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10/28/16 1 Chapter 35 The Cold War Begins, 1945 - 1952 Presented by: Mr. Anderson, M.Ed., J.D. p818 p819

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Page 1: The Cold War Begins, 1945-1952during WWI, and failed as haberdasher • Moved into Missouri politics, rose from judgeship to U.S. Senate • Though protégé of notorious political

10/28/16

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Chapter 35

The ColdWarBegins,1945-1952

Presented by:

Mr. Anderson, M.Ed., J.D.

p818

p819

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I.Truman:The“Gutty”ManfromMissouri

• “Accidental president” HarrySTrumanpresided overinitial postwar period

• Called“averageman'saverageman”• Firstpresidentinmanyyearswithoutacollegeeducation

• Hadfarmed,servedasartilleryofficerinFranceduringWWI,andfailedashaberdasher

• MovedintoMissouripolitics,rosefromjudgeshiptoU.S.Senate

• ThoughprotégéofnotoriouspoliticalmachineinKansasCity,hemanagedtokeephisownhandsclean

I.Truman:The“Gutty”ManfromMissouri (cont.)

– Startedpresidencywithhumility,butgainedconfidencetopointofcockiness:• Gatheredoldassociatesof“Missourigang” aroundhimandwasstubbornlyloyaltothem

• Couldbeimpulsiveandstubborn• Cynicsjibed,“ToerrisTruman”• Down-homeauthenticity• Fewpretensions;rock-solidprobity• Alotofold-fashionedcharactertraitcalledmoxie

II.Yalta:BargainorBetrayal?

• Yalta conference (February 1945):– FinalfatefulconferenceofBigThree,atformertsaristresortonBlackSea

– Stalin,Churchillandfast-failingRoosevelt– Momentousagreementsandplans:

• FinalplanstosmashbucklingGermanlines• AssignedoccupationzonesinGermany• StalinagreedPoland,withrevisedboundaries,shouldhaverepresentativegovernmentbasedonfreeelections

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p821

II.Yalta:BargainorBetrayal?(cont.)

• BulgariaandRomaniatohavefreeelections—anotherpromiseflouted

• BigThreeannouncedplansforfashioningnewinternationalpeacekeepingorganization—UnitedNations

• ControversialdecisionsonFarEast:– Lackingatested atomicbomb, FDRwanted USSR toenterAsianwar topin down Japanese troops in Manchuria andKorea

» Would lessen U.S.losses ifhad to invade Japan– Stalin agreed todoso threemonths afterGermanydefeated,– Inreturn, FDRagreed forUSSR to receive:

» Southern half ofSakhalin Islandand Japan's Kurile island» Control ofrailroads and twokeyseaports inChina'sManchuria

II.Yalta:BargainorBetrayal(cont.)

• WhenitturnedoutUSSRnotneededtodefeatJapan,Roosevelt'scriticscharged:

– Hesold Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) down riverbyconceding control ofManchuria toStalin

– Also assailed “sell-out” ofPoland andother EasternEuropean countries

• Roosevelt'sdefenders:– Stalin, with his redarmy,could have takenmore ofChina

» SoYaltaactually set limits onhis ambitions– At time ofYalta, Soviet troops occupied EastEurope, andawar toeject them unthinkable

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II.Yalta:BargainorBetrayal(cont.)

• BigThreenot drafting comprehensive peacesettlement:– Sketchedgeneral intentionsandtestedoneanother'sreactions

– Morespecificunderstandingsamongwartimealliesawaitedarrivalofpeace

III.TheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnion

– LittlehopeUSAandUSSRcouldreachcordialunderstandingonpostwarworld:• Communismandcapitalismhistoricallyhostilesocialphilosophies:

– USAdid notofficially recognize USSRuntil 1933– Soviet skepticism nourished bylong delays ofAmericansandBritish toopen second frontagainst Germany

– Britain andAmerica frozeSoviet “ally” out ofproject todevelop atomicweapons

– Washington abruptly terminated lend-lease aid toUSSR in1945and thenspurned Sovietplea for reconstruction loanwhile approving aloan forEngland

III.TheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnion (cont.)

– Differentvisionsofpostwarworldseparatedtwo:• StalinaimedtoguaranteesecurityofSovietUnion

– Twice in 1900s, Russia attackedthrough Poland– Bymaintaining Soviet sphere ofinfluence inEastern andCentral Europe, USSRcouldprotect itself aswell asconsolidate revolutionary baseasworld's leading communistcountry

• ManyAmericanssaw“sphereofinfluence” asill-gained“empire”

– Doubted Sovietgoals purely defensive– “Sphere of influence” clashed with Roosevelt's andWilson's“open world” —decolonized, demilitarized, democratizedwith strong international organization forglobal peace

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p822

III.TheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnion (cont.)

• Both isolated from world affairsbeforeWWII– UnitedStatesthroughchoice– SovietUnionthroughrejectionbyotherpowers

• Both had“missionary” diplomacy—trying toexport their political doctrines

• Someconfrontation unavoidable between– Communistic,despoticRussia– Capitalistic,democraticAmerica

III.TheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnion (cont.)

