the college of naturopathic medicine

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The College of Naturopathic Medicine

Lecture Two Workshop:

Terminology, Landmarks and Skeletal System

Workshop guidance:

1. This workshop is designed to support your learning through the biomedicine

course, and they are not mandatory.

2. You do not need to submit these workshops for marking.

3. An answer sheet is not provided for this workshop. Use your lecture slides to

answer each section.

4. Set aside some time each week and using your slides, select a number of

sections to complete.

5. Once you have completed all sections and checked your answers, why not try the

workshop without slides or notes.

Section One:

1. Explain what is meant by the anatomical position.

2. Describe the following body positions.

a. Supine

b. Prone

3. Complete the following table filling in the spaces:

Anatomical Term: Meaning:

Distal

One side

Medial

Both sides

Proximal

Contralateral

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On the same side

Lateral

Nearer to the front

Towards the bottom

Posterior

Further under the skin

4. Explain the difference between the following planes:

a. Coronal

b. Sagittal

c. Horizontal

5. List FOUR functions of the human skeleton

6. With regards to bone cells, complete the following table:

Bone cell: Definition:

Only bone cell to undergo division

Huge cells derived from fusion of as many as 50 monocytes.

Bone building cells. Synthesise and secrete collagen and other components of bony matrix.

Mature bone cells. Maintains daily metabolism of bone such as nutrient and waste exchange

7. Which bone cell can transform to an osteocyte?

8. Describe THREE features of compact bone.

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9. Where is compact bone located?

10. Explain what is meant by resorption

11. Name the structural unit of compact bone

Section Two:

1. Complete the following table by filling in the spaces:

Osteon Structure: Description:

Contains blood vessels and nerves

Concentric rings of calcified extracellular matrix containing minerals and collagen

Small spaces between lamellae and contain osteocytes

Mini system of inter connected canals that provide a route for nutrients and waste

2. Describe TWO features of spongy bone.

3. Where is spongy bone located in the body?

4. Explain why spongy bone is always covered by a layer of compact bone.

5. Name the most abundant mineral in bone.

6. Draw and label a long bone.

7. Name TWO examples of a long bone.

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8. With regards to long bones, complete the following:

The epiphysis is separated from the diaphysis by the ____________________ plate,

which is a layer of ________________ cartilage that allows the diaphysis to grow in

length. The epiphysis contains a region of thin outer ____________ bone covered by

hyaline cartilage. There is an inner spongy bone with ____________ bone marrow.

The diaphysis contains an outer compact bone covered by ____________. It

contains a central ____________ cavity that contains____________ and

____________ bone marrow.

9. What do the following terms mean?

a. Diaphysis

b. Epiphysis

10. Does all bone marrow commence as yellow bone marrow?

11. Describe THREE functions of the Periosteum.

12. Describe the difference between the outer and inner layers of the periosteum.

13. Apart from long bones, name FOUR other types of bones and list one example

for each bone.

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Section Three:

1. Describe the difference between ‘Intramembranous’ and ‘Endochondral’

ossification.

2. Identify which bone grows lengthwise.

3. List TWO factors that influence bones as they grow in thickness.

4. Explain the role of the epiphyseal plate.

5. Name TWO hormones that promote osteoblast activity.

6. Name TWO hormones that promote osteoclast activity.

7. Name TWO glands in the body that regulate calcium exchange.

8. Describe in detail what specifically happens when there is a:

a. Reduction in blood calcium

b. Increase in blood calcium

9. Describe the role of the following vitamins and minerals in the regulation of

calcium in the body:

a. Vitamin D

b. Vitamin K2

c. Magnesium

10. Name TWO factors that contribute to Vitamin D deficiency.

11. State the type of exercise that promotes bone building and explain why it is

important.

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Section Four:

1. Explain the difference between the ‘axial’ and ‘appendicular’ skeleton.

2. Name FOUR components of the axial skeleton.

3. Explain how skull bones are joined together.

4. List TWO functions of the vertebral column.

5. Describe the role of intervertebral discs in the body.

6. When are intervertebral most hydrated?

7. Name FOUR areas of the appendicular skeleton.

8. Name which TWO bones make up the shoulder girdle.

9. Where in the body do we find carpals, metacarpals and phalanges?

10. Draw and label the pelvic girdle?

11. Name the longest and strongest bone in the body?

12. Explain how muscles are attached to bones?

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Section Five:

1. Describe the role of a joint.

2. Give TWO examples of joints that allow for no or limited movement?

3. Describe specifically the structure of the synovial joint (TIP – draw and label a

diagram of the synovial joint).

4. Explain how synovial joints obtain nutrients.

5. List one example for each of the following joints:

a. Ball and socket

b. Hinge

6. Describe the main role of bursae.

7. Name TWO locations for bursae in the body.

8. With regards to angular movements, complete the following table:

Angular Movement: Description:

Decrease in angle

Extension

Rotation

Lateral flexion

Movement away from midline

Movement towards the midline

Circumduction

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9. With regards to special movements, complete the following table:

Movement: Description:

Elevation

Inferior movement (down)

Protraction

Posterior movement (backwards)

Inversion

Eversion

Bending foot up

Plantar Flexion

Movement of forearm to turn palm up

Pronation

Opposition

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Section Six:

1. Name TWO causes of fractures.

2. Describe the difference between a complete and incomplete fracture.

3. Describe in detail the FOUR stages of fracture repair.

4. Describe what happens during a sprain.

5. Explain the treatment ‘RICE’.

6. Briefly explain the difference between:

a. Kyphosis

b. Lordosis

c. Scoliosis

7. Using definitions describe the difference between subluxation and dislocation of a

joint.

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Section Seven:

1. Describe what happens pathologically in ‘osteomalacia’ and ‘rickets’.

2. Explain the main difference between osteomalacia and rickets.

3. Define osteoporosis.

4. How is osteoporosis diagnosed?

5. List THREE dietary factors that increase the risk of osteoporosis.

6. Why would a low stomach acid contribute to the development of osteoporosis?

7. Why would a menopausal woman be at increased risk of developing

osteoporosis?

8. List TWO signs and/or symptoms of osteoporosis.

9. Define osteomyelitis and list TWO causes.

10. With regards to osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, complete the following

table:

Osteoarthritis: Rheumatoid Arthritis:

Definition:

Pathophysiology:

Type of joint affected:

Age of onset:

Aetiology:

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Symmetrical?

Blood tests?

Main signs and symptoms:

10. With regard to osteoarthritis what do we mean by?

a. Eburnation

b. Osteophytes

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Section Eight:

1. Describe the pathophysiology of gout.

2. Explain using definitions the difference between gout and rheumatoid arthritis.

3. List TWO causes (not food sources) of gout.

4. Name TWO purine rich foods.

5. Explain how excess alcohol can contribute to the development of gout.

6. List TWO signs / symptoms of gout.

7. Explain why ‘Tophi’ appear in gout.

8. Describe what happens during a disc herniation.

9. Describe the classical injury mechanism in a disc herniation.

10. Name the nerves which are often compressed by a herniated disc.

11. List TWO causes of bursitis.

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