The ClauseThe Clause

What is a clause?What is a clause?

A word group that contains a verb A word group that contains a verb and its subject and that is used as a and its subject and that is used as a sentence or as part of a sentence.sentence or as part of a sentence.• May or may not contain a complete May or may not contain a complete

thought.thought.

- A sitar is a stringed instrument that A sitar is a stringed instrument that resembles a lute.resembles a lute.

The Independent ClauseThe Independent Clause

Expresses a complete thought and can Expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself as a sentence.stand by itself as a sentence.• AKA the main clauseAKA the main clause

- The Mexican artist Jose Guadalupe Posada The Mexican artist Jose Guadalupe Posada opposed the dictatorship of Profirio Diaz.opposed the dictatorship of Profirio Diaz.

- In his paintings, Posada attacked the Diaz In his paintings, Posada attacked the Diaz regime, and he made thousands of inexpensive regime, and he made thousands of inexpensive prints of his work.prints of his work.

- Posada’s art helped to stir the social unrest Posada’s art helped to stir the social unrest that led to the overthrow of Diaz in the that led to the overthrow of Diaz in the revolution of 1910.revolution of 1910.

The Subordinate ClauseThe Subordinate Clause

Does not express a complete thought and Does not express a complete thought and cannot stand by itself in a sentence.cannot stand by itself in a sentence.• AKA the dependent clauseAKA the dependent clause• Becomes clear only when combined with an Becomes clear only when combined with an

independent clauseindependent clause

- We will read We will read Fahrenheit 451Fahrenheit 451, which is one of , which is one of my favorites.my favorites.

- As the students entered the classroom, the As the students entered the classroom, the teacher wrote their homework on the board.teacher wrote their homework on the board.

The Adjective ClauseThe Adjective Clause A subordinate clause that modifies a noun or A subordinate clause that modifies a noun or

pronoun.pronoun.• Usually introduced by a Usually introduced by a relative pronounrelative pronoun = a word that = a word that

relates the clause to the word/words that the clause relates the clause to the word/words that the clause modifies (that, which, who, whom, whose etc).modifies (that, which, who, whom, whose etc).

• May be introduced by a May be introduced by a relative adverbrelative adverb to modify a time to modify a time or place (when, where)or place (when, where)

* Note: Sometimes the relative pronoun/adverb may be * Note: Sometimes the relative pronoun/adverb may be implied!implied!

- The report that he wrote was on the Battle of the Little The report that he wrote was on the Battle of the Little Bighorn.Bighorn.

- Have you practiced the speech that you will give on Have you practiced the speech that you will give on Friday?Friday?

- Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. dreamed of the day when Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. dreamed of the day when freedom and justice would reign in the US.freedom and justice would reign in the US.

- The vase my family brought from the Philippines was The vase my family brought from the Philippines was made by my great-grandmother.made by my great-grandmother.

Essential clauseEssential clause – provides information that is – provides information that is necessary to the meaning of a sentence.necessary to the meaning of a sentence.

Nonessential clauseNonessential clause – provides additional – provides additional information that can be omitted without information that can be omitted without changing the meaning of a sentence.changing the meaning of a sentence.

- Students who are auditioning for the school play Students who are auditioning for the school play should meet in the auditorium at 4:15 P.M.should meet in the auditorium at 4:15 P.M.

- Liza Minnelli, whose mother, Judy Garland, was best Liza Minnelli, whose mother, Judy Garland, was best known for starring in known for starring in The Wizard of OzThe Wizard of Oz, earned her , earned her own fame as a singer and actress.own fame as a singer and actress.

Btw…Btw…

The Noun ClauseThe Noun Clause A subordinate clause that is used as a noun.A subordinate clause that is used as a noun.

• Common introductory words: how, if, that, what, Common introductory words: how, if, that, what, whatever, when, whenever, where, wherever, whether, whatever, when, whenever, where, wherever, whether, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, why.whose, why.

May be impliedMay be implied• May be used as a subject, predicate nominative, a direct May be used as a subject, predicate nominative, a direct

object, an indirect object, an object of a preposition, or object, an indirect object, an object of a preposition, or an appositive.an appositive.

- How students can apply for college loans was the speaker’s How students can apply for college loans was the speaker’s topic.topic.

- My suggestion is that we all meet again tomorrow.My suggestion is that we all meet again tomorrow.- I wonder whether Columbus was truly the first European to I wonder whether Columbus was truly the first European to

explore the Americas.explore the Americas.- Mrs. Romero offers whoever completes additional assignments Mrs. Romero offers whoever completes additional assignments

extra credit.extra credit.- Write your research paper about whomever you admire most.Write your research paper about whomever you admire most.- Copernicus’s theory that the sun, not the earth, is the center of Copernicus’s theory that the sun, not the earth, is the center of

our solar system was rejected at the time.our solar system was rejected at the time.- Did you know the actor James Earl Jones was once a pre-med Did you know the actor James Earl Jones was once a pre-med

student?student?

The Adverb ClauseThe Adverb Clause A subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an A subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an

adjective, or an adverb.adjective, or an adverb.• Tells how, how much, when, where, why, to what extent, Tells how, how much, when, where, why, to what extent,

or under what conditions.or under what conditions.• An adverb clause that begins a sentence is followed by a An adverb clause that begins a sentence is followed by a

comma.comma.• Introduced by a Introduced by a subordinating conjunctionsubordinating conjunction = a word or = a word or

word group that shows the relationship between the word group that shows the relationship between the adverb clause and the word or words that the clause adverb clause and the word or words that the clause modifies; be careful not to confuse a subordinating modifies; be careful not to confuse a subordinating conjunction with a preposition.conjunction with a preposition.

