the cranial nerves - plcnetanatomy.plcnet.org/files/lectures/english_1_2/2017/cranial nerves... ·...
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Cranial Nerves by Ali Lucman
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Cranial nerve origin
The 10 cranial nerves originate in the brainstem, which
includes the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla .Two
emerge from the cerebrum the olfactory and the optic
cranial nerves. There are 12 paired cranial nerves that
can be divided into sensory, motor, or mixed nerves
(with both motor and sensory involvement).
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Names
I N. olfactorius
II N. opticus
III N. oculomotorius
IV N. trochlearis
V N. trigeminus
VI N. abducens
VII N. facialis
VIII N.vestibulocochlearis
IX N. glossopharyngeus
X N. vagus
XI N. accessorius
XII N. hypoglossus
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Cranial nerves
How many cranial nerves are there ?
How many out of these originate from the brainstem ?
Where do the others originate from and which cranial nerves are they?
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Mnemonic Aid for Cranial Nerves
Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens,
Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory ,
Hypoglossal
Oh, once one takes the anatomy final- very good vacations are
heavenly!
To remember at least part of the sequence of the first set of
cranial nerves that begin with the letter O, try this –
You have I nose. You have II eyes. I - Olfactory; II -- Optic
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Mnemonic Aids for Sensory and /or Motor Functions of Cranial Nerves
Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big
Business Matters More
The first letter of each word signifies whether the particular
cranial nerve is sensory only (S); motor (M); or both sensory
and motor (B)
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Activity/exercise 1) Olfactory Oh,
2) Optic Once
3) Oculomotor One
4) Trochlear Takes
5) Trigeminal the
6) Abducens anatomy
7) Facial final-
8) Vestibulocochlear Very
9) Glossopharyngeal good
10) Vagus vacations
11) Accessory are
12) Hypoglossal heavenly!
1) Sensory Some
2) Sensory Say
3) Motor Marry
4) Motor Money
5) Both But
6) Motor My
7) Both Brother
8) Sensory Says
9) Both Big
10) Both Business
11) Motor Matters
12) Motor More
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Nuclei,
components,
course
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Cranial nerves
Somatic
Somatomotor
Somatosensory
General somatosensory
Specific somatosensory
Autonomic
Visceromotor
General visceromotor
Specific visceromotor
Viscerosensory
General viscerosensory
Specific viscerosensory
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Components General somatosensory fibers (GSS): extero- and
proprioseptive impulses from head and face Specific somatosensory fibers (SSS): specific
impulses from eye and ear General viscerosensory fibers (GVS): from
visceral organs to viscerosensory nuclei. Specific viscerosensory fibers(SVS): specific
impulses for smell and taste General somatomotor fibers (GSM): for skeletal
muscles of eye and tongue Specific visceromotor fibers (SVM): for skeletal
muscles with branchiogenic origin. Mastication, expression, swallowing
General visceromotor fibers (GVM): from visceromotor nuclei; relay in parasympathetic ganglia. Heart muscle,smooth muscles, glands.
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Nuclei
Columns
Medial
general Somatomotor. In the central grey matter; derive from basal plate of neural tube; supply striated muscles (ІІІ, ІV, VІ, ХІІ).
Ventrolateral.
Specific visceromotor. Migrate ventrolaterally forming inner genu; derive from basal plate; supply muscles with branchiogenic origin; (V, VІІ).
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Visceromotor column.
Lateral to medial and dorsal to ventrolateral clmn; derive from basal plate next to sulcus limitans; origin to efferent preganglionic fibers; parasympathetic supply of smooth muscles; (ІІІ, VІІ, ІХ, Х).
Sensory column.
Lateral to sulcus limitans; derive from alar plate; accept central processes of sensory ganlia cells;
General viscerosensory – close to sulcus limitans (VІІ, ІХ, Х).
