the consequences of cannabis: production & prohibition of industrial hemp

7/29/2019 The Consequences of Cannabis: Production & Prohibition of Industrial Hemp

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PRODUCTION & PROHIBITIONOF INDUSTRIAL HEMP


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an introduction to

United States for 75 years, and for over 50 years it has been restricted by the United Nations.

Yet, in the year 2012, popular initiatives have legalized cannabis on the state-level in

Colorado and Washington. What is happening here?

The dialogue may be changings tones, but we still have a lot of explaining to do.

Everyone has had some degree of exposure to the negative stigmas and the positive perceptions

of the plant, whether it be a hard-handed policy or unfounded, one-sided support. There have

been an array of claims made about cannabis in recent history, and more are coming out that

entirely contradict our previous understandings. If anything is clear about this situation, it is that

we are very confused about cannabis.

Facing uncertainty, we find ourselves in a fortunate position: in order to make sense of all

that has been proclaimed about the plant, we must go back to the basics.

What is cannabis? Where does it come from? How is it used?

Why was cannabis made illegal, and why is it now being legalized?

Cannabis has made quite the name for itself overthe years . . . several , in fact. A countless amount ofnames have been given to the plant, from the scientificto the ridiculous. No doubt, the multitude of titles hascontributed to the common confusion about the plant.

Like the plant itself, the term cannabis is ancient inits origins. Stemming from Scythian roots and the Sanskritcana, the Greeks publicized the term kannabis. Variationsinclude the Egyptian qinnab, the Assyrian qu-nu-bu, thePersian kenab, and the Hebrew kanabos the plant is evenreferred to in the original tongues of the Old Testamentas kaneh-bosm. 1

cannabis is a plant that has been both praised for its powerful properties and repressed

for the effects of its influence. Cannabis has been prohibited as a substance in the

Long considered unholy in some circles and sacramental in others,

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What are we talking about when we talk about cannabis?


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sativa (5-25)

indica (2-6)

ruderalis (1-3)

Fig. 12

Cannabis sativa is tall and tree-like with leggy

branches. Leaves grow long and thin, and flowers

are somewhat sparse. Sativa varieties originated

primarily in Asia, the Americas, and Africa.

Cannabis indica is short, stocky, and

more comparable to a bush. Broad leaves

and dense, heavy flowers sprout from a

stout stem and condensed limbs. Indica

varieties originated primarily in India,

Pakistan, and Afghanistan.

Cannabis ruderalis is

very short, but noted for its

vigorous growth. Ruderalis

varieties can be found

growing wild in Eastern

Russia, Central Europe, andfrom Minnesota through

Manitoba and Saskatchewan

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anjaFig. 2

3)

G

Ganja is a term ofSanskrit origin that

refers to cannabisflowers. This namehas a long history ofcross-cultural use,most notably in Indiaand Jamaica.

Cannabis flowers are covered in

a sticky resin that contain many

chemical compounds known as

cannabinoids. The most well-known

cannabinoid is tetrahydrocannabinol,

or THC, which has psychoactive

properties when ingested.

Cannabis has been cultivated for its

flowers for many millenia. Typically,female plants are selectively bred for

their flowers because they produce

more resin and grow later than male

flowers.

Fig. 3

Cultivated cannabiscan be identifiedby the intendedend-product.

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empFig. 4H

(4

Respective Stems

Hemp is an englishterm for cannabisthat is grown for

the stalk and seeds.

The stalk of a cannabis plant is

one of natures toughest fibers, and

hemp seeds contain one of natures

most nutritious and versatile oils.

Hemp crops are generally of the

sativa variety as they grow to muchgreater heights than indica plants,

resulting in more of the desired

fibers. Hemp crops are grown very

densely at rates of three to five

hundred plants per square meter,

while ganja crops are planted at one

to two plants per square meter.

Unlike ganja, hemp is naturally

low in psychoactive THC. Legalrestrictions have pacified the plant

even further by forcing farmers to

produce varieties of hemp that

contain practically no THC at all.

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Fig. 55)

Long-standing traditions of hemp farmingexist throughout much ofEurope, thoughagricultural interest in the crop generallydecreased during prohibition. Austria,Hungary, Poland, and Romania have

cultivated cannabis for centuries.

Russia was once the worlds largest exporterof cannabis (konopli) prior to the 1900s.

Egypt has a long history ofqinnabprohibition: duringthe 13th and 14th centurieswith the spread of Sufism,again under the rule ofNapolon Bonaparte, andongoing enforcement today.

Cannabis (dagga) was originallyimported to southern Africa byArabs and northerners traveling

down the continents easterncoast. It has long since becomenaturalized, having grown in theregion for at least four centuries.

Unearthed evidence from ancient excavations,including hemp fabrics and containers offlowers, give insights into the use of Cannabisthroughout Mesopotamia. Cannabis is alsomentioned in several tales of the collectionOne Thousand and One Nights.