• “Grand Alliance” onlyachild ofnecessity• Inprogression ofevents,suspicion andrivalry– Grewbecauseofmisperceptionsandgenuineconflictofinterestsbetweentwosuperpowers

• ColdWar:• Tensestandofflastedfourandahalfdecades• ShapedSoviet-Americanrelations• Overshadowedpostwarinternationalorderineverycornerofglobe

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IV.ShapingthePostwarWorld• USAerected structures formoreopen worldenvisioned byRoosevelt

• 1941Atlantic Charter proclaimed rights of– Self-determination– Free trade– “Freedomfromfearandwant” forallindividuals– (SeeThinkingGloballyinChap39)

IV.ShapingthePostwarWorld(cont.)

• BrettonWoodsConference (1944):– Westernalliesestablished

• InternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)toencourageworldtradebyregulatingcurrencyexchangerates

• InternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment(WorldBank)toaideconomicgrowthinwar-ravagedandunderdevelopedareas

– Threeyears later, GATTbeganglobal reduction in tradebarriers

• USAtookleadincreatingthesebodiesandsuppliedmuchoftheirfunding

• Sovietsdeclinedtoparticipate

IV.ShapingthePostwarWorld(cont.)

• U.N.Conference opened onApril 25,1945:• Rooseveltshrewdlymovedtoestablishnewinternationalbodybeforewar'sconclusion

• MeetinginSanFrancisco,representativesfromfiftynationsfashionedUnitedNationsCharter

• USAtooklead,butUSSRparticipated– UnitedNations(U.N.):

• SuccessortoLeagueofNations• Differedinmanyways:

– Leagueadopted rules denying veto toanyparty toadispute

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IV.ShapingthePostwarWorld(cont.)

– U.N.providedthatnomemberofSecurityCouncil,dominatedbyBigFive(USA,Britain,France,USSR,andChina),couldhaveactiontakenagainstitwithoutitsconsent

– U.N.GeneralAssemblycouldbecontrolledbysmallercountries

– IncontrasttoAmericanreceptionofLeaguein1919,SenateapprovedU.N.CharteronJuly28,1945,byvoteof89to2

IV.ShapingthePostwarWorld(cont.)

• U.N.,headquartered inNewYorkCity, hadsomeinitial successes:

• HelpedpreservepeaceinIran,Kashmir,andothertroublespots

• PlayedlargeroleincreatingnewJewishstateofIsrael• U.N.TrusteeshipCouncilguidedformercoloniestoindependence

• UNESCO,FAO,andWHObroughtbenefitstopeoplesacrossglobe

IV.ShapingthePostwarWorld(cont.)

• Newatomic technology tested spirit ofcooperation, andU.N.failedbadly:

• USAproposedseparateagencytohaveworld-wideauthorityoveratomicenergy,weapons,andresearch

• SovietUnionrespondedwithcallfortotaloutlawingofnuclearweaponsbyeverynation,butUSArefused

• SovietUnionusedvetotoscuttleproposalsatU.N.• Opportunitytotamenuclearmonsterlost

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V.TheProblemofGermany

• Hitler's ruined Reich hadcreated problemsforallwartime Allies:

• AgreedNazismhadtobecutoutofGermanpolitics• InvolvedpunishingNazileadersforwarcrimes• Nurembergwarcrimestrial1945-1946:

– Tried22 top culprits– Accusations included

» Crimes against laws ofwarandhumanity» Aggression contrary tosolemn treatypledges

– Justice, Nuremberg-style, harsh– 12accusedNazis executed

p824

V.TheProblemofGermany(cont.)

» Sevensentenced to long jail terms» “FoxyHermann” Goering escaped hangman byswallowing hidden cyanidecapsule

» Other trials continued foryears– Critics condemned trials as judicial lynching:

» Because victims tried foroffenses thathadnotbeenclearcutcrimes when warbegan

• BeyondpunishingtopNazis,AlliescouldagreeonlittleaboutpostwarGermany

– SomeAmerican Hitler-haters wanted todismantle Germanfactories and reduce country topotato patch

– Soviets, denied U.S.economicassistance, determined torebuild byextracting reparations fromGermans

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V.TheProblemofGermany(cont.)

– Both clashed with reality thathealthy Germany industrialeconomy indispensable toEuropean recovery

– Germanydivided into four military occupation zones:» Eachoneassigned tooneofBigFourpowers (France,Britain, America, andUSSR) (seeMap35.1)

• WesternAllies:– Refused toallow Moscow tobleed their zones of thereparations Stalin insisted hehad beenpromised atYalta

– Began topromote idea of reunited Germany

Map 35-1 p825

V.TheProblemsofGermany(cont.)

– Communists responded by tightening grip onEastern zone– Soonapparent Germanywould remain divided:

» West Germanybecame independent country,weddedtoWest

» EastGermany,along with other Soviet-dominatedEastern European countries becamenominallyindependent “satellite” states bound toSovietUnion

» Eastern Europe virtually disappeared fromWesternsight behind “iron curtain” of secrecyand isolation

» Division ofEurope would last some fourdecades

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V.TheProblemsofGermany(cont.)

