the cold war
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The Cold War. The Cold War - Origins. Conflicting goals and ideologies linked to origin of Cold War U.S.S.R. - security a priority for Stalin, his regime, Soviet ideology and Soviet Union Stalin sought, by political means, to spread communist influence across Europe - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Cold War - OriginsThe Cold War - OriginsConflicting goals and Conflicting goals and ideologies linked to origin of ideologies linked to origin of Cold WarCold War
U.S.S.R. - security a priority for U.S.S.R. - security a priority for Stalin, his regime, Soviet Stalin, his regime, Soviet ideology and Soviet Unionideology and Soviet Union
Stalin sought, by political Stalin sought, by political means, to spread communist means, to spread communist influence across Europeinfluence across Europe
pursued policies which pursued policies which assumed that the “imperialist” assumed that the “imperialist” powers would compete with powers would compete with each other each other
U.S. goals - achieve victory U.S. goals - achieve victory in war; remove causes of in war; remove causes of war; build collective security war; build collective security through United Nations; through United Nations; reject isolationismreject isolationism
Roosevelt assumed Soviet Roosevelt assumed Soviet and western interests could and western interests could be compatiblebe compatible
both Churchill and Roosevelt both Churchill and Roosevelt hoped to maintain balance of hoped to maintain balance of power, but also embrace power, but also embrace principleprinciple
Britain’s goal - survive; Britain’s goal - survive; strengthen Anglo/American strengthen Anglo/American alliancealliance
the Soviet war effort was the Soviet war effort was vital to the U.S. and Britain vital to the U.S. and Britain in their struggle against in their struggle against Nazi GermanyNazi Germany
hatred of the Germans and hatred of the Germans and a need to defeat Germany a need to defeat Germany shaped the policy of the shaped the policy of the Grand AllianceGrand Alliance
Casablanca 1943 - demand Casablanca 1943 - demand for Germany’s for Germany’s unconditional surrenderunconditional surrender
Teheran - agreement on Teheran - agreement on the post-war dismantling the post-war dismantling of Germany; Polish/U.S.S.R/ of Germany; Polish/U.S.S.R/ border and Titoborder and Tito
October 1944 Churchill’s October 1944 Churchill’s secret deal - % agreement on secret deal - % agreement on British/Soviet influence in British/Soviet influence in eastern Europeeastern Europe
Yalta - Feb. 1945Yalta - Feb. 1945
Yalta became a synonym for Yalta became a synonym for western betrayal - Poland and western betrayal - Poland and other eastern European other eastern European countries allowed to fall under countries allowed to fall under Soviet dominationSoviet domination
nothing new decided at Yalta; nothing new decided at Yalta; most important issue, the most important issue, the German question. not on the German question. not on the tabletable
at Yalta the priority was to at Yalta the priority was to defeat Germany - no reason defeat Germany - no reason to antagonize Sovietsto antagonize Soviets
so, little protest at Soviet so, little protest at Soviet failure to assist Poles in failure to assist Poles in August 1944 - Warsaw August 1944 - Warsaw uprisinguprising
shape of post-war Europe shape of post-war Europe dictated not by wartime deals dictated not by wartime deals and accords, but by the and accords, but by the whereabouts of occupying whereabouts of occupying armies when Germany armies when Germany surrenderedsurrendered
by end 1944 Soviets in by end 1944 Soviets in northern Balkans; by May northern Balkans; by May 1945 Soviets in Germany and 1945 Soviets in Germany and Eastern Europe Eastern Europe
at Yalta Stalin had gained at Yalta Stalin had gained acceptance from the U.S. acceptance from the U.S. and Britain for a Soviet and Britain for a Soviet sphere of influence in sphere of influence in eastern Europeeastern Europe
however, free elections however, free elections would not be held in the would not be held in the countries now occupied countries now occupied by the Red Armyby the Red Army
shortly before his death shortly before his death Roosevelt stated “ Stalin Roosevelt stated “ Stalin has broken every one of has broken every one of the promises he made at the promises he made at Yalta”Yalta”
with the defeat of Nazi with the defeat of Nazi Germany the Allied Powers Germany the Allied Powers divided Germany into four divided Germany into four zones of occupation - zones of occupation - American, Soviet, British and American, Soviet, British and FrenchFrench
Stalin hoped that all of Stalin hoped that all of Germany would come under Germany would come under communist control, but Soviet communist control, but Soviet actions in Germany alienated actions in Germany alienated the German populationthe German population
however, the western Allies however, the western Allies pursued a policy which would pursued a policy which would effectively protect western effectively protect western Germany from Soviet Germany from Soviet encroachmentsencroachments
American possession of the atomic American possession of the atomic bomb freed the U.S. from bomb freed the U.S. from dependence on the Soviet Union in dependence on the Soviet Union in its struggle with Japanits struggle with Japan
Stalin realized how the bomb altered Stalin realized how the bomb altered the power equation between the U.S. the power equation between the U.S. and the S.U., stating “ The balance and the S.U., stating “ The balance has been destroyed ......That cannot has been destroyed ......That cannot be.” and “A-bomb blackmail is be.” and “A-bomb blackmail is American policy.” American policy.”
