THE COLD WARTHE COLD WAR

What do you think the phrase “Cold War” means? How do What do you think the phrase “Cold War” means? How do you think it is different from a “hot” war?you think it is different from a “hot” war?

De-Colonization After De-Colonization After WWII WWII

De-ColonizationDe-Colonization

Postwar era saw total collapse of colonial Postwar era saw total collapse of colonial empires.empires.

Between 1947 and 1962, almost every colonial Between 1947 and 1962, almost every colonial territory gained independence.territory gained independence.

New nations of Asia and Africa deeply New nations of Asia and Africa deeply influenced by Western ideas and achievements. influenced by Western ideas and achievements.

After 1945, European powers more concerned After 1945, European powers more concerned about rebuilding; let colonies goabout rebuilding; let colonies go

Israel is formed. Israel is formed.

ChinaChina

After WWII (defeat of Japanese invaders) After WWII (defeat of Japanese invaders) a civil war broke out between communists a civil war broke out between communists led by led by Mao ZedongMao Zedong and Nationalists led and Nationalists led by by Jiang JieshiJiang Jieshi (Chang kai-shek) (Chang kai-shek)

Mao won the revolution and created a Mao won the revolution and created a communist country: communist country: People's Republic of People's Republic of ChinaChina

Post-War Political and Economic Post-War Political and Economic FrameworkFramework

Bretton Woods ConferenceBretton Woods Conference (1944): created (1944): created International Monetary Fund (IMF)International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Lay foundations for modern monetary system; based on Lay foundations for modern monetary system; based on U.S. dollarU.S. dollar

IMF (World Bank)IMF (World Bank) designed to loan money to struggling designed to loan money to struggling countries to prevent economic crises and anarchy; countries to prevent economic crises and anarchy; instrumental in post-war economic boom.instrumental in post-war economic boom.

United NationsUnited Nations created in 1945: created in 1945: Security CouncilSecurity Council (12 (12 nations including 5 permanent members had powers to nations including 5 permanent members had powers to act; act; General AssemblyGeneral Assembly had powers to advise (included had powers to advise (included all nations of the world)all nations of the world)

Roots of Cold WarRoots of Cold War Teheran ConferenceTeheran Conference, 1943: USSR guaranteed to be , 1943: USSR guaranteed to be

only power to liberate Eastern Europeonly power to liberate Eastern Europe Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference, 1945: , 1945: Stalin pledged to allow democratic elections in E. Europe Stalin pledged to allow democratic elections in E. Europe

(but later reneged)(but later reneged) Germany would be divided into four zones controlled by Germany would be divided into four zones controlled by

U.S., France, Britain and USSRU.S., France, Britain and USSR After war, Soviets dominated their zone and did not allow After war, Soviets dominated their zone and did not allow

reunification of Germanyreunification of Germany Potsdam ConferencePotsdam Conference, 1945: , 1945: Truman demanded free elections in Eastern Europe but Truman demanded free elections in Eastern Europe but

Stalin refusedStalin refused Stalin wanted a "buffer zone" between Germany and Stalin wanted a "buffer zone" between Germany and

USSR for protection against future warUSSR for protection against future war

Roots of Cold WarRoots of Cold War

U.S. point of viewU.S. point of view:: Stalin seemed intent on creating Stalin seemed intent on creating ""spheres" of spheres" of

influenceinfluence in Eastern Europe in Eastern Europe Broke pledges at Yalta; refused to allow Broke pledges at Yalta; refused to allow

reunification of Germanyreunification of Germany Churchhill's "Churchhill's "Iron CurtainIron Curtain" " speech in 1946 speech in 1946

alerted Americans to a future conflict alerted Americans to a future conflict U.S. wanted democracy spread throughout the U.S. wanted democracy spread throughout the

world with a strong international organization to world with a strong international organization to maintain global peacemaintain global peace

Roots of Cold WarRoots of Cold War Soviet point of viewSoviet point of view:: Democracies traditionally hostile towards communism Democracies traditionally hostile towards communism

and the USSRand the USSR e.g., Archangel expedition during WWI; non-e.g., Archangel expedition during WWI; non-

recognition by U.S. until 1933recognition by U.S. until 1933 US & Britain did not open western front in Europe early US & Britain did not open western front in Europe early

enough; millions of Soviet soldiers were dying fighting enough; millions of Soviet soldiers were dying fighting the brunt of Nazi armies alone until mid-1944.the brunt of Nazi armies alone until mid-1944.