Cannabis afghanica,commonly included asan indica, is a varietynative to Afghanistan.

The namesake ofindicavarieties, cannabis hasbeen cultivated in Indiafor thousands of yearsas a major sacrament of

the Hindu religion.

Bengal, deriving from theAryan term for cannabis,bhanga, can be interpretedas bhang land.

In Taiwan,the earliestdiscoveredevidence ofhemp fiberusage datesback at least12,000 year

Tall hemp plants (taima)are depicted in a coastal

Japanese cave painting.The distinguishedhistory of cannabis inJapan was interrupted

by prohibition followingWorld War II.

Cannabis sativa from Thailand,Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodiais known for light, wispy flowersand large, sprawling branches.

Australia has seen significantgrowth in commercial hempfarming since the 1990s.

Archaeological evidence shows thatCannabis, or ma, has been utilized in

China for at least 6,000 years. Today,

China is by far the worlds largestconsumer & producer of hemp.

China was thefirst region in

the world to usecannabis as a resource.


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6

What is the historyof cannabis in theUnited States of America?

* citations found in footnote #6

Moors in the12th-centuryestablished thefirst Europeanpaper mill inXtiva, Spainusing hemp.

Founded on naval superiority, the British empire needed

vast quantities of hemp to keep its vessels seaworthy. Dueto limited space on the island, Britain looked towards themainland and new lands to secure their supply of the crop.

Folklore describes how farmers in Francewould jump over bonfires and dance onrooftops during the Lenten carnival toassure that the chanvre would grow tall.

Rome consumed great quantities of hemp andcontributed to cannabis commerce. Carbonizedhemp seeds were found in the ruins of Pompeii.

Warships with caches of

hemp stalks fromCarthagewere found at the bottom ofthe Mediterranean.

From Herodotus the historianto Dioscorides the physician,kannabis was extensivelydocumented in ancient Greece.

Despite following the example ofthe United States by prohibitingcannabis, Canada has sincereturned to its roots as a majorregional producer of cannabis.

Cannabis in Jamaica,Mexico, and Colombiagrows tall in the tropicalsun likesativas ofSoutheast Asia.

Hemp has been cultivated in Chilefor over 500 years, dating back to theSpanish monarchys requirement ofcolonial farmers to supply the crop.

= Suitable Climate

for growing hemp


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The Land GrowthFull of hemp which

groweth of it selfe,which is as good as

possibly may be seeneand as strong.

7)Fig. 6 hemp in canada

Fig. 7 Acnida cannabina

- Dutch farmer Antoine Le Page du Pratz,

journal entry , 1719.

Native to the easternseaboard of North America,

Acnida cannabina looks likecannabis but is far inferior

to the strength of true hemp.

back to the mainland. imaginations ranwild in britain & beyond with the thought

of cannabis cultivation in the Americas.

Opportunistic explorers

of the New World reported theirdiscoveries of bountiful hemp crops

and Natives bearing hempen linens

I ought not to omit to take notice,that hemp grows naturally on thelands adjoining to the lakes on thewest of the Mississippi. The sticksare as thick as ones finger, andabout six feet long. They are quitelike ours in the wood, the leaf, andthe rind.

- French explorer Jacques Cartier

on his final voyage to canada, 1540.

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(8

fig. 8 The thirteen colonies

New England

Virginia

Cannabis was among the first crops to be

introduced into the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Harsh New England winters are only bearable

with proper attire, and without the proper fibers,

the colony may have frozen to death.

In 1637, the General Court at Hartford,

Connecticut ordered all families to sow one

teaspoon of hempseed. Massachusetts did

likewise in 1639, and the General Assembly

of Connecticut repeated the order in 1640.

Colonists experimented with hemp at Jamestown, in

accordance with their 1607 contract with the Virginia Company.

By 1616, the success of cannabis in Virginia prompted claims

that there was none better in England or Holland.

In 1619, the Virginia General Assembly required colonists to

grow both English and Indian hemp.

From 1765 to 1783, the countryside beyondthe Blue Ridge Mountains was the leadingarea of hemp production in North America.

Demanding economic nourishment, Britain expectedcolonists to export raw goods, particularly fibers, andbuy back finished products at inflated prices. In responsecolonists boycotted English-made products. To meet thedomestic demand of textiles, a group of women known asthe Daughters of Liberty organized large gatheringscalled spinning bees where colonists were taught howto manufacture thread by professional spinners andweavers who had immigrated from Ireland.

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Thomas Jefferson

Benjamin FranklinAlexander Hamilton

George Washington

9)

The fact well established in the system of

agriculture is that the best hemp and the best

tobacco grow in the same type of soil . . . Hemp

employs in its rudest form more labor than

tobacco, but being a material for manufactures

of various sorts, becomes afterwards the means

of support to numbers of people, hence it is to be

preferred in a populous country.

