Chapter 14 Section 4 499

Section 4 Step-by-Step Instruction

Section Focus QuestionWhy did the election of Abraham Lincoln spark the secession of southern states?Before you begin the lesson for the day, write the Section Focus Question on the board. (Lesson focus: Southerners believed that Lincoln would make laws that would limit or abolish slavery.)

Prepare to Read

Build Background Knowledge L2

Ask students to identify events that led to the political divisions in the United States in 1860. (the Fugitive Slave Law, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the Dred Scott decision, John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry) Ask students whether they think the nation could still have held together.

Set a Purpose L2

Read each statement in the Reading n

Readiness Guide aloud. Ask students to mark the statements True or False.

Teaching Resources, Unit 5, Reading Readiness Guide, p. 19

Have students discuss the statements in n

pairs or groups of four, then mark their worksheets again. Use the Numbered Heads strategy (TE, p. T24) to call on students to share their group’s perspec­tives. The students will return to these worksheets later.

Use the information below to teach students this section’s high­use words.

High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence

accommodation, p. 501

n. adjustment; adaptationWith the Treaty of Ghent, Britain and the United States reached an accommodation to end the War of 1812.

isolate, p. 503 v. to set apart; to separateWith the French fleet in place, Cornwallis was isolated on the Yorktown peninsula.

4SECTION4SECTION

Section 4 The Coming of the Civil War 499

The Coming of the Civil War

The Confederate States“ In the exercise of a right so ancient, so well-established, and so necessary for self-preservation,the people of the Confederate states . . . passed[laws] resuming all their rights as sovereign andindependent States and dissolved their connectionwith the other States of the Union.”

—President Jefferson Davis, message to theConfederate Congress, April 29, 1861

Why It Matters John Brown’s raid increased tensionsbetween North and South. So did the growing power of theRepublican Party. The nation was on the verge of a civil war.

� Confederate seal

Section Focus Question: Why did the election ofAbraham Lincoln spark the secession of southern states?

The Nation DividesAs the election of 1860 drew near, Americans every-

where felt a sense of crisis. The long and bitter debate overslavery had left the nation seriously divided.

Election of 1860 The Republicans chose AbrahamLincoln as their presidential candidate. His criticisms ofslavery during his debates with Douglas had made himpopular in the North.

Southern Democrats wanted the party to supportslavery in the territories. But northerners refused to do so. Inthe end, the party split in two. Northern Democrats choseStephen Douglas as their candidate. Southern Democratspicked Vice President John Breckinridge of Kentucky.

Some southerners still hoped to heal the split betweenNorth and South. They formed the Constitutional UnionParty and nominated John Bell of Tennessee. Bell promisedto protect slavery and keep the nation together.

Stephen Douglas was sure that Lincoln would win theelection. However, he believed that Democrats “must try tosave the Union.” He pleaded with southern voters to staywith the Union, no matter who was elected. However, whenDouglas campaigned in the South, hostile southerners oftenpelted him with eggs and rotten fruit.

Key Termcivil war

� Newspaper announcing secession of southern states

Reading Skill

Analyze Multiple Causes or Effects Many events in history have more than one cause, as the Civil War certainly did. Other events lead to more than one effect, which is also certainly true of the Civil War. As you read about this turning point in American history, look for causes with multiple effects and effects with multiple causes.

Objectives• Describe the results of the election of 1860.

• Explain why southern states seceded from the Union.

• Summarize the events that led to the out-break of the Civil War.

Review and Preview

The students have read about the in­creased tensions between North and South after John Brown’s raid. Now they will focus on how the 1860 election broke the nation apart.

Differentiated Instruction

500 Chapter 14

Teach

The Nation Dividesp. 499

Instruction L2

Vocabulary Buildern Before teaching this section, preteach the High-Use Words accommodation and isolate using the strategy on TE p. T21.

Key Terms Have students complete the See It–Remember It chart for the key terms in this chapter.

Have students read The Nation Divides n

using the Structured Silent Reading strategy (TE, p. T22).Ask: n Which party split along regional lines? Who were the candidates from each region? (the Democratic Party; North: Stephen Douglas, South: John Breck inridge)Ask: n Why did the South and North choose separate candidates? (Neither felt it could trust a candidate from the other region.)Have students use the 1860 Electoral n

Vote worksheet to analyze the results of the election of 1860. Discuss the implica-tions of these results for the unity of the country.