General somatosensory - intermediate, general sensation from head/face (V)
Specific somatosensory - lateral, hearing and balance impulses (VІІІ)
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Motor, sensory, mixed
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Classification
Sensory: only afferent (sensory) fibers N. Olfactorius
N. Opticus
N. Vestibulocochlearis Motor: only efferent (motor) fibers
N. Oculomotorius N. Trochlearis N. Abducens N. Accessorius N. Hypoglossus
Mixed: sensory and motor fibers N. Trigeminalis
N. Facialis
N. Glossopharyngeus
N. Vagus
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Sensory-N. olfactorius Olfactory membrane receptor cell connected
with axons which go through the Foramen. Cribriform they then reach olfactory bulb then reaches olfactory tract.olfactory tract continues to anterior perforated substance and then to the medial and lateral striae. The lateral straie axons reach the primary olfactory cortex in the cerebral cortex
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sensory-N. opticus
Ganglion cell receive input from photoreceptors→ fibres pass through optic canal →optic nerve chiasm and tract and then to lateral geniculate body.After which the continuation of fibres reaches the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe
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sensory-N. vestibulocochlearis Ganglion Vestibulare (SSA) - Meatus internus acusticus - Nuclei Vestibulares Ganglion Cochlearе (SSA) -Canalis spiralis - Nuclei Cochleares Cochlear nerve transmits sensory information of sound back to the brain and
vestibular nerve transmits about balance. Appearance in the pontomedullary junction and exits the skull
via the internal acoustic meatus.
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Motor-N. oculomotorius
components Somatomotor fibres Viceromotor fibres
origin nucl. oculomotorius nucl. accessorius
appearance sulcus cruris medialis
course Lateral wall of sinus cavernosus
Exits skull Fissura orbitalis superior
innervation M. rectus superior, inferior, medialis; m. obliquus inferior; m.
levator palpebrae superioris M. sphincter pupillae & m. ciliaris
Ganglion ciliare : between n. opticus & m. rectus lateralis
N. oculomotorius
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Damage of n. oculomotorius
Diverging strabismus (squinting)
Double vision
Dilated pupil (mydriasis)
Impaired accomodation
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Motor-N. trochlearis [IV]
Nucleus
Nucl. n. trochlearis (ОСМ)
Appearance
Below inferior colliculus
Course
Lateral wall of sinus cavernosus
Exit
Fissura orbitalis superior
Supply
Somatomotor: M. oblique superior
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Motor- N. abducens [VI]
Nucleus Nucl. n. abducentis (ОСМ)
Appearance Fissura pontomedullaris,
Course Thru sinus cavernosus, lateral to а. carotis int.
Exit Fissura orbitalis superior
Supply
Somatomotor: M. rectus lateralis
N. abducens
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Damage of n. abducens
Converging strabismus (squinting)
Double vision
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Motor- N. accessorius N. accessorius
Nucleus
Nucl. ambiguus - caudal (SVM)
Nucl. spinalis n. accessorii (GSM)
Appearance
Sulcus retroolivaris – radix(roots) cranialis
Btw radices ventralis & dorsalis – radix spinalis
Course
Radix spinalis enters skull thru for. magnum, joins radix cranialis
Exit
For. Jugulare
- pars cranialis – r. externus in n. vagus
- pars spinalis – from spinal nerves c1 to c6
Supply
M. trapezius, m. sternocleidomastoideus
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Motor- N. hypoglossus [XII]
Nucleus Nucl. n. hypoglossi(GSM)
Appearance Sulcus anterolateralis
btw oliva & pyramis
Course Cisterna basalis
Exit Canalis n. hypoglossi
Supply
Somatomotor:Mm. styloglossus, hyoglossus, genioglossus, muscles of toungue
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N. hypoglossus
N. hypoglossus
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Mixed nerves
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Mixed- N. trigeminus [V]
Components
SVM: from nucleus motorius n. trigemini, muscles of mastication.
GSS : from head and face to sensory nuclei of n.trigeminus; neurons in ganglion trigeminale, lying on petrosal part on temporal bone.