- Thomas Jefferson in his farm journal, 3/16/1791

The first President of the United Stateswas an illustrious hemp farmer. Detailedfarm diaries depict the Presidents duties inthe swamps and meadows where he sowedthe seed. Washington was particularly fondofindica varieties and believed them to bemore valuable thansativa varieties, orcommon hemp.

The First American was an avidadvocate of hemp and used the crop tohelp establish the first paper mills inAmerica.

In his 1791 Report on Manufacture,Alexander Hamilton contends that hempis an article of importance enough towarrant the employment of extraordinary

means in its favor.

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The originaldrafts of the

Declaration ofIndependencewere written

on hemp paper.

Fig. 9 A Draft of the Declaration

Americawas founded

on hemp

(10

In his incendiary pamphlet

Common Sense, Thomas Paine points

to the prosperity of American hemp

as the first marker of our ability to

defend ourselves against the English.

Mandatory cultivation laws

were again passed in preparation for

war. Cannabis clothed the soldiers,

equipped the ships, and provided areliable source of paper for colonial

communications.19

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11)

Hemp HarvestFig. 10

Retting

Pests & Diseases

Weeds

HarvestFertilization

Crop Rotation

Soil

Seeding

Hemp returns a high proportion of the nutrients

it borrows and leaves the soil in good condition

for the crops that follow. It has been traditionally

grown in rotation with corn, small grains such as

wheat, and legumes like soybeans. In Kentucky,

some farmers grew hemp in the same fields for 10

to 15 consecutive years, though this is not advised.

Any land that grows good corn will grow good

hemp. Hemp generally does not do well in light

soils, marginal soils low in organic matter, or

poorly drained soils. Thorough harrowing of soil(breaking up & smoothing out) is recommended

in order to facilitate uniform development.

Hemp is an annual plant that must be seeded

every year. Traditionally sown by throwing seeds

onto the soil, todays preferred methods use

seed-drilling equipment. Lower sowing rates are

recommended if the goal is an industrial fiber

crop; finer, textile-quality hemp requires higherseeding density

Hemp grows well where land is rich in organic

matter. Its nutrient requirements are similar to

those of corn when the two plants are grown

under comparable conditions. Hemp does not fix

nitrogen, but returns approximately half of the

nitrogen it consumes in the leaf litter following

field retting.

The chemical treatment of hemp with an insect

or disease problem has yet to be documented as

economically justifiable. Cannabis is pest-tolerant

and few diseases are considered serious.

The dense growth of hemp smothers weeds, and

the shade it creates suppresses their continuation.

Hemp significantly reduces weed pressure for

crops that may follow.

Hemps tough fibers have made harvesting a

significant challenge for 6,000 years. However,

hundreds of devices have been designed to make

the process easier. Modern methods of harvest

depends upon the crops intended use.

Retting is the process of letting the stalk partially

rot in order to separate the fiber from the core.Historically, retting has been done in water. Water

retting releases a noxious odor and the leftover

water can be a nasty pollutant if not disposed of in

an environmentally-friendly manner. The preferred

method is field dew retting, in which the cut stalks

are left out in the field for several weeks and

undergo natural decomposition. More modern

industrial processes have been able to make use of

the plant without the prerequisite of retting.

The hemp industry witnesseda boom in the 18th and 19th

centuries. The more Americansbegan to grow cannabis, themore we began to understandthe plant and the consequencesof its application.

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(1

Fig. 12 The Billion-Dollar Crop

Fig. 11 Henry Ford andthe Soybean car

As an entrepreneur, Henry Fordenvisioned a more perfect union

between industry and agriculture.Henry Ford experimented withcannabis manufacturing in hishometown of Dearborn, Michigan.

In 1941, Ford announced thedevelopment of a new plastic carthat was lighter and strongerthan steel. The formula includedsoybeans, wheat, hemp, and flax,

among many other ingredients,but no record of the formulaexists today.

American farmers are promised new cash crop with an annual valueof several hundred million dollars . . . It is hemp, a crop that will notcompete with other American products. Instead, it will displace importsof raw material and manufactured products produced by underpaidcoolie and peasant labor and it will provide thousands of jobs for

American workers throughout the land . . . Hemp is the standard fiberof the world. - Popular Mechanics, February 1938.

In the spring of 1937, themagazine Popular Mechanicsbegan preparing an articleentitled New Billion DollarCrop that described newhorizons for the cultivationof industrial hemp in AmericUnbeknownst to the authorsthe case for prohibition wasbeing deliberated in the hallof congress at the very sametime. When the article waspublished in February of1938, cannabis was alreadyillegal in the United States.

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Marihuana / Marijuana

Propaganda

La cucaracha, la cucaracha,

ya no puede caminar

porque le falta, porque no tiene

marihuana pa fumar.

- lyrics to La Cucaracha

Fig. 14

Labeled Cannabis ExtractFig. 13

Early Prohibition

Marihuana, or as its commonly written, marijuana, is a

term of Mexican origin that refers to cannabis flowers.