• Whatabout Berlin?– DeepwithinSovietzone– Dividedintosectorsoccupiedbytroopsofeachoffourvictoriouspowers

– In1948,aftercontroversiesover:• Germancurrencyreformandfour-powercontrol• SovietsabruptlyclosedrailandhighwayaccesstoBerlin

– Berlinhugesymbolicissueforbothsides

V.TheProblemsofGermany(cont.)

• Americans organized giganticBerlinairlift:– U.S.pilotsferriedthousandsoftonsofsuppliesadaytogratefulBerliners

– WesternEuropetookheartfromdemonstratedAmericancommitmentinEurope

– SovietsliftedblockadeinMay1949– Sameyear, twoGermanys,EastandWest,established

– ColdWarcongealed

p826

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VI.ColdWarDeepens

• Stalin, seekingoilconcessions, brokeagreement toremovetroops fromnorth Iran– Stalineventuallybackeddown

• Moscow's hard-line policies inGermany,EasternEurope, andMiddleEastwroughtpsychological PearlHarbor– AmericansupsetbyKremlin'sunwillingnesstocontinuewartimepartnership

– Attitudesonbothsideshardened

VI.ColdWarDeepens(cont.)

• Truman's response toSovietchallenges:– Containmentdoctrine:

• CraftedbyGeorgeF.Kennanin1947• HeldthatRussia,whethertsaristorcommunist,relentlesslyexpansionist

• ArguedflowofSovietpowercouldbecontainedby“firmandvigilantcontainment”

– TrumanDoctrine:• TrumanembracedKennan's“get-tough-withRussia”intellectualframework

VI.ColdWarDeepens(cont.)

• WentbeforeCongressonMarch12,1947• Askedfor$400milliontobolsterGreeceandTurkey

– Support for those resisting “Communist aggression”

• Congressgrantedmoneyandthussupportforopen-endedcommitmentofvastproportions

• ExaggeratingSovietthreat,Trumanpitchedmessageinchargedlanguageofholyglobalwaragainstgodlesscommunismtoovercomeanyrevivedisolationism

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p827

VI.ColdWarDeepens(cont.)

• Threatsin war-ravagedWesternEurope:– EspeciallyFrance, Italy,andGermany

• DangerofbeingtakenoverfrominsidebyCommunistparties

• OnJune5,1947,SecretaryofStateGeorgeMarshallinvitedEuropeanstogettogetherandworkoutjointplanforeconomicrecovery

– Iftheydid, USAwould provide substantial financial assistance

– This cooperation eventually led tocreation ofEuropeanCommunity (EC)

VI.ColdWarDeepens(cont.)

• MarshallPlan:• MetinParisinJuly1947tothrashoutdetails• MarshallofferedsameaidtoUSSRanditsallies,butundertermsUSSRcouldnotaccept

• Calledforspending$12.5billionoverfouryearsin16cooperatingcountries(seeMap35.2)

• Congressatfirstbalkedatmammothsum• Lookedhugewhenaddedto$2billionalreadyprovidedforEuropeanrelief

• AsColdWartensionsescalated,CongressvotedinitialappropriationsinApril1948

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Map 35-2 p828

VI.ColdWarDeepens(cont.)

• MarshallPlan aspectacular success:• U.S.dollarsassistedanemicWesternEuropeannations• “Economicmiracle” drenchedEuropeinprosperity• CommunistpartiesinItalyandFrancelostground

– Twocountries saved fromcommunism

– TrumanonMay14,1948officiallyrecognizedstateofIsraelondayofitsbirth• Antagonizedoil-richArabswhoopposedsuchastateinBritishmandateterritoryofPalestine

• DecisiongreatlycomplicatedUSA-Arabrelations

VII.AmericaBeginstoRearm

• Sovietmenaceresulted increation ofhugenewnational security apparatus– NationalSecurityAct1947:

• CreatedDepartmentofDefense• Headedbynewcabinetoffice,secretaryofdefense• Underthesecretary,wereciviliansecretariesofthenavy,thearmy,andtheairforce

• UniformedheadsofeachservicebroughttogetherasJointChiefsofStaff

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p828

p829

VII.AmericaBeginstoReform(cont.)

– Established National Security Council (NSC) toadvisepresident onsecurity matters and

– Central Intelligences Agency (CIA) tocoordinategovernment's foreign factgathering

– Congress:• Authorized“VoiceofAmerica” (1948)tobeamAmericanradiobroadcastsbehindironcurtain

• Resurrectedmilitarydraft:conscriptionofselectedyoungmenfrom19to25

– Selective ServiceSystemshaped millions ofyoung people'seducational, marital, andcareerplans

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VII.AmericaBeginstoReform(cont.)