The US and Britain froze Russia out of the atomic bomb The US and Britain froze Russia out of the atomic bomb project. project.

US terminated lend-lease to Moscow in May 1945 but US terminated lend-lease to Moscow in May 1945 but gave Britain aid until 1946.gave Britain aid until 1946.

Wanted "buffer zone" for the Soviet western border esp. Wanted "buffer zone" for the Soviet western border esp. in Polandin Poland

Partition of GermanyPartition of Germany

USSR, U.S., Britain & France would each USSR, U.S., Britain & France would each occupy a part of Germany but would allow for occupy a part of Germany but would allow for German reunification once she was no longer a German reunification once she was no longer a threat.threat.

Germany was to pay heavy reparations to USSR Germany was to pay heavy reparations to USSR in form of agricultural and industrial goods.in form of agricultural and industrial goods.

Soviets dominated their Eastern German zoneSoviets dominated their Eastern German zone Did not want revitalized Germany that could Did not want revitalized Germany that could

once again pose a threat.once again pose a threat. Stripped E. Germany of much of its resources.Stripped E. Germany of much of its resources.

Partition of GermanyPartition of Germany

U.S. and W. Europeans felt German economy U.S. and W. Europeans felt German economy vital to recovery of Europevital to recovery of Europe

1949, 1949, West GermanyWest Germany became an independent became an independent country when US, France and Britain gave back country when US, France and Britain gave back each of their zoneseach of their zones

Federal Republic of GermanyFederal Republic of Germany – led by – led by Konrad Konrad AdenauerAdenauer

1949, 1949, East Germany East Germany formally established – formally established – Democratic Republic of GermanyDemocratic Republic of Germany led by led by Walter Ulbricht (1883-1973)Walter Ulbricht (1883-1973); communist regime ; communist regime influenced by Moscowinfluenced by Moscow

Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine

The The TRUMAN TRUMAN DOCTRINE DOCTRINE – This – This was President was President Truman’s policy of Truman’s policy of CONTAINMENTCONTAINMENT- - keeping Soviet keeping Soviet influence contained influence contained within existing within existing boundariesboundaries

1. In 1947, Truman gave $400 million to Greece and Turkey to help put 1. In 1947, Truman gave $400 million to Greece and Turkey to help put down communist revolts.down communist revolts.

2. The President’s program of helping nations threatened by 2. The President’s program of helping nations threatened by communist expansion became known as the communist expansion became known as the Truman Doctrine Truman Doctrine

What parts of the world did the U.S. fight the spread of Communism?What parts of the world did the U.S. fight the spread of Communism?

Marshall PlanMarshall Plan

Secretary of State, George Marshall, feared that hungry, Secretary of State, George Marshall, feared that hungry, homeless people might support communist revolutions. homeless people might support communist revolutions.

Purpose: prevent communism from spreading into Purpose: prevent communism from spreading into economically devastated regionseconomically devastated regions

Between 1948-1952, Between 1948-1952, Marshall PlanMarshall Plan provided more than provided more than $12 billion in aid to Western European countries.$12 billion in aid to Western European countries.

Result: Western and Central Europe recovered Result: Western and Central Europe recovered economically -- the "economic miracle"economically -- the "economic miracle"

Soviets refused to allow U.S. aid to countries in eastern Soviets refused to allow U.S. aid to countries in eastern EuropeEurope

Berlin CrisisBerlin Crisis (1948-49)(1948-49)

BerlinBerlinA. By 1948, Germany was A. By 1948, Germany was split into two sections: split into two sections: West Germany and East West Germany and East GermanyGermany

B. Berlin itself was also B. Berlin itself was also divided between West and divided between West and East Berlin, even though it East Berlin, even though it lay deep inside the Soviet lay deep inside the Soviet ZoneZone

What kinds of problems do What kinds of problems do you think this could cause?you think this could cause?

Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift

Soviets attempted to Soviets attempted to remove Allies from Berlin remove Allies from Berlin by cutting off accessby cutting off access

One of high tension One of high tension points of the Cold War; points of the Cold War; World War III?World War III?

U.S. instituted a massive U.S. instituted a massive airlift; Soviets lifted airlift; Soviets lifted blockade in 1949 (Berlin blockade in 1949 (Berlin Airlift)Airlift)

In 1948, Stalin blockaded West Berlin from In 1948, Stalin blockaded West Berlin from West Germany and the rest of the world. West Germany and the rest of the world.

Why? How?Why? How?

The Shocks of 1949The Shocks of 1949

A. September 3, 1949, the A. September 3, 1949, the Soviet Union explodes its Soviet Union explodes its own atomic bombown atomic bomb

Rosenburgs/McCarthyismRosenburgs/McCarthyism

C. October 1949, C. October 1949, Mao Mao ZedongZedong takes over China takes over China and it becomes and it becomes communist. communist.

Why are these two events Why are these two events significant?significant?

More ContainmentMore Containment

North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)(NATO) formed in 1949 formed in 1949

Collective security organization consisting Collective security organization consisting of democracies in Europe, U.S. & Canada of democracies in Europe, U.S. & Canada to prevent against Soviet expansion in to prevent against Soviet expansion in Europe.Europe.

Radio Free EuropeRadio Free Europe & & Voice of AmericaVoice of America set up to send pro-democracy messages set up to send pro-democracy messages to countries behind the "iron curtain"to countries behind the "iron curtain"

Cold War in the 1950’sCold War in the 1950’s

KhrushchevKhrushchev

Power struggle emerged after Stalin died in Power struggle emerged after Stalin died in 1953; Khrushchev emerged a few years later1953; Khrushchev emerged a few years later

Stalin’s heirs realized reforms were needed.Stalin’s heirs realized reforms were needed. Widespread fear and hatred of Stalin’s political terror Widespread fear and hatred of Stalin’s political terror

resulted in reduction of power of secret police and resulted in reduction of power of secret police and gradual closure of forced labor camps.gradual closure of forced labor camps.

Agriculture in bad shape.Agriculture in bad shape. Shortages of consumer goods.Shortages of consumer goods. Hard work and initiative in decline due to poor living Hard work and initiative in decline due to poor living

conditions.conditions. De-Stalinization resulted in communist reformers and De-Stalinization resulted in communist reformers and

the masses seeking greater liberty and national the masses seeking greater liberty and national independence.independence.

Korean War 1950-1953Korean War 1950-1953

After WWII, Korea divided at 38th parallel: North was After WWII, Korea divided at 38th parallel: North was communist, South was notcommunist, South was not

CauseCause: 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea : 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea (supported by Soviet resources)(supported by Soviet resources)

UN (led by US & UN (led by US & Gen. Douglas MacArthurGen. Douglas MacArthur) sent forces ) sent forces to push back communiststo push back communists

Soviets boycotting UN for U.S. refusal to allow "Red Soviets boycotting UN for U.S. refusal to allow "Red China" into UN Security CouncilChina" into UN Security Council

China sends hundreds of thousands of troops to push China sends hundreds of thousands of troops to push back UNback UN

ResultResult: cease-fire and border at 38th parallel restored; : cease-fire and border at 38th parallel restored; still in existence todaystill in existence today

Korean WarKorean War

Hydrogen BombHydrogen Bomb

Developed by US in 1952 & USSR in 1953: Developed by US in 1952 & USSR in 1953: world now has two world now has two superpowerssuperpowers

Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact 1955 1955

Collective security organization of eastern bloc Collective security organization of eastern bloc nations to counter NATO.nations to counter NATO.

U.S. policy of U.S. policy of "massive retaliation""massive retaliation" between between 1953-551953-55

U.S. policy now is to help eastern European U.S. policy now is to help eastern European countries remove communism.countries remove communism.