Laborers who immigrated to the United States during the

Mexican Revolution of the early 20th century were met with

prejudice and exploitation; here they worked long hours for low

pay, yet they were insulted for idleness. Americans began to

associate this prejudice with a common possession and pastime

of the laborers, marihuana. Tabloids and politicians were quick

to propogate the term as the menace of the immigrants.

As word spread, additional prejudice, particularly against

black Americans, was soon affiliated with marihuanafrom

sexual violence to jazz music, any taboo of the time could be

traced to the substance.

Public perceptions of cannabis

underwent major transformationsat the turn of the 20th century.While the industrial applicationof the crop was commonplace, theresin of cannabis flowers receivedgrowing recognition for the effectsof its use as an extract.

Substance control was first legislated in

1906 with the Pure Food and Drug Act, which

called for accurate labeling on all foods and

drugs. Among several specified substances,

Cannabis indica and its extracts were included

as ingredients that required labeling.

Prohibitive actions followed as opium and

cocaine use became international issues. Enacted

in 1914, the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act required

dispensers of narcotics (a term that covered

any illicit drug) to register with the Bureau of

Internal Revenue and pay for a tax stamp. Private

individuals were not allowed to purchase these stamps,

and possession of narcotics was permitted only if

prescribed by a doctor.

The constitutionality of narcoticprohibition was justified by its framingas a revenue measure, though the realintention was to regulate possession.

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(14The Federal Bureau of Narcotics

Fig. 15 Harry Anslinger

Fig. 16 Marihuana Stamp

- Marihuana, as Definedby the Marihuana Tax Act.

Harry J. Anslinger was appointed the first commissionerof the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN) when the agency

was established in August of 1930. Devoted to the position,Anslinger held sincere convictions that any and all narcoticsposed a great danger to the United States.

As anti-marihuana sentiment spread throughout the nation,

states sought out legislation against the substance. Making therounds during this time was the Uniform Narcotics Act, a newlaw that built upon the Harrison Act. If passed, the enactingstate gained the power to arrest illegitimate possessors ofoutlawed narcotics. Anslinger and the FBN saw this as an idealopportunity to classify marihuana as a prohibited narcotic.

So began the effective, fear-driven, government-sponsoredcampaign against the cannabis plant, which convinced manystates that adopted the new narcotics law to include marihuana.This, however, was only the beginning. Outright prohibitionwas in the works, the effects of which were yet to come.

The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 imposed a prohibitivetax on the transfer of marihuana in the same vein as the

Harrison Act. If the special tax was not accounted for inevery marihuana transaction, violators risked a $2,000 fineand five years imprisonment.

The act was presented to the Ways and Means Committe

of the House of Representatives in the spring of 1937. Afteyears of preparation, Harry Anslinger used his amassedknowledge of marihuana horror stories to rally againstthe absolute evils of the plant. If the representatives hadntyet heard of the dangers of marihuana, Anslinger madecertain that he would get the point across:

This perspective did not go unchecked. Among others,

testimonies were given by Dr. William C. Woodward of theAmerican Medical Association, Ralph Loziers of theNational Oil Seed Institute, and hemp manufacturer MattRens who later addressed the Senate Committee on FinancIn defense of the integrity of their respective industries,these men all decried the consequences of the imposed tax

However, the sensible testaments of the experts made nolasting impression. An apathetic and ill-informed Congresspassed the bill without any controversy. On August 2nd,1937, the Marihuana Tax Act was signed into law, andcannabis was banned from American soil.

Opium has all the good of Dr. Jekyll and all the evil

of Mr. Hyde. [Marihuana] is entirely the monster Hyde,

the harmful effect of which cannot be measured.

The term "marihuana" means all parts of the plant

Cannabis sativa L., whether growing or not; the seeds

thereof; the resin extracted from any part of such plant;

and every compound, manufacture, salt, derivative,

mixture, or preparation of such plant, its seeds, or resin but shall not include the mature stalks of such plant, fiber

produced from such stalks, oil or cake made from the

seeds of such plant, any other compound, manufacture,

salt, derivative, mixture, or preparation of such mature

stalks (except the resin extracted therefrom), fiber, oil, or

cake, or the sterilized seed of such plant which is

incapable of germination.

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HEMP FOR VICT

& THE WAR ON D

Fig. 17 Introduction to the 1942 Film

in the news:

Summary: Explains that the war cut offthe supply of East Indian coarse fibers,and stresses the need for American-grown hemp for military and civilianuses. Portrays farm practices of hempgrowers in Kentucky and Wisconsin.

Hemp for Victory (Motion Picture)U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1942.

14 min., sd., b&w, 16 mm.World War II when the U.S.government carried out anotherpropaganda campaign, this timepromoting cannabis cultivation forindustrial uses.

An unexpected change inpolicy took place during

Only 5 years after the impositionof prohibition, the Department ofAgriculture released a short film

Government sprayspoison in effort tokill wild weed

Airplanes spray Paraquatdomestically & abroad.

