspects had no right to: - testify - have a jury (runaway slaves)

No balancing slave state- permanent majority of free states in the Senate

The abolitionistsHarriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852

William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator

Frederick Douglass

Popular sovereignty to keep the balance between free and slave states

Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854

Problem – both were north of the boundary

Slave owners and abolitionists rushed to settle these states

Attmpted to frighten the others away

Violent acts on both sidesBleeding Kansas

John Brown’s RaidSurprise attack on five pro-slavery men in Kansas

Beginning of the Republican Party

No slavery in the new territories

Party founded in 1854The Dred Scott case

Economic differencesThe South – agriculturalThe North – industryProblem: - the North had a larger population

- the protective tariff

The South – pay tariffs to buy goods from Europe or buy the higher priced U.S. product

The feeling of the North trying to grow and keep the South from growing

Type of UnionThe North – creation of the people, states cannot secede

The South – agreement between the states, right to obey the law or secede

The North – had more political power

Could pass laws that the South might not like and would ignore them

Election of 1860Abraham LincolnRepublican PartyOpposed slaveryThe South feared losing economic/political independence

South Carolina seceded 4 days after the election

Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas

Confederate States of America

Jefferson Davis

Lincoln – secession illegalRefused to begin a warBUT promised to defend all federal property

First shots by South Carolinians when Lincoln tried to send supplies to Fort Sumter

The South: - all in one geographic area - defensive war - no long supply/communication lines

- Robert E. Lee, Thomas J. Jackson

The North: - control of 2/3 of the states - population more than double - able to build weapons etc - almost all the railway lines - country’s financial resources

Bloody, bitter and long struggle

1861-1863 a stalemate in the east

First battle at Bull Run Confederate’s Army of Northern Virginia defeated the Union’s Army of the Potomac

The South – overconfidentThe North – prepare for a long and difficult war

The Confederates won several battles in the East

Main reason – fine generals

The turning point – invasion of Maryland

Battle at Antietam In the West – the North successful

General Ulysses S. Grant

Capture of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in 1862

Unconditional and immediate surrender

Shiloh 1862, Vicksburg 1863, Lookout Mountain late 1863

General William Tecumseh Sherman

Brutality“War .... is all hell.”Help break the southern spirit

General Grant – in the EastJuly 1863 – Gettysburg – decisive victory for the North

3 daysLincoln’s speech – the Gettysburg Address

Grant/LeeSpring of 1865 – Grant captures the confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia

Appomattox Court House, Virginia

“The rebels are our countrymen again”

The Emancipation Proclamation

1863All slaves still under Confederate control were free

Also inspire the North to: - help in the moral cause - weaken the southern war effort

- discourage foreign intervention

Provided the basis for freeing all the slaves

Abraham LincolnAgainst slaveryPro-slavery groups – slavery wrong

Anti-slavery – allowed slavery to exist

Freed slaves to to save the Union

Abraham LincolnExtended his powers by doing so

Also by limiting freedom of the press

Inspired the troops and the people

Gettysburg Address

Make sure that “the government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”

Wanted to help reunite the country

Abraham LincolnDied 5 days after the end of the war

Assassinated by a pro-southern actor John Wilkes Booth

Mourned by North and South alike

Reconstruction 1865-1877ControversiesLincoln – reunite the North and South on the North’s terms

Radical Republicans – punish

Andrew Johnson

Allow southern states to re-establish gov-s when 10 percent of the population had taken an oath of allegiance (promise of loyalty) to the U.S.

Congress – NONew Congressmen from the South were not recognized by the RRs

Rejected the plan

The South – ratify the 14th amendment and guarantee suffrage to blacks

Only Tennessee compliedOthers – divided into 5 military districts with a Union general leading each one

Many whites lost their right to vote

In the South – the blacks had some political power

Federal laws and Constitutional amendments to help the ex-slaves adjust

The 13th amendment abolished slavery

Ratified 8 months after the end of the war

The 14th amendment – all blacks citizens,less reps for the states that deny their voting right

The 15th amendment – blacks given the right to vote

Freedmen’s BureauHelp in obtaining food, housing, education

Nationalism over sectionalism