• USAdecided tojoin defensiveEuropean Pact—NorthAtlantic TreatyOrganization (NATO):

• TobolstercontainmentandhelpreintegrateGermany• TreatysignedinWashingtononApril4,1949• Twelveoriginalsignatoriespledgedto

– Regardanattackononeasanattackonall– Respond with “armed force” ifnecessary

• SenateapprovedtreatyinJulybyvoteof82to13• Membershipboostedto14in1952whenGreecejoinedandto15in1955byadditionofWestGermany

VII.AmericaBeginstoReform(cont.)

• NATOpactepochal:• DramaticdeparturefromAmericandiplomaticconvention

• GiganticboostforEuropeanunification• SignificantstepinmilitarizationofColdWar• NATObecamecornerstoneofallColdWarAmericanpoliciestowardEurope

• PunditssummedupNATO'sthree-foldpurpose:– “To keepthe Russians out, theGermans down, and theAmericans in”

VIII.ReconstructionandRevolutioninAsia

• Reconstruction inJapan:– Simpler thanGermanybecauseaone-manshow

• MacArthurledprogramfordemocratizationofJapan• Top“warcriminals” triedinTokyofrom1946to1948

– 18sentenced toprison terms;7hanged

• MacArthursuccessfulandJapanesecooperatedtoanastonishingdegree

– MacArthur-dictated constitution adopted in1946:» Renounced militarism; provided forwomen's equality

» Introduced Western-style democratic government» Pavedway for Japan's phenomenal economic recovery

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VIII.ReconstructionandRevolution inAsia(cont.)

• Reconstruction inChina– OppositeofJapan:

• BittercivilwarragedbetweenNationalistsvs.communists

• WashingtonhalfheartedlysupportedNationalistgovernmentofGeneralissimoJiangJieshi

• CommunistsledbyMaoZedong(MaoTse-tung)• CorruptionandineptitudeinJiang'sregimeerodedpopularconfidenceinhisgovernment

• CommunistarmiesforcedJiangin1949tofleetoislandofFormosa(Taiwan)

VIII.ReconstructionandRevolution inAsia(cont.)

– CollapseofNationalistChinaamajordefeatforAmericaanditsalliesinColdWar—worsttodate:• Nearly¼ofworld'spopulation—some500million—sweptintocommunistcamp

• “FallofChina” becamebitterlypartisanissueinUSA– Republicans assailed Truman forhaving“lost China”– Claimed Democratshaddeliberately withheld aid fromJiang

• Morebadnews:– Sept.1949:TrumanannouncedSovietshadexplodedanatomicbomb

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VIII.ReconstructionandRevolution inAsia(cont.)

– TooutpaceSovietsinnuclearweaponry,TrumanordereddevelopmentofHydrogenbomb• “H-bomb” muchmorepowerfulthanatomicbomb• J.RobertOppenheimerledgroupofscientistsinoppositiontodevelopmentofthermonuclearweapons

• AlbertEinsteindeclared,“annihilationofanylifeonearthhasbeenbroughtwithintherangeoftechnicalpossibilities”

VIII.ReconstructionandRevolution inAsia(cont.)

• UnitedStatesexploredfirsthydrogendevicein1952• SovietscounteredwiththeirfirstH-bombexplosionin1953

• Nucleararmsraceenteredperilouslycompetitivecycle– Onlyconstrained by recognition that truly hotCold Warwould destroy world

p830

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IX.TheKoreanVolcanoErupts

• Newshooting phasetoColdWar:June 1950informer Japanesecolony– AfterWWII,SoviettroopsacceptedJapan'ssurrendernorthofthirty-eighthparallel

– American troopsdidsosouthof38th parallel– BothsuperpowersprofessedtowantreunificationandindependenceofKorea• AsinGermany,eachsidehelpedsetuprivalregimesaboveandbelowparallel

IX.TheKoreanVolcanoErupts(cont.)

– By1949,bothsideshadwithdrawnforces:• Leftabristlingarmedcamp• Twohostileregimeseyedeachothersuspiciously

– ExplosioncameonJune25,1950• SpearheadedbySoviet-madetanks,NorthKoreanarmyrumbledacross38th parallel

• SouthKoreanforcespushedtoPusaninsouth

– Trumanviewed incidentthrough“containmentdoctrine” thatanyrelaxationinAmerica'sguardwouldinvitecommunistaggression

p832

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Figure 35-1 p833

p833

IX.TheKoreanVolcanoErupts(cont.)

• Prompted massiveexpansion ofU.S.military– NationalSecurityCouncilMemorandumNumber68(NSC-68):• RecommendedUSAquadrupledefensespending• Trumanorderedmassivebuildup,wellbeyondwhatwasnecessaryforKorea:

– U.S.had3.5million men under arms– Spent$50 billion peryearondefense budget—some 13%ofGNP

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IX.TheKoreanVolcanoErupts(cont.)

– NSC-68keydocumentofColdWarperiod:• MarkedmajorstepinmilitarizationofAmericanforeignpolicy

• ReflectedsenseofalmostlimitlesspossibilitythatpervadedpostwarAmericansociety

• RestedonassumptionthatenormousAmericaneconomycouldbearwithoutstrainhugecostsofgiganticrearmamentprogram

• SaidoneNSC-68planner:“Thereispracticallynothingthecountrycouldnotdoifitwantedtodoit”

IX.TheKoreanVolcanoErupts(cont.)

