the cold war chapter 21. section 1 cold war -- confrontation and competition between the u.s. and...
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THE COLD WARTHE COLD WAR
Chapter 21Chapter 21
Section 1Section 1
Cold War -- confrontation and competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union
Soviet Union -- Communist since the Bolshevik Revolution
U.S. -- Capitalist WWII is over but conflict quickly arises
between the 2 former allies Soviet focus after WWII -- securing borders
and keeping occupied lands U.S. focus after WWII -- stabilizing
economies and democracy
Cold War -- confrontation and competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union
Soviet Union -- Communist since the Bolshevik Revolution
U.S. -- Capitalist WWII is over but conflict quickly arises
between the 2 former allies Soviet focus after WWII -- securing borders
and keeping occupied lands U.S. focus after WWII -- stabilizing
economies and democracy
The Cold WarThe Cold War
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Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference The Big 3 (FDR, Churchill and Stalin) met to discuss
their Post War plans 1. Set up the Gov. of Poland -- would remain Soviet
friendly communist until they could hold free elections
2. Declaration of Liberated Europe - “right to choose” - elections
3. Divided Germany and Berlin into 4 separate zones (one controlled by France, Britain, U.S., and U.S.S.R.)
4. Germany would pay some war reparations but not like WWI -- Soviets would get some industrial equipment for their side
The Big 3 (FDR, Churchill and Stalin) met to discuss their Post War plans
1. Set up the Gov. of Poland -- would remain Soviet friendly communist until they could hold free elections
2. Declaration of Liberated Europe - “right to choose” - elections
3. Divided Germany and Berlin into 4 separate zones (one controlled by France, Britain, U.S., and U.S.S.R.)
4. Germany would pay some war reparations but not like WWI -- Soviets would get some industrial equipment for their side
Sect. 1 cont.Sect. 1 cont.
Harry S. Truman becomes the 33rd President when FDR dies in 1945
Truman is very anti-communist Soviets violate the rules of the Yalta
conference Truman meets Stalin in the Potsdam conference Stalin -- wanted Germans to pay for damages of
the war Truman -- against reparations, he thought they
would only weaken Germany’s already weak economy He offers Stalin equipment from the other zones of Germany
Harry S. Truman becomes the 33rd President when FDR dies in 1945
Truman is very anti-communist Soviets violate the rules of the Yalta
conference Truman meets Stalin in the Potsdam conference Stalin -- wanted Germans to pay for damages of
the war Truman -- against reparations, he thought they
would only weaken Germany’s already weak economy He offers Stalin equipment from the other zones of Germany
Sect. 1 cont.Sect. 1 cont.
Pro-communist countries and satellite nations -- meaning they would remain under communist control / friendly to the USSR
-- Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia
Winston Churchill refers to the IRON CURTAIN -- those countries under communist control after WWII were separated from the rest of Europe
IRON CURTAIN
Pro-communist countries and satellite nations -- meaning they would remain under communist control / friendly to the USSR
-- Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia
Winston Churchill refers to the IRON CURTAIN -- those countries under communist control after WWII were separated from the rest of Europe
IRON CURTAIN
Section 2Section 2
Long Telegram -- when U.S. diplomat George Kennan explained his views of Soviet goals compared to U.S. goals
Russian sense of insecurity of the West Fear of the West (U.S. and W. Europe) Communists would have a long-term
struggle with Capitalists Kennan proposed the American cold war policy ----- Containment of Soviet expansion and
the spread of communism Containment -- keeping communism within its
present territory through the use of diplomatic, economic and military action
Long Telegram -- when U.S. diplomat George Kennan explained his views of Soviet goals compared to U.S. goals
Russian sense of insecurity of the West Fear of the West (U.S. and W. Europe) Communists would have a long-term
struggle with Capitalists Kennan proposed the American cold war policy ----- Containment of Soviet expansion and
the spread of communism Containment -- keeping communism within its
present territory through the use of diplomatic, economic and military action
Section 2 - cont.Section 2 - cont.