Cannabis prohibitedworld-wide in 1961.

Federal Bureau ofNarcotics becomesBureau of Narcotics& Dangerous Drugs,then becomes DrugEnforcement Agency

FBN to BNDD to DEA,more power, resources.

U.N. Enacts Single

Convention onNarcotic Drugs

Mandatory min.prison sentencesestablished fordrug offenses

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TEXTILES

TECHNICALTEXTILES

OTHERINDUSTRIAL

PRODUCTS

PAPER

BUILDINGMATERIALS

TECHNICAL

PRODUCTS

FOODS

FOODS

BAST FIBERS PERSONAL

HYGIENEHURDS (SHIVES)

LEAVES

HEMP OIL

SEEDS SEED CAKE

CELL FLUIDHEMP STALK

WITH SEEDS

WHOLE PLANT

AGRICULTURAL

BENEFITS

appareldiapersfabricshandbagsworkinggear

denimsocksshoesfinetextiles

(fromcottonizedfibers)

twineropenetscanvasbags

tarpscarpetsgeotextiles

..

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.

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.

.

agro-fiber

compositescompression-molded partsbrake/clutchlinings

caulking

printingpaperfine andspecialty

paperstechnicalfilter papernewsprintcardboard

& packaging

fiberboard

insulationmaterialfiberglasssubstitutecement blocks

stucco andmortar

oil paintssolventsvarnisheslubricantsprinting inks

puttycoatingsfuel

animal

beddingmulchmushroomcompost

salad oilmargarine

foodsupplements

soapshampoo

bath gelscosmetics

pest resistanceweed suppressionelimination of pesticideswithout disadvantages

pollen isolationsoil improvement incrop rotation

boiler fuelfeedstock

animal feedprotein-rich

flour

granolabirdseed

abrasive fluids

HEMP PLANT

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(after pressing)

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Fig. 20


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Textiles

Paper

Fig. 22 - Rope

Fig. 23 - Retail hemp paper

Fig. 21 - Clothing

Fig. 24 - Twine

Hemp fibers are longer, stronger, more

absorbent, and more mildew-resistant than

cotton fibers. Fabrics containing at least 50%

hemp block out UV rays more effectively that

other fabrics. Compared to cotton or synthetics,

hemp fabrics also keep the wearer cooler in the

summer and warmer in the winter.

Hemp textiles can be used for bedspreads,

blankets, backpacks, carpeting, clothing, curtains,luggage, mattresses, ropes, sails, sheets, tents,

towels, and upholstery, to name only a sampling.

One acre of hemp can sustainthe production rate of four acres oftrees. Hemp paper requires minimalbleaching, resists decomposition, andcan be recycled several more timesthan wood.

Hemp can produce high-qualitypapers for Books, newspapers, andmagazines, as well as tissue andpackaging materials.

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19)

Construction Materials

Bioplastics

Fig. 25 - Fiberboard

Fig. 26 - Hempcrete

Fig. 27 - Insulation

Fig. 28 - Disposable/degradable fork

Hemp-based plasticshave been used to make

biodegrabable furniture,automobile interiors and

exteriors,utensils, musical

instruments, snowboards,skateboards, and packing

materials.

A variety of alternatives

to petrochemical plastics

can be fabricated out ofhemp and other plants.

Hemp can be used in the fabrication of

building composites, including paneling,

fiberboard, and support beams. Fiberboardsmade of hemp are twice as strong as wood.

A cement-like material made from hemp

and lime, known as hempcrete, can be used

in foundations, walls, floors, and ceilings, and

for interior or exterior plaster. Hempcrete is

stronger and five times lighter than concrete.

It is also insulating, fire-retardant, and resistant

to insects and mold. 44

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(20Fig. 29 - Shelled Hemp Seeds

Food

Oils

Hempseed has nourished humanityfor time immemorial. It is a completeprotein and one of the richest knownsources of polyunsaturated essentialfatty acids. Hempseed provides everyamino acid a healthy human requires.

Whether it be applied,employed, or ingested, hempseed oil is an invaluable

resource.Hemp seed oil can be

extracted and used like othervegetable oils as a cookingingredient and even a biofuel.Rudolf Diesel designed hisnamesake engine to run onvegetable oils such as soy,hemp, and flax.

The extracted essential oilis also used in massage oils,lip balms, soaps, shampoos,salves, lotions, and perfumes.Still other industries utilizehemp seed oil as a basis for

paints, varnishes, and resins.

The medicinal properties of cannabis have been studiedand documented for eons, to the days ofDe Materia Medicain ancient Greece and beyond. Even in the United States,cannabis accounted for half of all medicine sold and was thenumber one analgesic prior to prohibition and the isolationof aspirin. Recently, American interest in the medicinalaspects of cannabis has increased and several states havevoted to legalize cannabis for medical use. And though itwould seem that little has changed in federal policy, in 2003the United States government filed patent 6,630,507:Cannabinoids as Antioxidants and Neuroprotectants.