Teaching Resources, Unit 5, 1860 Electoral Votes, p. 23

At this time, you may also assign the n

worksheet The Election of 1860. (See Differentiated Instruction activity below.)Ask: n Why did southern states secede after Lincoln’s election? (They believed that Lincoln was opposed to slavery.)Discuss with students how Lincoln’s n

election led to secession. Ask: Why did many southerners feel that they had no choice? (The election of a President hostile to their interests, which is how they saw Lincoln and the Republicans, persuaded them to take the ultimate step of secession.)

Answers

(a) four political parties: green-Republican; purple-Northern Dem ocrat; yellow-Constitutional Union; orange-Southern Democrat; Republicans won the northern states, Southern Demo-crats won the southern states (b) sections of the country voted as united blocks

L1 English Language Learners L1 Less Proficient Readers L1 Special Needs

The Election of 1860 Have students use the worksheet The Election of 1860 to ana lyze the results of the election of 1860. Discuss the implications of these results for the unity of the country.

Teaching Resources, Unit 5, The Election of 1860, p. 24

500 Chapter 14 The Nation Divided

PACIFICOCEAN

ATLANTICOCEAN

120°

W

130°

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40°N

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WASHINGTONTERRITO

RY

Oregon

California

UTAH TERRITORY

NEW MEXICOTERRITORY

NEBRASKATERRITORY

KANSAS TERRITORY

INDIANTERRITORY

UNORG

AN

IZED

TERRITORY

Iowa

Missouri

MEXICO

BRITISHTERRITORY

Arkansas

TexasLA

MS AL Georgia

SC

NCTennessee

Kentucky

Virginia

Illinois

Wisconsin

Minnesota

INOhio

PA

MD DE

NJ

NewYork CT

RI

NHVT

Maine

FL

MA

Michigan

0 km

4000 miles

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Albers Equal-Area Projection

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Lincoln, Republican

Douglas, Northern Democrat

Bell, Constitutional Union

Breckinridge, Southern Democrat

K E Y

PERCENTAGE POPULAR VOTE

PERCENTAGE ELECTORAL VOTE

39.8%

29.5%

18.1%

12.6%

59%

4%13%

24%

The election showed just how fragmented the nation had become.Lincoln won in every free state and Breckinridge in all the slave-holding states except four. Bell won Kentucky, Tennessee, andVirginia—all in the upper South. Douglas carried only Missouri.Although Lincoln got only 40 percent of the popular votes, hereceived enough electoral votes to win the election.

Southern States Secede Lincoln’s election sent shock wavesthrough the South. To many southerners, it seemed that the South nolonger had a voice in the national government. They believed thatthe President and Congress were now set against their interests—especially slavery.

One Virginia newspaper expressed the feelings of many south-erners. “A party founded on the single sentiment . . . of hatred ofAfrican slavery, is now the controlling power,” it observed. “Thehonor, safety, and independence of the Southern people are to befound only in a Southern Confederacy.”

South Carolina was the first southern state to secede fromthe Union. When news of Lincoln’s election reached the state, the

Election of 1860

Due to rising tensions between the North and South, the election of 1860 took place in an atmosphere of distrust and suspicion.

(a) Read a Map Key What do the four colors on the map stand for? Which party won nearly all the northern states? Which party won nearly all the southern states?

(b) Draw Conclusions How does the map show that sectionalism was important in the election?

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History Background

Chapter 14 Section 4 501

Instruction (continued)To help the students better understand n

the concept of secession, which is impor­tant to the understanding of this chap­ter, use the Concept Lesson Secession. Provide students with copies of the Con cept Organizer.

Teaching Resources, Unit 5, Concept Lesson, p. 26; Concept Organizer, p. 6

Independent PracticeHave students continue filling in the study guide for this section.

Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 14, Section 4 (Adapted Version also available.)

Monitor Progress

As students fill in the Notetaking Study Guide, circulate and make sure individu­als understand the political consequences of the slavery debate and why the South decided to secede. Provide assistance as needed.

The Civil War Beginsp. 501

Instruction L2

Have students read The Civil War n

Begins. Remind students to look for the sequence of events.

Ask: n Why did the South decide to open fire on Fort Sumter? (Confederate leaders decided to capture the fort while it was isolated.)

Answer Many southerners felt that

with Lincoln’s election, the South no longer had a voice in the national govern­ment.