Crisis in Iran -- March 1946 both the U.S. (S) and USSR(N) had troops in Iran during WWII to secure a supply line -- After WWII Soviet troops didn’t leave - Stalin demanded access to Iran’s oil and the U.S. demanded Soviet withdrawal sending the USS Missouri into the Med. Sea and the soviets backed down
Crisis in Iran -- March 1946 both the U.S. (S) and USSR(N) had troops in Iran during WWII to secure a supply line -- After WWII Soviet troops didn’t leave - Stalin demanded access to Iran’s oil and the U.S. demanded Soviet withdrawal sending the USS Missouri into the Med. Sea and the soviets backed down
Sect. 2 - cont.Sect. 2 - cont.
Truman Doctrine -- after Soviets attempted to control the Dardanelles and Bosporus of Turkey (trade route area) the U.S. decided to confront the Soviets before they controlled the
entire Middle East. The goal of the Doctrine was to CONTAIN
communism and aid E. Europe/Middle East to
fight communism The Soviets also launched guerilla war in
Greece -- the British went to the Greeks aid Dardanelles
Bosporus
Truman Doctrine -- after Soviets attempted to control the Dardanelles and Bosporus of Turkey (trade route area) the U.S. decided to confront the Soviets before they controlled the
entire Middle East. The goal of the Doctrine was to CONTAIN
communism and aid E. Europe/Middle East to
fight communism The Soviets also launched guerilla war in
Greece -- the British went to the Greeks aid Dardanelles
Bosporus
Sect. 2 - cont.Sect. 2 - cont.
Marshall plan -- Sec. of State George Marshall’s plan to help rebuild the European economy in an effort to help contain communism. The Soviet Union and it’s satellite nations
rejected this. Billions of $ helped W. Europe reject communism
BERLIN crisis -- U.S. , France and Britain merged their parts of Germany into one called the Fed. Rep. of Germany or WEST Germany (capitalism)
East Germany was controlled by the Soviet Union (communism)
Marshall plan -- Sec. of State George Marshall’s plan to help rebuild the European economy in an effort to help contain communism. The Soviet Union and it’s satellite nations
rejected this. Billions of $ helped W. Europe reject communism
BERLIN crisis -- U.S. , France and Britain merged their parts of Germany into one called the Fed. Rep. of Germany or WEST Germany (capitalism)
East Germany was controlled by the Soviet Union (communism)
TimelineTimeline
1945 -- WWII is over 1948 -- allies unite W. Germany they could have no
military but otherwise ind. 1948 -- Soviets cut traffic between the East and
West U.S. begins to airlift supplies to the West (364 days)
1949 -- NATO established (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) -- 12 original Western countries
Warsaw Pact -- pact between USSR and satellite countries
1955 -- allowed Germany to re - arm and join NATO
1945 -- WWII is over 1948 -- allies unite W. Germany they could have no
military but otherwise ind. 1948 -- Soviets cut traffic between the East and
West U.S. begins to airlift supplies to the West (364 days)
1949 -- NATO established (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) -- 12 original Western countries
Warsaw Pact -- pact between USSR and satellite countries
1955 -- allowed Germany to re - arm and join NATO
Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift
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China after WWIIChina after WWII
Civil War in China
Chaing Kai Shek -- Nationalist leader of China since the 20’s.
U.S. sent millions to help them in the 1940’s
In 1949 Mao Tse -Tung overthrew Shek and became the communist leader of China
Nationalists fled to Taiwan and China was a communist country
Chaing Mao
Civil War in China
Chaing Kai Shek -- Nationalist leader of China since the 20’s.