The consequences of medical cannabis areextensive and deserving of more elaborate focus.

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21)

In an attempt to tie together loose ends, andthrough only rudimentary lenses of research,this investigation of the cannabis plant helps toclarify the socially-shattering consequences ofthe relationship between cannabis and humanity.

Clarity is key to our progression towards more sustainable modes of living. We processinfinitely more information than any other generation, yet so many of us are entrenched

in ignorance against otherwise essential knowledge. Misinformation and ungrounded

opposition, whether deliberate or not, prohibit progress. Only through inquiry do we begin

to reveal sources of grounded actualities. With accurate information, we are able to make

intelligent judgements and continue onward.

Over 6,000 years of collective knowledge was all but forgotten in the past century.

Powered by propaganda, the prohibition of cannabis disrupted legitimate industries and

turned people away from a plant that has been with us since the beginning. We were told

it was a menace, a culprit in countless crimes, and the cause of great chaos. We were toldto Just Say No and walk away. We were forced to listen and forget what we already

knew. We forgot what we could do with cannabis and what cannabis could do for us.

We even forgot its name.

But now, everything isbeginning to change.

Unprecedented actions are

underway. Decriminalization,

legalization once forbidden

fantasies that are now realities.

However, the taboo still thrives

across the nation and the world.

Ignorance will fall to education.

Spread awareness all over the

earth. Enlighten people about

the consequences of cannabis. Fig. 30 Cannabis


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(22

S. Benet, Early Diffusion and Folk Uses of Hemp, Cannabis and Culture. Ed. V. Rubin

(Chicago: Mouton, 1975), 39-49, accessed 12 Dec. 2012, .; R. Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp (Rochester: Park Street

1996), 107, 113.

Classification information provided by the New England Grass Roots Institute and found in

J. Cervantes, Chapter Two: Seeds and Seedlings,Marijuana Horticulture (Sacramento:

Van Patten, 2006), 10-13.

E. L. Abel, Introduction,Marijuana: The First 12,000 Years (New York: McGraw-Hill,

1982), Schaffer Library of Drug Policy, accessed 14 Dec. 2012, .

J. W. Roulac,Hemp Horizons: The Comeback of the World's Most Promising Plant(White

River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 1997), 7-8.

Roulac,Hemp Horizons, 7-8.

Information on the global consequence of cannabis:

Europe: Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 114-120; Roulac,Hemp Horizons, 79-95.

Russia: Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 119.

Mesopotamia: Ibid., 107-110.Afghanistan: Cervantes,Marijuana Horticulture, 13.

Egypt: Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 111-113, 118.

Southern Africa: B. M. Du Toit, Dagga: The History and Ethnographic Setting of

Cannabis Sativa in Southern Africa, Cannabis and Culture, Ed. V. Rubin (Chicago:

Mouton, 1975), 81-118,Drug Text, Drugtext Foundation, accessed 12 Dec. 2012.

.

China: Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 103-107; Roulac,Hemp Horizons, 27-28, 82

Japan: Ibid., 28-29, 85.

Taiwan: Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 103.

Bengal: Ibid., 107.

India: Ibid.

Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia: Cervantes,Marijuana Horticulture, 11.

Australia: Roulac,Hemp Horizons, 79-80.

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.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.


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23)

Canada: Ibid., 80-81.

Jamaica, Mexico, Colombia: Cervantes,Marijuana Horticulture, 10.

Chile: Roulac,Hemp Horizons, 30.

Britain: Ibid.

France: Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 116.

Spain: Ibid., 118; Roulac,Hemp Horizons, 30.

Rome: Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 115.

Carthage: Ibid., 111.

Greece: Ibid., 114-115; Roulac,Hemp Horizons, 29-30.

Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 127.

Ibid., 125.

Abel, Chapter 4: Cannabis Comes to the New World,Marijuana: The First 12,000Years.

Ibid.; Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 126.

Ibid.

Ibid.

G. M. Herndon, Hemp in Colonial Virginia,Agricultural History 37.2 (1963): 86-93,

JSTOR, .

Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 128; Abel, Chapter 4: Cannabis Comes to the

New World,Marijuana: The First 12,000 Years.

Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 129-133.

Ibid.

Ibid., 129.

Abel, Chapter 4: Cannabis Comes to the New World,Marijuana: The First 12,000

Years; J. Herer, Chapter 1: Overview of the History of Cannabis Hemp, The

Emperor Wears No Clothes, Ed. Leslie Cabarga et al., 12th ed. (Van Nuys, CA: Ah

Ha, 2010),JackHerer.com.

Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 129; Roulac,Hemp Horizons, 32.

Ibid.

Cultivation information found in Roulac, Chapter Six - The Farming of Hemp,Hemp

Horizons, 129-160.

Watts, Steven. Chapter 24 - Educator. The People's Tycoon: Henry Ford and the

American Century (New York: Vintage, 2006), 483.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

Notes cont.