- The mouse ran as if it were being chased by a cat.The mouse ran as if it were being chased by a cat.- Julie likes punk rock more than she likes reggae.Julie likes punk rock more than she likes reggae.- If you want to gain an understanding of British society in If you want to gain an understanding of British society in

the Victorian era, read the Victorian era, read The Importance of Being ErnestThe Importance of Being Ernest by Oscar Wilde.by Oscar Wilde.

- You must clean before you go to play basketball.You must clean before you go to play basketball.- You must clean before dinner.You must clean before dinner.

The Elliptical ClauseThe Elliptical Clause Part of a clause may be left out when its Part of a clause may be left out when its

meaning can be clearly understood in the meaning can be clearly understood in the context of the sentence. Such a clause is context of the sentence. Such a clause is called an elliptical clause.called an elliptical clause.• Most are adverb clauses.Most are adverb clauses.• Often the meaning of an elliptical clause will Often the meaning of an elliptical clause will

depend on the form of the pronoun in it.depend on the form of the pronoun in it.

- Australia is smaller than the other continents.Australia is smaller than the other continents.- When taking notes, use your own words.When taking notes, use your own words.- I like Anne as much as she.I like Anne as much as she.- I like Anne as much as her.I like Anne as much as her.

Sentences Classified According to StructureSentences Classified According to Structure

Depending on its structure, a sentence Depending on its structure, a sentence can be classified as simple, compound, can be classified as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.complex, or compound-complex.

Simple SentenceSimple Sentence

Contains one independent clause and no Contains one independent clause and no subordinate clauses.subordinate clauses.• May contain a compound subject, a compound May contain a compound subject, a compound

verb, or both, and any number of phrases.verb, or both, and any number of phrases.

- Great literature stirs the imagination.Great literature stirs the imagination.- Located on an island in Lake Texcoco, Located on an island in Lake Texcoco,

Tenochtitlan was the capital of the Aztec Tenochtitlan was the capital of the Aztec empire and may have had more than 100,000 empire and may have had more than 100,000 inhabitants in the 1500s.inhabitants in the 1500s.

Compound SentenceCompound Sentence Contains two or more independent clauses and no Contains two or more independent clauses and no

subordinate clauses.subordinate clauses.• May be joined by a comma and a coordinating May be joined by a comma and a coordinating

conjunction (and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet), by a conjunction (and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet), by a semicolon, or by a semicolon and a conjunctive adverb semicolon, or by a semicolon and a conjunctive adverb or transitional expression.or transitional expression.

• Do not confuse a simple sentence that has a compound Do not confuse a simple sentence that has a compound subject/verb with a compound sentence.subject/verb with a compound sentence.

- We could drive to Boston on the freeway, or we could We could drive to Boston on the freeway, or we could take back roads to get there.take back roads to get there.

- The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo destroyed many The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo destroyed many homes and led to the closing of the Clark Air Base.homes and led to the closing of the Clark Air Base.

- The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo destroyed many The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo destroyed many homes, and it led to the closing of Clark Air Base.homes, and it led to the closing of Clark Air Base.

Complex SentenceComplex Sentence

Contains one independent clause and at Contains one independent clause and at least one subordinate clause.least one subordinate clause.

- Yiddish, which is a Germanic language, is now Yiddish, which is a Germanic language, is now spoken by millions of people all over the world.spoken by millions of people all over the world.

- After Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated at After Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated at Waterloo, he was exiled to Saint Helena, where Waterloo, he was exiled to Saint Helena, where he died.he died.

Compound-Complex SentenceCompound-Complex Sentence

Contains two or more independent Contains two or more independent clauses and at least one subordinate clauses and at least one subordinate clause.clause.

- The interest that you pay on a car loan The interest that you pay on a car loan will increase the cost of the car, so be will increase the cost of the car, so be sure to shop for the lowest interest rate.sure to shop for the lowest interest rate.

- Hong Kong had been a crown colony of Hong Kong had been a crown colony of Britain since 1898; however, as my Britain since 1898; however, as my teacher explained, it reverted to China teacher explained, it reverted to China when the treaty expired in 1997.when the treaty expired in 1997.

Sentences Classified According to PurposeSentences Classified According to Purpose Depending on its purpose a sentence can be Depending on its purpose a sentence can be

classified as…classified as…• DeclarativeDeclarative = makes a statement and ends with a period. = makes a statement and ends with a period.• ImperativeImperative = gives a command or makes a request; most = gives a command or makes a request; most

end with a period but a strong command ends with an end with a period but a strong command ends with an exclamation point.exclamation point.

• InterrogativeInterrogative = asks a question and ends with a question = asks a question and ends with a question mark.mark.

• ExclamatoryExclamatory = shows excitement or expresses strong = shows excitement or expresses strong feelings and ends with an exclamation point.feelings and ends with an exclamation point.

- Many homes are being made more accessible for people Many homes are being made more accessible for people who have disabilities.who have disabilities.

- What a surprise it is to see you here!What a surprise it is to see you here!- Please pay attention.Please pay attention.- Have you seen her at all today?Have you seen her at all today?- Listen to the guest speaker.Listen to the guest speaker.- This test is hard.This test is hard.