• Truman andUnited Nations:– OnJune25,1950,obtainedunanimouscondemnationofNorthKoreaasaggressor:• SecurityCouncilcalledallU.N.members,includingUSA,to“renderassistance” torestorepeace

• Twodayslater,TrumanorderedAmericanairandnavalunitstosupportSouthKorea

• OrderedGeneralMacArthur'sJapan-basedtroopsintoactionalongsidebeleagueredSouthKoreans

• Sobeganill-fatedKoreanWar

IX.TheKoreanVolcanoErupts(cont.)

• United States' role:– SimplyparticipatinginU.N.“policeaction”– Infact,UnitedStatesprovided88%ofU.N.contingents

– MacArthur,appointedU.N.commanderofentireoperation:• TookordersfromWashington,notfromSecurityCouncil

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X.TheMilitarySeesawinKorea– MacArthurlandedbehindenemy'slineatInchononSeptember15,1950:• Succeededbrilliantly• NorthKoreansscrambledbackbehind“sanctuary” ofthirty-eighthparallel

• U.N.AssemblytacitlyauthorizedcrossingbyMacArthur• TrumanorderedMacArthurnorthwardaslongasnoarmedinterventionbyChineseorSoviets(seeMap35.3)

– AmericansraisedstakesinKorea:• BroughtChinaintodangerousgame

Map 35-3 p834

X.TheMilitarySeesawinKorea(cont.)

• Chinese involvement:– WouldnotsitbyandwatchhostiletroopsapproachboundarybetweenKoreaandChina

– MacArthurboastedhewould“havetheboyshomebyChristmas”• InNov.1950,tensofthousandsofChinese“volunteers” felluponhisrashlyoverextendedline

– Hurled U.N.forcesbackdown peninsula

• Warbecamestalematenearthirty-eighthparallel

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X.TheMilitarySeesawinKorea(cont.)

• MacArthurpressedfordrasticretaliation,whileWashingtonrefusedtoenlargealreadycostlyconflict:

– Europe, notAsia, wasadministration's first concern– USSR, notChina, loomed asmoresinister foe

• MacArthursneeredatconceptof“limitedwar”– Trumanbravely resisted calls fornuclear escalation

– When MacArthur criticized president's policies publicly,Trumanhad nochoicebut to remove insubordinateMacArthur fromcommandonApril 11, 1951

– ManyAmericans criticized Truman's decision– Reflected popular passions ofCold Warat home

p835

XI.TheColdWarHomeFront

• ColdWardeeply shapedpolitical andeconomic developments athomeafterWWII

• Newanti-red chaseaccelerated byfearsofcommunist spiesinUSA:

• In1947,Trumanlaunchedmassive“loyalty”program:– Attorney general drew up list of90supposedly disloyalorganizations

– LoyaltyReview Board investigated more than three millionfederal employees

– Some3,000 ofwhom either resigned orwere dismissed,none under formal indictment

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XI.TheColdWarHomeFront(cont.)

• Individualstatesbecameinvolved• Loyaltyoaths demanded ofemployees, especially teachers

• 1949:11communistsbroughtbeforeNewYorkjuryforviolatingSmithActof1940:

– First peacetimeanti-sedition lawsince 1798– Convicted ofadvocating overthrow ofAmerican governmentby force,defendants sent toprison

– Supreme Court upheld convictions inDennis v. UnitedStates (1951)

XI.TheColdWarHomeFront(cont.)

• House ofRepresentatives in1938establishedHouse Un-American Activities Committee– (HUAC)toinvestigate“subversion”

• In1948,RichardM.Nixon,ambitiouscommitteemember,ledchaseafterAlgerHiss:

– Prominent ex-NewDealer– Distinguished memberof“eastern establishment”

– Accused ofbeing acommunist agent in1930s– Hiss demanded right todefend himself– Dramatically metchiefaccuserbefore HUAC inAugust 1948– Hiss denied everything but wascaught in falsehoods

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XI.TheColdWarHomeFront(cont.)

– Convicted ofperjury in1950; sentenced to5years inprison

– JuliusandEthelRosenberg:• Allegedly“leaked” atomicdatatoMoscow• Convictedin1951ofespionage• Wenttoelectricchairin1953

– Onlypeople inAmerican history everexecuted in peacetimeforespionage

• Sensationaltrialandelectrocution,combinedwithsympathyfortwoorphanedchildren,begantosoursomecitizensonexcessesofred-hunters

XI.TheColdWarHomeFront(cont.)

– WasAmericareally riddledwithSoviet spies?• Sovietagentsdidinfiltratesomegovernmentagencies,thoughwithoutseverelydamagingconsequences

– Someconservativesusedredbrushtotaranyoneinvolvedinsocialchangeas“subversive”

– Redhuntturnedintoawitchhunt:• 1950:TrumanvetoedMcCarranInternalSecurityBill:

– Authorized president toarrest anddetain suspicious peopleduring “internal security emergency”

– Critics: bill smackedofpolice-state tactics– Congress enactedbill overTruman's veto

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XI.TheColdWarHomeFront(cont.)