25/34

(24Notes cont.

Soybean Car,Benson Ford Research Center, The Henry Ford.

Herer, Chapter 3: New Billion-Dollar Crop, The Emperor Wears No Clothes.

Ibid.; Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 139.

Abel, Chapter 10: Americas Drug Users,Marijuana: The First 12,000 Years; Pure

Food and Drug Act of 1906, United States Statutes at Large, 59th Cong., Sess. I, Ch.

3915, 768-772,National Center for Biotechnology Information, Ed. Michael North,

2004, accessed 13 Dec 2012, .

Abel, Chapter 10: Americas Drug Users,Marijuana: The First 12,000 Years;


Abel, Chapter 11: Reefer Racism and Chapter 12: The Jazz Era,Marijuana: The

First 12,000 Years; Herer, Chapter 4: The Last Days of Legal Cannabis, The

Emperor Wears No Clothes; Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 145-151.Abel, Chapter 11: Reefer Racism and Chapter 12: The Jazz Era,Marijuana: The

First 12,000 Years; Herer, Chapter 4: The Last Days of Legal Cannabis, The

Emperor Wears No Clothes; Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp 151-154.

Ibid., 156.

Abel, Chapter 13: Outlawing Marijuana,Marijuana: The First 12,000 Years; Herer,

Chapter 4: The Last Days of Legal Cannabis, The Emperor Wears No Clothes;

Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 154-159; Roulac,Hemp Horizons, 48-52.

Marihuana Tax Act of 1937, Pub. 238, 75th Congress, 50 Stat. 551, 2 Aug. 1937, Schaffer

Library of Drug Policy, .


Ibid., 170-172; R. A. Jones, U.S. Revives Plan to Kill Marijuana With Paraquat.Los

Angeles Times, 28 July 1985, accessed 21 Dec 2012,.


Leary v. United States, Supreme Court, 19 May 1969,FindLaw, Thomson Reuters,

accessed 22 Dec. 2012, .


Ibid., 161-162.

C. Conrad,Hemp for Health: The Medicinal and Nutritional Uses of Cannabis Sativa,

(Rochester, VT: Healing Arts, 1997), 157

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.


26/34

25) Notes cont.

Abel, Chapter 13: Outlawing Marijuana,Marijuana: The First 12,000 Years;


Roulac,Hemp Horizons, 121.

L. H. Dewey and J. L. Merrill, Hemp Hurds as Paper-Making Material, United StatesDepartment of Agriculture, Bulletin No. 404, 14 Oct. 1916,Project Gutenberg, 25

Feb. 2006, accessed 24 Dec. 2012, .

Roulac,Hemp Horizons, 119-120.

Ibid., 117-118.

Ibid., 120.

Ibid., 118-119

Ibid.


Herer, Chapter 6: The Body of Medical Literature on Cannabis Medicine, The

Emperor Wears No Clothes.

A. J. Hampson, Cannabinoids as Antioxidants and Neuroprotectants, the United States

of America as Represented by the Department of Health and Human Services,

assignee, patent 6630507, 7 Oct. 2003, USPTO Patent Full-Text and Image

Database, USPTO.gov, accessed 26 Dec. 2012.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

Cover Photo Adapted from E. Soiferman, Pure Power,,Flickr, Yahoo!, 15 July

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Figure 1 Adapted from File:Cannab2_new.png, Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia

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Figure 2 Original illustration by Matt Minott.


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Figure 3 E. Small and and D. Marcus, Hemp: A New Crop with New Uses for North

America,NewCROP, Purdue, accessed 22 Dec. 2012, .

Figure 4 Original illustration by Matt Minott.

Figure 5 Adapted from Meul, File:CarteChanvreVert.svg, Wikimedia Commons,

Wikimedia Foundation, 15 Dec. 2007, accessed 15 Dec. 2012, .

Figure 6 J. Cooper, Field of dreams,Flickr, Yahoo!, 23 Sept. 2005, accessed 15Dec. 2012, .

Figure 7 N.L. Britton and A. Brown,An illustrated flora of the northern United

States, Canada and the British Possessions, 3 vols, Vol. 2: 6 (Charles

Scribner's Sons: New York, 1913), USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database,

accessed 14 Dec. 2012, .

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Manuscript, Library of Congress,MyLOC, accessed 13 Dec. 2012,

.

Figure 10 Postcard of a Kentucky Hemp Field, Kraemer Art Co., The Alfred Whital Stern

Collection of Lincolniana, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., The Library

of Congress: American Memory, accessed 15 Dec. 2012, .

(26Media Cont.


28/34

27) Media Cont.

Figure 11 Soybean Car,Benson Ford Research Center, The Henry Ford, accessed 17

Dec. 2012, .

Figure 12 New Billion Dollar Crop,Hemphasis, accessed 15 Dec. 2012, .

Figure 13 The Huffington Post, 3 Feb. 2010, accessed 20 Dec. 2012, .