U.S. sent millions to help them in the 1940’s
In 1949 Mao Tse -Tung overthrew Shek and became the communist leader of China
Nationalists fled to Taiwan and China was a communist country
Chaing Mao
KOREAN WARCH. 21 sect. 2KOREAN WAR
CH. 21 sect. 2 June 25, 1950 --North Korea invades S. Korea
(republic of Korea) Korea was divided at the 38th parallel North allied with the USSR South supported by the U.S. June 30th, 1950 -- Truman orders ground forces
into South Korea Douglas MacArthur -- took command of a joint
UN fighting force
June 25, 1950 --North Korea invades S. Korea (republic of Korea)
Korea was divided at the 38th parallel North allied with the USSR South supported by the U.S. June 30th, 1950 -- Truman orders ground forces
into South Korea Douglas MacArthur -- took command of a joint
UN fighting force
Stages of the WarStages of the War
1. By Aug. 1950 N. Korea captured nearly all of S. Korea (including Seoul -- the capital of S.K.) 80% of the troops were American and ill prepared for battle.
Troops pushed all the way to Pusan, S.K. 2. Americans launch a surprise invasion at Inchon,
far behind North Korean lines -- cut off N. K. forces and forced them to retreat --2 weeks the U.N. controlled most of S.K.
# 1 #2
1. By Aug. 1950 N. Korea captured nearly all of S. Korea (including Seoul -- the capital of S.K.) 80% of the troops were American and ill prepared for battle.
Troops pushed all the way to Pusan, S.K. 2. Americans launch a surprise invasion at Inchon,
far behind North Korean lines -- cut off N. K. forces and forced them to retreat --2 weeks the U.N. controlled most of S.K.
# 1 #2
Stage 3, 4 and 5 of War
Stage 3, 4 and 5 of War
3. U.S. changed plans and decided to try and reunify Korea into one
Continued to push north all the way to the Yalu river Received threat from China 4. Chinese troops get involved and push the U.N.
back to the 38th parallel 5. The U. N. does push them back across the parallel
for a short time but Truman responds with a limited war -- a war fought to win a specific obj. (South Korea’s ind)
#3 and 4 #5
3. U.S. changed plans and decided to try and reunify Korea into one
Continued to push north all the way to the Yalu river Received threat from China 4. Chinese troops get involved and push the U.N.
back to the 38th parallel 5. The U. N. does push them back across the parallel
for a short time but Truman responds with a limited war -- a war fought to win a specific obj. (South Korea’s ind)
#3 and 4 #5
End of notes on the war
End of notes on the war
April 1951 -- Truman fires MacArthur for not listening to him and replaces him with Mathew Ridgeway
July 1953 -- armistices signed with N. Korea Boundary remains the 38th parallel Results of the war -- 33,600 Americans die in action
20,600 die of disease and accidents
April 1951 -- Truman fires MacArthur for not listening to him and replaces him with Mathew Ridgeway
July 1953 -- armistices signed with N. Korea Boundary remains the 38th parallel Results of the war -- 33,600 Americans die in action
20,600 die of disease and accidents
Ch. 21 sect. 3Ch. 21 sect. 3
Igor Gouzenko - Soviet clerk, walked out of the Embassy in Canada/ defected and gave the U.S. info. On the USSR having the bomb
Fear of the United States: Subversion -- USSR goal to weaken the U.S. and overthrow
U.S. Gov. 1947 -- Loyalty Review Board -- set up in the U.S. to
screen all federal employees before hiring FBI -- intensive search for traitors / 2000 of their
agents quit Director of the FBI was J. Edgar Hoover HUAC - House Un- American Activities Committee urged to hold public hearings Whitaker Chambers -- Time magazine editor - revealed Gov.
officials and communists in the U.S. Gov.
Igor Gouzenko - Soviet clerk, walked out of the Embassy in Canada/ defected and gave the U.S. info. On the USSR having the bomb
Fear of the United States: Subversion -- USSR goal to weaken the U.S. and overthrow
U.S. Gov. 1947 -- Loyalty Review Board -- set up in the U.S. to
screen all federal employees before hiring FBI -- intensive search for traitors / 2000 of their
agents quit Director of the FBI was J. Edgar Hoover HUAC - House Un- American Activities Committee urged to hold public hearings Whitaker Chambers -- Time magazine editor - revealed Gov.
officials and communists in the U.S. Gov.
Sect. 3 cont.Sect. 3 cont.
