the colonies become new nations
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The Colonies Become New Nations. Collapse of European Imperialism. Non-Western Nationalism. INDIA. Since the 1700s, the British had maintained control of the Indian subcontinent . - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Colonies Become New Nations
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Collapse of European Imperialism
Non-Western Nationalism
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INDIA
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• Since the 1700s, the British had maintained control of the Indian subcontinent.
• INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS-In 1885, nationalist leaders in India formed the Indian National Congress, which became known as the Congress Party.
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• This group was made up mainly of Hindu professionals and business leaders.
• This Congress Party called for equal opportunities for Indians to serve in government and for western-style democracy.
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• MUSLIM LEAGUE-Initially, Muslims and Hindus cooperated in their campaign for self-rule.
• However, Muslims soon grew distrustful of the Hindu dominated Indian National Congress.
• In 1906, Muslim leaders formed the Muslim League to protect their own rights and interests.
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TURKEY
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• In the 1800s, the multinational Ottoman Empire (present day Turkey) faced challenges from the various ethnic groups in the empire.
• YOUNG TURKS-A group of liberals in the 1890s established a movement called the Young Turks.
• This group wanted to strengthen the Ottoman Empire and end the threat of western imperialism.
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• In 1908, they overthrew the sultan and took control of the government.
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India-Independence & Partition
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• Indian nationalists had been demanding independence since the 1800s.
• Indians were angered when, during World War II, the British put off granting them independence but expected them to support Britain in the war.
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Mohandas Gandhi• A leader named
Mohandas Gandhi headed the Indian Nationalist Movement, seeking independence from British imperialism.
• He taught nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience (the refusal to obey unjust laws), rather than bloodshed, were the way to win rights.
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• He used tactics such as boycotting, or refusing to buy, British goods.
• Finally, in 1947, Britain granted independence to India.
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Muslim and Hindu Conflicts• In India, Hindus were the majority and
Muslims were the minority. • In 1947, British officials drew borders that
created Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan. The partition, or division, of India did not bring peace.
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• Independence set off mass migrations of Muslims fleeing India and Hindus fleeing Pakistan.
• Millions were killed crossing the borders.• Gandhi tried to ease these tensions but a Hindu
fanatic assassinated him during the process.
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• Tensions between Hindus and Muslims still exist and continue to erupt into violence today over border disputes.
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Status of the Caste System• The Caste System, a system of social
stratification, has been a part of Indian life for more than 2,000 years.
• In the 1900s, the system underwent change.
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• Mohandas Gandhi campaigned to end the harsh treatment of the caste called Untouchables.
• The Indian constitution of 1950 banned discrimination against Untouchables.
• The government set aside jobs and places in universities for Untouchables.
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• In spite of improvements in the legal status of Untouchables, discrimination still exists today.
• Ultimately, the Caste System is still part of Indian society today, and tends to have a stronger effect in rural villages than in urban areas.
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Nonalignment
• During the Cold War, India followed a policy of nonalignment.
• This policy, instituted by Jawaharlal Nehru, (India’s 1st Prime Minister) allowed India to accept help from both capitalist and socialist nations.
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Sikh Separatism• Sikhism is a religion
that began in India in the 1500s by blending elements of Islam and Hinduism.
• In the 1980s, there was an increased demand for self-rule by the Sikhs.
• The Indian Prime Minister sent in troops to put down this Sikh uprising.
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• Many Sikhs died as a result of this uprising and the Prime Minster herself was assassinated by two Sikhs who had served as her bodyguards.
• Continuing tension exists between Sikhs and Hindus today.
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African Independence Movements and Pan
Africanism
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• A movement called Pan-Africanism had been nourishing nationalist movements in Africa since the 1920s.
• Pan-Africanism emphasized the unity of Africans and people of African descent all over the world.
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Early Independence Movements
• GHANA-former British Colony known as the Gold Coast which gained independence in 1957 and renamed Ghana.
• KENYA-former British Colony which was given independence in 1963.
• ALGERIA-former French Colony given independence in 1962 after many years of warfare.
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Economic Links with Europe
• Today, much of Africa suffers from trading patterns that were established during the age of imperialism.