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Branches
N. ophthalmic
(V1, sensory) exits thru fissura orbitalis superior, enters orbit
Branches
N. frontalis: N. supratrochlearis
N. supraorbitalis
N. lacrimalis
N. nasociliaris
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Opthalmic nerve Supplys:
Sensory:
Dura mater cerebri
Eye
Nasal mucosa
Skin epicranial & eye area, back of nose
Sympathetic fibers for m. dilator pupillae. From upper Th segments, thru superior cervical ganglion. Reach branches of a. carotis interna
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N. maxillaris
(V2, sensory)
Exit thru foramen rotundum
Branches
N. infraorbitalis
N. zygomaticus
N. alveolaris superior
N. pterygopalatinus
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Maxillary nerve Supplys:
Dura mater cerebri
Teeth – upper jaw
Nasal& oral mucosa
Skin btwn eyes and mouth
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N. mandibularis
(V3, mixed)
Exit thru foramen ovale and enters fossa infratemporalis
Branches
N. auriculotemporalis
N. buccalis
N. lingual
N. alveolaris inferior
Nn. for masticatory muscles
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Mandibular nerve Supplys : Sensory:
Dura mater cerebri
Teeth and gums of lower jaw
Mucosa and floor of mouth
Anterior 2/3 of tongue
Skin temporal area, ear, below mouth
Motor:
Muscles of mastication,
m. mylohyoideus,
venter anterior m. digastricus
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Mixed-Facial Nerve VII
Somatic Motor - facial expressions
Autonomic Motor - salivary and lacrimal glands, mucous membranes of nasal and palatine mucosa
Special Sensory - taste on anterior 2/3’s of tongue
Damage produces sagging of facial muscles and disturbed sense of taste (no sweet and salty)
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Branches of Facial Nerve
Clinical test: Test anterior 2/3’s of tongue with
substances such as sugar, salt, vinegar, and quinine; test
response of tear glands to ammonia fumes; test motor
functions by asking subject to close eyes, smile, whistle,
frown, raise eyebrows, etc.
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Mixed- N. facialis [VII]
Components
SVM from nucleus n. facialis for muscles of expression
GVM (n. intermedius) from nucleus salivatorius
superior, joins ganglion pterygopalatinum & ganglion
submandibulare. Postganglionic fibers reach glandulae
lacrimalis, submandibularis & sublingualis
SVS (n. intermedius) from taste buds in anterior 2/3 of
tongue, neurons in ganglion geniculi of n. facialis
reaching nucleus tractus solitarii
GSS skin of external ear
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Facial nerve Course
Thru meatus acusticus
internus, canal facialis
for. stylomastoideum,
enters gl. рarotid,
forming plexus intraparotid
and giving off five branches
for muscles of expression
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N. petrosus major: GVM fibers to ganglion
pterygopalatinum, postganglionic fibers thru n. zygomaticus
& n. lacrimalis reach gl. lacrimalis
N. stapedius: for m. stapedius origin pyramidal emminence
and controls amplitude of sound waves to the inner ear.
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Branches of facial nerve ouside the skull
> temporal
> zygomatic
> buccal
> marginalis mandibulae
> cervical
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Ganglion pterygopalatinum: in fossa pterygopalatine below n. maxillaris
Ganglion submandibulare: btw n. lingualis & gl. submandibularis
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Damage of n. facialis - one side of the face drops paralysis in muscles
for one Side of the face called bell's palsy.
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Mixed-Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX
Somatic motor – Swallowing and voice production via pharyngeal muscles
Autonomic motor - salivation, gagging, control of BP and respiration
Sensations from posterior 1/3 of tongue including taste
Sensations from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors
Damage results in loss of bitter and sour taste and impaired swallowing, blood pressure anomalies (with CN X).
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Mixed- N. glossopharyngeus [IX]
Components SVM: from nucleus ambiguus to m. stylopharygeus
GVM: preganglionic from nucleus salivatorius inferior to ganglion oticum, postganglionic to glandula parotidea
SVS: from ganglion inferior, central processes to nucleus tractus solitarii, peripheral processes to posterior 1/3 of tongue
GVS: from mucosa of posterior 1/3 of tongue, pharynx, palatine tonsils, tuba auditiva & cavitas tympanica, sinus & glomus caroticus, reach nucleus tractus solitarii
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Glossopharayngeal nerve Course: exit thru foramen
jugularе
Branches
Lingual branch: taste buds and mucosa of posterior 1/3 of
tongue
Pharyngeal branch: plexus pharyngeus, sensory and
parasympathetic fibers
N. tympanic: GVM thru n. tympanicus & n. petrosus minor
reach ganglion oticum, postganglionic thru n.
auriculotemporais (Ⅴ3) for glandula parotidea
Carotid sinus branch: for sinus & glomus caroticus
Rami tonsillares & ramus m. stylophayngei
Ganglion oticum : below foramen ovale
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Mixed-Vagus Nerve X
Sensations from skin at back of ear, external acoustic meatus, part of tympanic membrane, larynx, trachea, espophagus, thoracic and abdominal viscera
Sensations from bararoceptors and chemoreceptors
Special sensory – taste from epiglottis and pharynx
Somatic motor – Swallowing and voice production via pharyngeal muscles
Autonomic motor – smooth muscle of abdominal viscera, visceral glands secretions, relaxation of airways, and normal or decreased heart rate.