U.S. vows to destroy USSR with nuclear U.S. vows to destroy USSR with nuclear weapons if it tries to expandweapons if it tries to expand

BrinksmanshipBrinksmanship: the art of going to the brink of : the art of going to the brink of war to force the other side to back down.war to force the other side to back down.

Cold War in 1960’sCold War in 1960’s

Space RaceSpace Race

(Part of Cold War (Part of Cold War competition to achieve competition to achieve technological superiority)technological superiority)

1957, USSR launched 1957, USSR launched SputnikSputnik, , an orbiting an orbiting satellite using long-range satellite using long-range rocketsrockets

US fearful Soviets could US fearful Soviets could now launch a nuclear now launch a nuclear missile into space and then missile into space and then down to U.S.down to U.S.

Resulted in development of Resulted in development of ICBMs ICBMs (Intercontinental (Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles)Ballistic Missiles)

Space RaceSpace Race

U.S. countered with creation of NASA and vastly U.S. countered with creation of NASA and vastly increased educational funding for science.increased educational funding for science.

1961, Soviets sent world’s first cosmonaut, 1961, Soviets sent world’s first cosmonaut, Yuri Yuri GagarinGagarin, into orbit., into orbit.

President John F. Kennedy responded by President John F. Kennedy responded by increasing funds for space.increasing funds for space.

1969, 1969, Apollo ProgramApollo Program put first man on the put first man on the moon; 4 more moon landings followed by 1972.moon; 4 more moon landings followed by 1972.

U-2 IncidentU-2 Incident

U.S. spy plane shot U.S. spy plane shot down over USSRdown over USSR

Khrushchev Khrushchev demanded an demanded an apology from apology from Eisenhower; Eisenhower; Eisenhower refusedEisenhower refused

Khrushchev and Khrushchev and Eisenhower abortedEisenhower aborted

Berlin Wall: Berlin Wall: Built in 1961 Built in 1961

Berlin WallBerlin Wall1. From 1949-1961, over 3 million East 1. From 1949-1961, over 3 million East Germans fled to West Berlin because they Germans fled to West Berlin because they were unhappy with life under Communism.were unhappy with life under Communism.2. In 1961, East German soldiers built a 2. In 1961, East German soldiers built a wall of concrete and barbed wire that wall of concrete and barbed wire that sealed off East Berlin and West Berlin. sealed off East Berlin and West Berlin. People who tried to escape were shotPeople who tried to escape were shot

WHY?WHY?

Berlin WallBerlin Wall

On the 9th of November, 1989, the Border separating Western from Eastern Germany was effectively opened. In the days that followed large groups of individuals with their hands and with machinery, started physically tearing down the wall. The Fall of the Berlin Wall AFTER STANDING FOR ALMOST 30 YEARS, will always be used as a symbol for the end of the Cold War.

Cuba Cuba

Became a communist country in 1959 Became a communist country in 1959 under leadership of under leadership of Fidel CastroFidel Castro

Cuba became an ally of the Soviet UnionCuba became an ally of the Soviet Union Bay of Pigs InvasionBay of Pigs Invasion, 1961: U.S.-trained , 1961: U.S.-trained

Cuban exiles tried unsuccessfully to Cuban exiles tried unsuccessfully to invade Cubainvade Cuba

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

1962: U.S. demanded Soviets remove their 1962: U.S. demanded Soviets remove their newly installed nuclear missiles from Cuba.newly installed nuclear missiles from Cuba.

Crisis became the closest USSR and US came Crisis became the closest USSR and US came to nuclear warto nuclear war

U.S. placed blockade (naval quarantine) on any U.S. placed blockade (naval quarantine) on any further missiles into Cubafurther missiles into Cuba

Khrushchev agreed to remove missiles in return Khrushchev agreed to remove missiles in return for U.S. removing its missiles from Turkey and for U.S. removing its missiles from Turkey and vowing not to invade Cuba in the future.vowing not to invade Cuba in the future.