Figure 14 Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 147.

Figure 15 Harry J. Anslinger,H J. Anslinger papers, 1835-1975 (bulk 1918-1963),

Historical Collections and Labor Archives, Special Collections Library,

University Libraries, Pennsylvania State University,Flickr, Yahoo!, accessed

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Figure 16 U.S. Government, File:Producer_of_marihuana.jpg, Wikimedia Commons,

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Figure 17 Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 160.

Figure 18 R. Sitler, File:Members of the 60th Security Police Squadron's Base Swat

Team.jpg, Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Jul. 1995,

accessed 23 Dec. 2012,.

Figure 19 A. Chebotarev, File:USO-xx and Zolotoniski-xx hemp strains 010.jpg,

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2012, .

Figure 20 Adapted from Roulac,Hemp Horizons, 15.


29/34

(28Media Cont.

Figure 21 adidas Originals Men's Gazelle 2 Hemp Fashion Sneaker,Amazon, accessed

24 Dec. 2012 ; Tilley Endurables TH4 Hemp Hat, Tilley, ibid.

; Himalaya Hemp Button Shirt, Himalaya Hemp, ibid.,

; Hemp Long Wrap Skirt, Old Glory, ibid., .

Figure 22 New 10mm Thick 10m Long Organic Hemp Rope, LVG, ibid., .

Figure 23 Hemp Sketch Paper Pack 8.5" x 11", Green Field Paper Company, ibid.,

.

Figure 24 Natural Polished 20# Hemp Twine 100g Ball, Hemp Basics, ibid., .

Figure 25 E. Wetzig, File:Spanplatte.jpg, Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation,8 November 2009, accessed 26 Dec. 2012

Figure 26 O. Duport, File:Bloc de chanvre ep 15cm.gif, Atelier du Chanvre, Wikimedia

Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 28 December 2007, accessed 26 Dec. 2012

.

Figure 27 C. Gahle, File:Hanfdaemmstoff_CG.jpg, nova-Institut GmbH, Wikimedia

Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 2007, accessed 26 Dec. 2012, .

Figure 28 Legalizace, forks,Flickr, Yahoo!, 24 April 2011, accessed 26 Dec. 2012,

.


30/34

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Figure 29 L. Kov, File:Konopne_seminko_loupane.jpg, Wikimedia Commons,

Wikimedia Foundation, 28 May 2009, accessed 27 Dec. 2012, .

Figure 30 Craik Sustainable Living Project, July 24, 2005 - Hemp field, Wikimedia

Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 3 Nov. 2009, accessed 28 Dec. 2012,

.

George Washington:

Peale, Rembrandt, George Washington, 1854, Fine Arts Museums, San Francisco, Wikimedia

Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 13 Dec. 2012.

Alexander Hamilton:Trumbull, John,Alexander Hamilton, 1806, Washington University Law School, St. Louis,

Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, accessed 13 Dec. 2012.

Benjamin Franklin:

Duplessis, Joseph-Siffred,Benjamin Franklin, 1785, National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian

Institution, Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, accessed 13 Dec. 2012.

.

Thomas Jefferson:

Peale, Rembrandt, Thomas Jefferson, 1800, The White House Art Collection, Wikimedia

Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, accessed 13 Dec. 2012. .


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Abel, Ernest L.Marijuana: The First 12,000 Years. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982.

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Amazon.com. Accessed 24 Dec. 2012. .

Benet, Sula. Early Diffusion and Folk Uses of Hemp. Cannabis and Culture. Ed. Vera

Rubin. Chicago: Mouton, 1975. 39-49. Accessed 12 Dec. 2012. .

Cervantes, Jorge.Marijuana Horticulture: The Indoor/Outdoor Medical Grower's Bible.

Sacramento: Van Patten, 2006.Conrad, Chris.Hemp for Health: The Medicinal and Nutritional Uses of Cannabis Sativa.

Rochester, VT: Healing Arts, 1997.

Dewey, Lyster H. and Jason L. Merrill. Hemp Hurds as Paper-Making Material. United

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Gutenberg. 25 Feb. 2006. Accessed 24 Dec. 2012. .

Du Toit, Brian M. Dagga: The History and Ethnographic Setting of Cannabis Sativa in

Southern Africa. Cannabis and Culture. Ed. Vera Rubin. Chicago: Mouton, 1975.81-118.Drug Text. Drugtext Foundation. Accessed 12 Dec. 2012. .

Flickr. Yahoo!. Accessed 5 Dec. 2012. .

Hampson, Aidan J. Cannabinoids as Antioxidants and Neuroprotectants. The United

States of America as Represented by the Department of Health and Human

Services, assignee. Patent 6630507. 7 Oct. 2003. USPTO Patent Full-Text and

Image Database. USPTO.gov. Accessed 26 Dec. 2012.

Hemp for Victory. Dir. Raymond Evans. United States Department of Agriculture, 1942.

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the consequences of cannabis: production & prohibition of industrial hemp

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