Jefferson Davis Although he believed in states’ legal right to secede, Jefferson Davis opposed secession and spoke publicly in both the North and the South in the 1850s about the need for national harmony. Davis continued to hope for a peaceful resolution to the crisis even after

secession. When his own state of Missis­sippi seced ed, Davis made a farewell speech to the Senate urging peace. His first act as presi dent of the Confederacy in 1861 was to send a delegation to Washington, D.C., to prevent war—a delegation Lincoln refused to see.

501

legislature called for a special convention. On December 20, 1860,the convention passed a declaration that “the union now subsistingbetween South Carolina and the other states, under the name of the‘United States of America’ is hereby dissolved.”

The Confederate States of America With the hope ofaccommodation all but gone, six more states followed SouthCarolina out of the Union. However, not all southerners favoredsecession. Tennessee Senator Andrew Johnson and Texas GovernorSam Houston were among those who opposed it. Yet, the voices ofthe moderates were overwhelmed. “People are wild,” said oneopponent of secession. “You might as well attempt to control atornado as attempt to stop them.”

In early February, leaders from the seven seceding states met inMontgomery, Alabama, to form a new nation that they called theConfederate States of America. By the time Lincoln took office inMarch, they had written a constitution and named former Missis-sippi Senator Jefferson Davis as their president.

Why did southern states secede from the Union?

The Civil War BeginsOn March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln became President of a nation

facing the greatest crisis in its history. In his inaugural address, heassured the seceded states that he meant them no harm. “I have nopurpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution ofslavery where it exists,” he promised. But he also warned them aboutcontinuing on the course they had chosen:

“In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of . . . war. The government will not assail [attack] you. . . . We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection.”

—Abraham Lincoln, Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861

Lincoln’s assurance of friendship was rejected.The seceding states took over post offices, forts,and other federal property within their borders.The new President had to decide how to respond.

Fort Sumter Lincoln’s most urgent problemwas Fort Sumter, located on an island in theharbor of Charleston, South Carolina. The fort’scommander would not surrender it. SouthCarolina authorities decided to starve the fort’s100 troops into surrender. They had been cut offfrom supplies since late December and could nothold out much longer.

Vocabulary Builderaccommodation (ak kom moh DAY shuhn) n. adjustment; adaptation

Abraham Lincoln speaks at his first inauguration

Differentiated Instruction

502 Chapter 14

Instruction (continued)Have students discuss whether Lincoln n

could have prevented war by surrender­ing Fort Sumter. Ask: Could Lincoln allow the fort to be surrendered and not reply militarily? (Answers will vary, but students should understand the pressure for war from both sides.)

Show History Interactive transparency n

Attack on Fort Sumter. Ask: Why did the attack on Fort Sumter begin the war? (It was the first time the Confederates fired on a Union fort.)

Color Transparencies, Attack on Fort Sumter

Independent PracticeHave students complete the study guide for this section.

Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 14, Section 4 (Adapted Version also available.)

Monitor Progress

As students fill in the Notetaking Study n

Guide, circulate and make sure individ­uals understand how the Civil War began. Provide assistance as needed.

Tell students to fill in the last column of n

the Reading Readiness Guide. Probe for what they learned that confirms or invalidates each statement.

Have students go back to their Word n

Knowledge Rating Form. Rerate their word knowledge and complete the last column with a definition or example.

Teaching Resources, Unit 5, Reading Readiness Guide, p. 19; Word Knowledge Rating Form, p. 15

AnswerAnalyze Cause and Effect Cause: The Union fort was in Confederate territory and its commander refused to surrender. Effect: The fort surrendered and the Civil War began.

L3 Advanced Readers L3 Gifted and Talented

Secession Dialogue Have students work in pairs to write a dialogue between a moderate, pro­Union southerner and one who favors secession. Ask students to

con sider what they have read in this chapter and the likelihood of war if states secede. Ask students to perform their dialogues for the class.

America’s most tragic conflict began early on the morning of April 12, 1861, at Fort Sumter. The dark night was suddenly lit up by Confederate shells fired from the mainland. Within a few hours, the fort’s wooden barracks had caught fire and portions of the fort had crumbled. At midday, a Confederate shell knocked over the fort’s flagpole. The firing went on throughout the day and evening. By the next day, the Union garrison was exhausted and every wooden structure in the fort was ablaze. “The men lay . . . on the ground, with wet handkerchiefs over their mouths and eyes, gasping for breath.” Critical Thinking: Analyze Cause and Effect What was the cause of the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter? What were the effects?