• As a result, today these countries have trade deficits and rising debts.
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Ethnic Tensions and Nationalism
• Most of the current national boundaries in Africa were established during the colonial period by Europeans.
• These boundaries were made without consideration for the traditional territories of tribal and ethnic groups.
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• Today, therefore, loyalty to one’s tribe is often stronger than loyalty to one’s nation.
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• Nigeria is one of the many nations where tribalism has led to civil war.
• More than 200 ethnic groups live within the borders of Nigeria, as a result in 1966 a massacre of 20,000 took place.
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• Shortly after this massacre war broke out between ethnic tribes in Nigeria which ultimately resulted in the deaths of nearly a 1,000,000 people.
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• In Rwanda, ethnic conflict led to genocide.• Ethnic violence broke out between the
Hutus and the Tutsis which resulted in the deaths of approximately 500,000 people in just a few months.
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African Union
• In 2002, 53 African countries formed a federation, the African Union (AU).
• The AU’s goals include solving economic, social, political, and environmental problems in Africa.
• AU members deal with issues such as desertification, AIDS, and famine.
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• The AU also works to resolve conflicts, such as the situation in Darfur (2003), a region of western Sudan.
• Arabic militias have killed more than 200,000 black villagers, with the quiet approval of the Sudanese government.
• Today, as we speak, this situation in Darfur continues with more than 2,000,000 villagers being displaced-along with rapes and the employment of children into the militias.
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Apartheid-Policy of Racial Separation & Segregation
• For nearly 350 years, Europeans ruled South Africa.
• Although South Africa won its independence in 1910, its white citizens held all of the political power.
• In order to maintain this control, whites in 1948 made official a system of apartheid, or separation of the races.
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•Apartheid required black Africans and other nonwhites to live in certain zones, the segregation of public facilities and transportation, and forbade interracial marriages.
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The Anti-Apartheid Movement• In 1912, a political party known as the
African Nation Congress (ANC), was organized in South Africa.
• The ANC used boycotts and civil disobedience to oppose apartheid.
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• In 1960, the police killed 69 people and wounded 180 and the South African government outlawed the ANC.
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• In 1964, Nelson Mandela, an important ANC leader, was sentenced to life in prison.
• He became a powerful symbol of the struggle for freedom.
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• Desmond Tutu was a black Anglican bishop and civil rights leader.
• Tutu and other activists convinced foreign nations and businesses to limit trade and investment in segregated South Africa.
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• F.W. de Klerk became president of South Africa in 1989.
• He legalized the ANC and released Mandela in 1990.
• In 1994, South Africa held an election in which people of all races could vote.
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• Mandela was elected president.• He was succeeded in 1999 by Thabo Mbeki.
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Southeast AsiaVietnam and Cambodia
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Vietnam• Vietnam had been ruled
by the French since the mid-1800s.
• Ho Chi Minh, leader of the Vietminh an alliance of nationalist and communist groups, declared Vietnam free.
• Defeated by the Vietminh, the French abandoned Vietnam which became divided in 1954 with a communist north and a non-communist south.
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The Vietnam War
• Ho Chi Minh, now leader of communist North Vietnam, supported the Viet Cong, a group of communist rebels who were trying to overthrow Diem, the South Vietnamese government.
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• The United States sent troops to support Diem’s government.
• The Vietnam War lasted from 1959 to 1975 when antiwar sentiment in the U.S. forced President Nixon to withdraw all American forces from Vietnam.
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• In 1975, Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, fell and the country reunited under communist control.
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Cambodia • During the Vietnam
War, Cambodia served as a supply route for the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces.
• In 1969, American forces bombed and then invaded Cambodia to destroy the route.
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• After the Americans left, Cambodian communist guerillas, known as the Khmer Rouge, took control of the government.
• Under the leadership of Pol Pot, the Khmer Rouge began a reign of terror to remove all western influence from Cambodia.
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• More than a million Cambodians were slaughtered in what became known as the “Killing Fields.”
• In 1979, Vietnamese forces invaded Cambodia and occupied the country until the 1990s, when a settlement was negotiated to end the civil war.
• UN peacekeepers monitored elections, but some fighting continued.