Truman’s use of the bomb Truman’s use of the bomb encouraged Stalin to adopt a harder encouraged Stalin to adopt a harder line in negotiationsline in negotiations
increased mistrust and a growing increased mistrust and a growing sense of insecurity characterized sense of insecurity characterized relations at the close of WW IIrelations at the close of WW II
having gained a Soviet having gained a Soviet sphere of influence in sphere of influence in eastern Europe Stalin eastern Europe Stalin attempted to secure attempted to secure territorial advantage in territorial advantage in Iran and Turkey but Iran and Turkey but Truman stood firm Truman stood firm
Stalin had to back down Stalin had to back down
in March of 1946, an in March of 1946, an American diplomat in American diplomat in Moscow, George Kennan Moscow, George Kennan sent what would become sent what would become his famous “long his famous “long telegram” explaining telegram” explaining Soviet political thinking Soviet political thinking and strategyand strategy
the “long telegram” became “the the “long telegram” became “the basis for the United States strategy basis for the United States strategy towards the Soviet Union towards the Soviet Union throughout the rest of the Cold throughout the rest of the Cold War”War”
Kennan claimed that Soviet foreign Kennan claimed that Soviet foreign policy was shaped by “ the internal policy was shaped by “ the internal necessities of the Stalinist regime”; necessities of the Stalinist regime”; outside world would always be outside world would always be regarded as hostileregarded as hostile
Kennan advised that the U.S. should Kennan advised that the U.S. should respond with a “long-term, patient respond with a “long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies.”Russian expansive tendencies.”
March, 1947 Truman announced March, 1947 Truman announced an aid package for Greece and an aid package for Greece and Turkey. U.S. would now take over Turkey. U.S. would now take over obligations previously carried by obligations previously carried by BritishBritish
Truman stated “ We must assist Truman stated “ We must assist free peoples to work out their free peoples to work out their own destinies”own destinies”
June, 1947 George C. Marshall June, 1947 George C. Marshall announced the European announced the European Recovery Program ( Marshall Plan Recovery Program ( Marshall Plan ))
Aims: to rebuild Europe and in Aims: to rebuild Europe and in doing so help block the possibility doing so help block the possibility of a communist takeoverof a communist takeover
Stalin responded by Stalin responded by rejecting offers of aid , rejecting offers of aid , either to the Soviet Union either to the Soviet Union or to the satellite states of or to the satellite states of Eastern EuropeEastern Europe
he also enforced stricter he also enforced stricter control over the control over the governments of Eastern governments of Eastern Europe - in February, Europe - in February, 1948 a communist 1948 a communist government was imposed government was imposed on Czechoslovakiaon Czechoslovakia
Tito in Yugoslavia would Tito in Yugoslavia would remain the only remain the only communist leader communist leader independent of Moscowindependent of Moscow
1948 - Berlin blockade - Stalin 1948 - Berlin blockade - Stalin blocked access to West blocked access to West Berlin. Allied Berlin airlift, Berlin. Allied Berlin airlift, however, succeeded in however, succeeded in bringing an end to the bringing an end to the blockade by early 1949blockade by early 1949
communist takeover in communist takeover in Czechoslovakia, together with Czechoslovakia, together with the Berlin blockade convinced the Berlin blockade convinced many Europeans of the need many Europeans of the need for U.S. military protectionfor U.S. military protection
NATO - North Atlantic Treaty NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed in Organization was formed in 19491949
August, 1949 August, 1949 Soviets test first Soviets test first atomic bomb - atomic bomb - changes military changes military situation in Europesituation in Europe
Truman responded Truman responded with a series of with a series of measures - U.S. measures - U.S. forces would now be forces would now be based in Western based in Western Europe, especially Europe, especially West Germany; the West Germany; the hydrogen bomb hydrogen bomb would be developedwould be developed
October, 1949 the People’s October, 1949 the People’s Republic of China is Republic of China is proclaimed. Mao’s proclaimed. Mao’s communist forces had communist forces had defeated the Nationalist defeated the Nationalist forces of Chiang Kai-shekforces of Chiang Kai-shek
Mao proclaims solidarity Mao proclaims solidarity with the Soviet Union and with the Soviet Union and international communisminternational communism
increased fears within the increased fears within the U.S.U.S.
Sino-Soviet Treaty signed Sino-Soviet Treaty signed between Stalin and Maobetween Stalin and Mao