• Senator JosephR.McCarthy:mostdangerouspractitioner ofdemagogic anticommunism

• February1950:accusedSecretaryofStateDeanAchesonofknowinglyemploying205Communists

– McCarthy never identified a single actual communist

• HisRepublicancolleaguesencouragedhimtoattack• Hisrhetoricgrewbolderasdidhisaccusations• HesawredhandofMoscoweverywhere• McCarthyismflourishedinseethingColdWaratmosphereofsuspicionandfear

XI.TheColdWarHomeFront(cont.)

• McCarthymostruthlessred-hunteranddidmostdamagetoAmericantraditionsoffairplayandfreespeech

• Careersofcountlessofficials,writers,andactorsruinedby“Low-BlowJoe”

• Politicianstrembledinfaceofsuchattacks• Atpeakofhispower,McCarthycontrolledpersonnelpolicyinStateDepartment

– Resulted in severe damage tomorale andeffectiveness ofprofessional foreign service

– Deprived government ofanumber ofAsian specialists– DamagedAmerica's international reputation for fairandopendemocracy

XI.TheColdWarHomeFront(cont.)

– WenttoofarwhenheattackedU.S.Army• Militaryfoughtbackin35daysoftelevisedhearings(spring1954)inArmy-McCarthyhearings:

– Upto20million watched hearings

– McCarthy publicly cuthis ownthroat byparading hisessential meanness and irresponsibil ity

• Senateformallycondemnedhimfor“conductunbecomingamember”

• ThreeyearslaterMcCarthydiedofchronicalcoholism• “McCarthyism” alabelfordangerousforcesofunfairness/fear,unleashedbydemocraticsociety

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XI.TheColdWarHomeFront(cont.)

– ColdWarshapedAmericanculture• ManyinterpretedconflictbetweencapitalistWestandcommunistEastinreligiousterms

– TheologianReinholdNiebuhrcastColdWarasabattlebetweengoodandevil• Dividedworldintotwocamps:“childrenoflight”vs.“childrenofdarkness”

– Religiousbeliefofanykindbecamedistinguishingfeatureof“AmericanWay”• Congressin1954insertedwords“underGod” intoPledgeofAllegiance

XI.TheColdWarHomeFront(cont.)

– Radicalvoicesmuzzled– Evenmoderatecivilrightsactivistsslanderedascommunistsorfellowtravelers

– ColdWaralsocreatedpressureonUSAtoliveuptoitsdemocraticideals

– CreatednewopportunitiesforcivilrightsactiviststopressUSAoncivilrightsclaims• SeeTruman'slandmarkExecutiveOrder9981,desegregatingArmedForces(1948)

XII.PostwarEconomicAnxieties

• Decadeof1930shadleftdeep scars:• Joblessnessandinsecuritypushedupsuiciderateanddampenedmarriagerate

– Babies wentunborn—pinched budgets and sagging self-esteem wrought asexual depression

• Warbanishedblightofdepression• Afalteringeconomythreatenedtoconfirmworstpredictionsofdoomsayers:

– Who foresaw another GreatDepression

• Grossnationalproduct(GNP)slumpedin1946-47• Epidemicofstrikessweptcountry

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XII.PostwarEconomicAnxieties(cont.)

– Growthoforganizedlaborannoyedconservatives• CongresspassedTaft-HartleyAct (1947)overTruman'sveto

– Outlawed “closed” (all-union) shop– Made unions liable fordamages that resulted from jurisdictionaldisputes among themselves

– Required union leaders totakeanoncommunist oath

• CIO'sOperationDixie:– Aimed atunionizing southern textile workers andsteel workers– Failed because white workers feared racialmixing– Serviceworkers proved difficult toorganize– Union membership peaked in1950s, then beganslow decline

XII.PostwarEconomicAnxieties(cont.)

– Democraticadministrationtookstepstoforestalleconomicdownturn:• Soldwarfactoriesandgovernmentinstallationstoprivatebusinessatfire-saleprices

• SecuredpassageofEmployment Actof1946:– Made government policy“topromote maximum employment,production, andpurchasing power”

– Created threemember Council ofEconomic Advisers toprovide president with dataand recommendations onimplementation

• 1944passageofServicemen'sReadjustmentAct– Better known asGIBill ofRights, orGIBill:

XII.PostwarEconomicAnxieties(cont.)

– Feared job marketnotable toabsorb somany returning vets– Offered$20aweek forup to52weeks incompensation– Generous provision for sending former soldiers to school

– Someeight million veterans advanced their education– Most attended technical andvocational schools– Sometwomillion attended colleges anduniversities– Total spent oneducation =$14.5billion in taxpayerdollars– Actenabled Veterans Administration toguarantee$16 billion inloans forvets tobuyhomes, farms,and small businesses

– Actnurtured robust and long-lived economic expansion andprofoundly shaped entire history ofpostwar era

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XIII.DemocraticDivisions in1948

• 1948election:– Republicans(woncontrolofCongressin1946)

• GatheredinPhiladelphiain1948tochoosetheirpresidentialcandidate

• NominatedThomasE.Deweyagain

– DemocratschoseTruman:• Infaceofvehementoppositionbysoutherndelegates

– Alienated byhis strong stand in favorofcivil rights forblacks, especially his decision in 1948 todesegregatemilitary

XIII.DemocraticDivisions in1948(cont.)