Alger Hiss -- most prominent communist in Roosevelt’s cabinet
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg -- husband and wife that were executed for spying on the U.S. Gov. in N.Y.
Klaus Fuchs -- British scientist sent info. To the USSR The U.S. Gov. had intercepted this code -- Project Venona - goals to crack Soviet codes and prove Soviet spying
Hiss Rosenberg’s Fuchs
Alger Hiss -- most prominent communist in Roosevelt’s cabinet
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg -- husband and wife that were executed for spying on the U.S. Gov. in N.Y.
Klaus Fuchs -- British scientist sent info. To the USSR The U.S. Gov. had intercepted this code -- Project Venona - goals to crack Soviet codes and prove Soviet spying
Hiss Rosenberg’s Fuchs
Joseph McCarthy -- Sen. From Wisconsin that made vague and unfounded charges of suspect
communists. Sparked the McCarran Act - deeper investigation
of communistsArmy - McCarthy hearings - spring 1954
Senate censured McCarthy Fall - out - radiation left after nuclear blast
Joseph McCarthy -- Sen. From Wisconsin that made vague and unfounded charges of suspect
communists. Sparked the McCarran Act - deeper investigation
of communistsArmy - McCarthy hearings - spring 1954
Senate censured McCarthy Fall - out - radiation left after nuclear blast
Sect. 4 notesSect. 4 notes 1952 election Rep. - Dwight D. Eisenhower vs. Dem. Adlai Stevenson
Eisenhower becomes the 34th President -- war hero (D-Day) Massive Retaliation -- Eisenhower’s policy to
threaten use of nuclear weapons Nov. 1, 1952 -- first hydrogen bomb tested
1952 election Rep. - Dwight D. Eisenhower vs. Dem. Adlai Stevenson
Eisenhower becomes the 34th President -- war hero (D-Day) Massive Retaliation -- Eisenhower’s policy to
threaten use of nuclear weapons Nov. 1, 1952 -- first hydrogen bomb tested
Sect. 4Sect. 4
Oct. 4 , 1957 Soviets launch Sputnik -- 1st artificial satellite to orbit space
1958 NASA created to coordinate research in rocket science and space exploration
National Defense and Education Act -- Gov. funds for education and training in science ,math, and foreign language
John Foster Dulles - sec. of state under Eisenhower
Oct. 4 , 1957 Soviets launch Sputnik -- 1st artificial satellite to orbit space
1958 NASA created to coordinate research in rocket science and space exploration
National Defense and Education Act -- Gov. funds for education and training in science ,math, and foreign language
John Foster Dulles - sec. of state under Eisenhower
Sec. 4 continuedSec. 4 continued Suez crisis Egypt seized control of the Suez canal from the
British Britain invaded Egypt, USSR supports Egypt U.S. tells Britain to back off and let Egypt
control the canal
CIA -- hidden missions to keep an eye on communists / enemies in the world
Iran - Shah is returned to power Guatemala - set up new Gov.
Suez crisis Egypt seized control of the Suez canal from the
British Britain invaded Egypt, USSR supports Egypt U.S. tells Britain to back off and let Egypt
control the canal
CIA -- hidden missions to keep an eye on communists / enemies in the world
Iran - Shah is returned to power Guatemala - set up new Gov.
End of sect. 4End of sect. 4
Nikita Khrushchev - leader of the USSR after Stalin (1956)
Hungary -- uprising there in which the USSR ended it with tanks
U-2 spy plane incident - U.S. spy plane was shot down by the Soviet Union
Francis Gary Powers - pilot was captured by the Soviets
Eisenhower lied to Khrushchev and he found out and cancelled the Paris summit
Nikita Khrushchev Francis Gary Powers
Nikita Khrushchev - leader of the USSR after Stalin (1956)
Hungary -- uprising there in which the USSR ended it with tanks
U-2 spy plane incident - U.S. spy plane was shot down by the Soviet Union
Francis Gary Powers - pilot was captured by the Soviets
Eisenhower lied to Khrushchev and he found out and cancelled the Paris summit
Nikita Khrushchev Francis Gary Powers