Damage causes hoarseness or loss of voice, impaired swallowing, GI dysfunction, blood pressure anomalies (with CN IX), fatal if both are cut
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N. vagus [X]
Components
GVM: nucleus dorsalis n. vagi, interrupted in parasympathetic ganglion, short postganglionic fibers supply heart muscle, smooth muscles and glands
SVM: nucleus ambigus, for muscles of pharynx + larynx
GVS: from organs in neck, thorax, abdomen to nucleus tractus solitarii
GSS: auricle, meatus acousticus externus &
dura mater cerebri
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Course
Exits thru foramen jugulare
Descends in sheath carotid btw internal a. carotid interna (communis) & v. jugularis interna
N. vagus dexter
Enters thorax to the right of trachea
Descends behind v. brachiocephalic dextra & vena. cava superior
Passes behind the root of right lung
Forms plexus esophagus posterior
Forms truncus vagalis posterior in hiatus esophagus, enters abdomen and gives off branch gastric posterior celiac
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N. vagus sinister
Enters thorax btw a. carotis communis &
a. subclavia sinistra, behind v.
brachiocephalicа sinistra
Passes anterior to arch of aorta, giving
off n. laryngeus recurrens
Passes behind the root of left lung
Forms plexus esophageus anterior
Forms truncus vagalis anterior in
hiatus esophageus, enters abdomen,
gives off rr. gastrici anteriores & rr.
hepatici
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Branches in neck
N. laryngeus superior: descens along pharynx and gives off
Ramus internus, pierces membrana thyrohyoidea and supplies mucosa of larynx to rima glottis
Ramus externus, supplies m. cricothyroideus
Rami cardiaci cervicales superiores: descend to plexus cardiacus
Ramus meningeus, ramus auricularis, rami pharyngei (plexus pharyngeus)
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N. laryngeus superior
Ramus externus
Ramus internus
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Thoracic branches
N. laryngeus recurrens
Right around а. subclavia sin., left
around arcus aortae
Ascend in tracheo-esophageal sulcus
Enter larynx behind art. cricothyroidea,
and turn into n. laryngeus inferior
Supply: laryngeal mucosa below rima
glottis, laryngeal muscles except m.
cricothyroideus
Rami cardiaci inferiores
Rami tracheales
Rami esophagei
Rami bronchiales
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Abdominal branches
Rr. gastrici anteriores + posteriores:
Along lesser curvature of stomach supply anterior and posterior walls
At antrum pyloricus bracnches for pars pylorica
Rr. hepatici: enter plexus hepaticus supply liver and gall bladder
Rr. celiaci: for plexus celiacus, reach liver, pancreas, spleen, kidneys and gut to flexura colica sisnistra
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Openings in the skull through which the cranial nerves pass
I olfactory
II optic
III oculomotor
IV trochlear
V Trigeminal
VI Abducens
VII facial
VIII vestibulocochlear
IX glossopharyngeal
X Vagus
XI Accessory
XII hypoglossal
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Review Questions Which cranial nerve has three
subdivisions which pass through the
superior orbital fissure, the foramen
rotundum and the foramen ovale.
>Accessory
>Glossopharyngeal
>Vagus
>Trigeminal
>Facial
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Review Questions
Which foramen do cranial nerves IX,X and XI pass through.
>Foramen spinosum
>Foramen rotundum
>Foramen ovale
>Jugular foramen
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Review questions
The cranial nerves VII and VIII pass through the.
>Optic canal
>Jugular foramen
>Internal acoustic meatus
>Foramen spinosum
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Review questions
Cranial nerves III,IV and VI pass through which opening.
>Superior orbital fissure
>Foramen rotundum
>Foramen ovale
>Optic canal
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Thanks for listening and Learn anatomy or Die trying !!!!!