• Truman's nomination split party:– EmbitteredsouthernDemocratsfromthirteenstates• MetinconventioninBirmingham,Alabama• NominatedGovernorJ.StromThurmondofSouthCarolinaonStates' Rightspartyticket

– HenryA.Wallacealsothrewhishatin:• NominatedatPhiladelphiabynewProgressiveparty• OpposedTruman'sget-tough-with-Russiapolicies

– WithDemocratssplit,Dewey'svictoryseemedassured

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XIII.DemocraticDivisions in1948(cont.)

• Truman delivered over300hundred speeches• LashedoutatTaft-Hartley“slave-labor” law• And“do-nothing” RepublicanCongress

– Whippedupsupportforhis• Programofcivilrights• Improvedlaborbenefits• Healthinsurance

– Onelectionnight,ChicagoTribuneearlyedition:“DEWEYDEFEATSTRUMAN”

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XIII.DemocraticDivisions in1948(cont.)

• Election results:– Trumanswepttostunningtriumph

• Thurmondtook39electoralvotesinSouth• Trumanwon303electoralvotes,primarilyfromSouth,Midwest,andWest

• Dewey's189electoralvotesprincipallyfromeast• Tomakeitsweeter,DemocratsregainedCongress

– Truman'svictoryrestedonfarmers,workers,andblacks,allofwhomwereRepublican-wary

XIII.DemocraticDivisions in1948(cont.)

• Fourth point ofTruman's inaugural address– Thereafterknownas“PointFour”

• Lendmoneyandtechnicalaidtounderdevelopedlandstohelpthemhelpthemselves

• Trumanwantedtospendmillionstokeepunderprivilegedpeoplesfrombecomingcommunists

– Rather thanbillions toshoot themafter theybecamecommunists

• Programofficiallylaunchedin1950– Tohelp impoverished nations inLatinAmerica, Africa,Middle East,and Asia

XIII.DemocraticDivisions in1948(cont.)

• Sweeping FairDeal reformprogram– PresentedtoCongressin1949for:

• Improvedhousing• Fullemployment• Nationalhealthinsurance• Higherminimumwage• Betterfarmpricesupports• NewTVAs• ExtensionofSocialSecurity

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XIII.DemocraticDivisions in1948(cont.)

– MostproposalskilledbyoppositionfromcongressionalRepublicansandsouthernDemocrats• Onlymajorsuccesses:

– Raised minimum wage– Provided forpublic housing in Housing Actof1949– Extended old-age insurance tomorebeneficiaries inSocialSecurityActof1950

XIV.The LongEconomicBoom,1950–1970

• 1950seconomic surge:• U.S.economicperformancebecameenvyofworld• Nationalincomenearlydoubledin1950s• Nearlydoubledagainin1960s• Shootthroughtrillion-dollarmarkin1973• Americans,6%ofworld'spopulation,enjoyedabout40%ofplanet'swealth

• Fantasticeruptionofaffluence• Prosperityunderwrotesocialmobility• Pavedwayforsuccessofcivilrightsmovement

XIV.TheLongEconomicBoom,1950-1970(cont.)

• Fundedvastnewwelfareprograms(e.g.,Medicare)• GaveAmericansconfidencetoexerciseunprecedentedinternationalleadership

– Americansdrankdeeplyfromgildedgoblet:• Madeupforsufferingsof1930s• Determinedto“gettheirs” whilegettingwasgood• “Middleclass” households(earnbetween$3,000and$10,000ayear)doubledtoinclude60%ofAmericansbymid-1950s

• 60%offamiliesownedtheirownhomesin1960,comparedto40%in1920s

• 1960:nearly90%offamiliesownedatelevision

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XIV.TheLongEconomicBoom,1950-1970(cont.)

• Womenreapedgreatrewards:– Urban officesandshops provided bonanza ofemployment– Greatmajority ofnew jobs createdwent towomen– Especially as servicesector outgrew manufacturing sector– Women accounted for¼ofU.S.workforceatend ofWWIIandnearly ½by1990s

– Yetpopular culture glorified traditional feminine roles ofhomemaker andmother

– Clash between demands of suburban housewifery andrealities ofemployment eventually sparked feminist revoltin1960s

XV.TheRootsofPostwarProsperity

• Whatpropelled economic growth:– SecondWorldWaritself:

• USAusedwartofireupfactoriesandrebuildeconomy

– Muchrestedonunderpinningsofcolossalpostwarmilitarybudgets(seeFigure35.2)• FueledbymassiveappropriationsforKoreanWaranddefensespending(10%ofGNP)

• Pentagondollarsprimedpumpsofhigh-technologyindustries—aerospace,plastics,andelectronics

Figure 35-2 p841

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XV.TheRootsofPostwarProsperity (cont.)