Crisis weakened Khrushchev and contributed to Crisis weakened Khrushchev and contributed to his downfall in 1964his downfall in 1964

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

Nuclear Test Ban TreatyNuclear Test Ban Treaty 19631963

Khrushchev, Kennedy & Britain signed historic Khrushchev, Kennedy & Britain signed historic treaty banning atmospheric testing in an attempt treaty banning atmospheric testing in an attempt to reduce Cold War tensionsto reduce Cold War tensions

France refused to sign (was in the process of France refused to sign (was in the process of developing own nuclear weapons program)developing own nuclear weapons program)

China became a nuclear power in 1964 leading China became a nuclear power in 1964 leading to its estrangement with Soviet Union to its estrangement with Soviet Union

Leonid BrezhnevLeonid Brezhnev Became new General Secretary (1964-1982)Became new General Secretary (1964-1982) Beginning in 1964, USSR began a period of Beginning in 1964, USSR began a period of

stagnation and limited re-Stalinizationstagnation and limited re-Stalinization Massive arms buildup started in response to Massive arms buildup started in response to

humiliation of Cuban Missile Crisis.humiliation of Cuban Missile Crisis.

USSR avoided direct USSR avoided direct confrontation with the U.S. and confrontation with the U.S. and seemed more committed to seemed more committed to peaceful coexistence than peaceful coexistence than Khrushchev had been.Khrushchev had been.DétenteDétente

SALT I1969 talks signed1972SALT I1969 talks signed1972

Causes of Student Revolts Causes of Student Revolts Opposition to U.S. war in Vietnam triggered revolutionary Opposition to U.S. war in Vietnam triggered revolutionary

ferment among youthsferment among youths Influenced by Marxist current in French universities after 1945 Influenced by Marxist current in French universities after 1945

& new left thinking in US& new left thinking in US Believed older generation & US fighting immoral & Believed older generation & US fighting immoral &

imperialistic war against Vietnam. imperialistic war against Vietnam. Students in western Europe shared US youth's rejection of Students in western Europe shared US youth's rejection of

materialism and belief that postwar society was repressive materialism and belief that postwar society was repressive and flawed.and flawed.

Problems in higher education: classes overcrowded; little Problems in higher education: classes overcrowded; little contact with professors; competition for grades intense; contact with professors; competition for grades intense; demanded even more practical areas of study to qualify for demanded even more practical areas of study to qualify for high-paying jobs after collegehigh-paying jobs after college

Some students warned of dangers of narrowly trained experts Some students warned of dangers of narrowly trained experts ("technocrats") who would serve the establishment to the ("technocrats") who would serve the establishment to the detriment of working class.detriment of working class.

The Youth Movement and The Youth Movement and CountercultureCounterculture

Counter-CultureCounter-Culture: rebellion against parents, : rebellion against parents, authority figures and status quoauthority figures and status quo

Baby boom after WWII developed distinctive and Baby boom after WWII developed distinctive and international youth culture.international youth culture.

Many raised in economic prosperity and more Many raised in economic prosperity and more democratic class structure.democratic class structure.

New generation influenced by revival of leftist New generation influenced by revival of leftist thought created a “counter-culture”thought created a “counter-culture”

Some youth rebelled against conformity and Some youth rebelled against conformity and boredom of middle-class suburbs.boredom of middle-class suburbs.

Rock music helped tie counter-culture togetherRock music helped tie counter-culture together

Cold War in the 70’sCold War in the 70’s

SALT IISALT II

Jimmy Carter and Leonid Brezhnev from Jimmy Carter and Leonid Brezhnev from 1977 to 1979 1977 to 1979

Nuclear reduction arms treaty Nuclear reduction arms treaty US never ratifies US never ratifies However both sides honor agreement.However both sides honor agreement. Why does the US not ratify? Why does the US not ratify?

Soviet war in Afghanistan Soviet war in Afghanistan

Soviets invade 1979. Why?Soviets invade 1979. Why? Why does the US get Why does the US get

involved?involved? What is a War by proxy?What is a War by proxy? How does this war in?How does this war in? Soviet Vietnam?Soviet Vietnam?