American flag from Fort Sumter �

Major Robert � Anderson, Union commander of Fort Sumter

� Confederate Troops Fire on the Fort Confederate artillery pounded Fort Sumter for 34 hours. Fires raged out of control and threatened to ignite the fort’s magazine, where many barrels of gunpowder were stored. Facing shortages of food and ammunition, the Union commander surrendered. The bloodiest of all American wars had begun.

INFOGRAPHIC

502 Chapter 14 The Nation Divided

Inside Fort SumterVisit: PHSchool.comWeb Code: myp-5107

Chapter 14 Section 4 503

Assess and Reteach

Assess Progress L2

Have students complete Check Your Progress. Administer the Section Quiz.

Teaching Resources, Unit 5, Section Quiz, p. 30

To further assess student understanding, use the Progress Monitoring Transparency.

Progress Monitoring Transparencies, Chapter 14, Section 4

Reteach L1

If students need more instruction, have them read this section in the Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide and complete the accompanying question.

Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 14, Section 4 (Adapted Version also available.)

Extend L3

Have students complete the History Inter active activity online. Provide stu­dents with the Web Code below.

For: Help in starting the History Interactive activityVisit: PHSchool.comWeb Code: myp-5107

Progress Monitoring Online

Students may check their comprehen­sion of this section by completing the Progress Monitoring Online graphic organizer and self­quiz.

Answers

Reading Skill Lincoln’s election; the Confederates firing on Ft. Sumter

Possible answer: Lincoln feared giving it up would show weakness and encourage further secession.

Section 4 Check Your Progress

1. (a) Northern and southern Democratic candidates split the Democratic vote, which allowed Lincoln to win with a minority of the popular vote.(b) Seven southern states seceded. Lin coln tried to assure the South of his good intentions.

2. (a) the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter(b) The South would make war to secede, while the Union would fight

only to keep the country together.

3. Accept any three of these: The seceding states took over U.S. property; South Carolina cut off food supplies to Fort Sumter; Lincoln sent food to the fort; Confederate artillery fired on the fort.

4. Formal: A civil war is a war between opposing groups in the same country. Informal: A civil war is when two groups in the same country fight.

5. Thesis should be clear and supported by details.

Section 4 The Coming of the Civil War 503

Section 4 Check Your Progress

Lincoln did not want to give up the fort. But he feared thatsending troops might cause other states to secede. Therefore, heannounced that he would send food to the fort, but that the supplyships would carry no troops or guns.

Confederate leaders decided to capture the fort while it wasisolated. On April 12, Confederate artillery opened fire on the fort.After 34 hours, with the fort on fire, the U.S. troops surrendered.

Was War Avoidable? The Confederate attack on Fort Sumtermarked the beginning of a long civil war. A civil war is a warbetween opposing groups of citizens of the same country.

The Civil War probably attracts more public interest today thanany other event in American history. Americans continue to debatewhy the war took place and whether it could have been avoided.

In 1850, southerners might have been satisfied if they had beenleft alone. But by 1861, many Americans in both the North and theSouth had come to accept the idea that war could not be avoided. Atstake was the nation’s future. Four years later, a weary Lincolnlooked back to the beginning of the conflict. He noted:

“Both parties [condemned] war, but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive, and the other would accept war rather than let it perish, and the war came.”

—Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address, March 4, 1865

Why was Lincoln reluctant to give up Fort Sumter?

Looking Back and Ahead Confederate cannons hadnearly destroyed Fort Sumter. To many, it seemed like a huge fire-works display. No one knew that the fireworks marked the begin-ning of a terrible war that would last four years.

For: Self-test with instant helpVisit: PHSchool.comWeb Code: mya-5104

Comprehension and Critical Thinking1. (a) Recall How did divisions

among the Democrats help lead to the election of Republican Abraham Lincoln in 1860?(b) Explain Problems What was the South’s reaction to Lincoln’s election? How did Lincoln try to reassure the South?

2. (a) Identify What event marked the start of war between the North and the South?

(b) Evaluate InformationExplain what Abraham Lincoln meant by the following remark: “Both parties [condemned] war, but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive. . . .”

Reading Skill3. Analyze Multiple Causes or

Effects What were three effects of Lincoln’s warning to the South?

Key Terms4. Write two definitions for the key

term civil war. First, write a for-mal definition for your teacher. Second, write a definition in everyday English for a classmate.

Writing5. Based on what you have read in

this section, write a thesis state-ment for an essay explaining why the election of Abraham Lincoln caused the South to secede.

Vocabulary Builderisolate (ì sah layt) v. to set apart; to separate

Analyze Multiple Causes or EffectsAccording to this section,

what were two causes of the Civil War?