• Militarybudgetfinancedmuchscientificresearchanddevelopment(“RandD”)

– Unlocking secrets ofnaturekey tounleashing economic growth

– Cheapenergy fedeconomicboom:• AmericansandEuropeanscontrolledflowofabundantpetroleumofMiddleEasttokeeppriceslow

• Americansdoubledoilconsumption(1945-'70)asthey:– Built endless ribbons ofhighways– Installed air-conditioning inhomes

– Engineered sixfold increase incountry's electricity-generatingcapacitybetween 1945-'70

XV.TheRootsofPostwarProsperity (cont.)

– Spectaculargainsinworkerproductivity• 1950s:onaverageproductivityincreased3%peryear• Enhancedbyrisingeducationallevelofworkforce

– By1970, nearly90% of school agepopulation enrolled ineducational institutions

– Better educatedand betterequipped workers in 1970couldproduce twiceper hourasmuchas in 1950

– Rising productivity in 1950s and1960s virtually doubled averageAmerican's standard of living inpostwar years

– Changesinnation'sbasiceconomicstructure– Acceleratingshiftofworkforceoutofagriculture

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XV.TheRootsofPostwarProsperity (cont.)

• Consolidationproducedgiantagribusinessesabletoemploycostlymachines

• Withmechanization,newfertilizers,governmentsubsidiesandpricesupports:

– One farmworker could now feed50people, compared to15people in 1940s

– Farmersnow plowed fields in air-conditioned tractorcabs,listening tostereophonic radios

– Byendof1900s, farmers madeuponly 2%ofworkingAmericans—yet fedmuchofworld

XVI.TheSmiling Sunbelt• Population redistribution begun byWWII:

• Americanshadalwaysbeenapeopleonthemove• After1945,onaverage30millionpeoplechangedresidenceseveryyear

• Familiesespeciallyfeltstrainofseparation• Popularityofadvicebooksonchild-rearing:

– Dr.Benjamin Spock'sTheCommon SenseBookofBabyandChild Care

• Influidpostwarneighborhoods,friendshipshardtosustain

• Mobilityexactedhighhumancostinloneliness/isolation

XVI.TheSmiling Sunbelt(cont.)

• Growth ofSunbelt—15-state area:• FromVirginiathroughFlorida,Texas,Arizona,California• HadpopulationgrowthratetwicethatofNortheast• Californiaby1963=mostpopulacestateinUSA• SouthandSouthwestanewfrontier• Distributionofpopulationincrease,1958(seeMap35.4)• FederalfundskeytoprosperityofSouthandWeststates:

– Annually received $444billion more thanNorth andMidwestby2000s

– Neweconomic warbetween states shaped up

• BigeffectsonpresidencyandHouseofRepresentatives

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Map 35-4 p843

XVII.TheRushtotheSuburbs

• Inallregions, whitesfled citiesfor newsuburbs (seeMakersofAmerica)– Governmentpoliciesencouragedmovementaway fromurbancenters• FederalHousingAdministration(FHA)andVeteransAdministration(VA)offeredhome-loanguarantees

• Taxdeductionsforinterestpaymentsonhomemortgagesafinancialincentive

• Government-builthighwaysspedcommuterstosuburbanhomes;facilitatedmassmigration

XVII.TheRushtotheSuburbs(cont.)

• Homeconstructionindustryboomedin1950sand1960s– Levittown revolutionized techniques ofhome construction– Helped people move tosuburbs– Critics wailed atmonotony ofsuburban “tract” development

• “Whiteflight” tosuburbsleftinnercitiesblack,brown,andbroke(seeMakersofAmericainChap.36)

• Businesses(andtheirtaxes)leftcitiesfornewsuburbanmalls

• GovernmentpoliciesaggravatedpatternofresidentialsegregationbyoftendenyingFHAmortgagestoblacks

– Limited blackmobility outofcity,sent themtourban public housingprojects— thus solidifying racial separation

– Blacks missed outon huge increase invalue ofsuburban homes

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XVIII.ThePostwarBabyBoom

• Babyboom:– Hugeleapinbirthrateinfifteenyearsafter1945:

• Recordnumberofmarriagesatwar'send• Beganimmediatelytofillnation'semptycradles• Touchedoffdemographicexplosionadding50milliontonationbyendof1950s

• Crestedin1957• By1973,fertilityratesdroppedbelowpointnecessarytomaintainexistingpopulationwithoutimmigration

XVIII.ThePostwarBabyBoom(cont.)

– Boom-or-bustcycleofbirthsbegotbulgingwavealongAmericanpopulationcurve• Forexample,increasedelementaryschoolenrollmentstonearly34millionby1970

• Thenaclosingofelementaryschoolsandunemploymentofteachersinlate1970s

– By1960s,economicshiftofbabyproductstoyouthproducts(“youthculture”)

– Babyboomerscontinuedtoaffectcultureandeconomyastheyaged

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