The Crime of the Ages—Who Did It?

Source: John McCutcheon, The Chicago Tribune; H. H. Windsor, Cartoons Magazine (adapted)

WWIThe War to End All Wars1914-1918

Long-term Causes•MAIN

▫Militarism▫Alliance System▫ Industrial Revolution/ Imperialism▫Nationalism

Militarism•Imperialism and nationalism led to

increased production of goods and economic stability in the European countries, which resulted in an arms race.  The aggressive attitude of this policy drove them into producing more weaponry, such as strong navies and armored vehicles. 

Alliance System• The alliances of Europe were formed for

protection against each other.  However, the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance very quickly took aggressive postures towards one another.  This is due in large part to the lack of any global organization designed to promote peace among the nations of the world. 

• The Triple Entente Central Powers: Germany, Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Ottoman Empire

• Triple Alliance Allied Powers: France, Britain, and Russia

Industrial Revolution/ Imperialism•The Industrial Revolution led to an

intense competition between European countries for resources. The competition led to imperialism

•European countries divided up Africa and Asia to strengthen the political and economic power of the mother country.  This resulted in competition among European countries.

Nationalism• Nationalism was both a uniting force and a divisive

one.  It resulted in Germany and Italy uniting into strong nations, and also caused the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary. 

• As nationalism weakened the Ottoman Empire, the Slavic peoples of the Balkan region struggled to free themselves from Ottoman control.  Serbia declared independence in 1878, allying themselves to Russia.  Serbia then wanted to unite with Bosnia and Herzegovina, which were controlled by Austria-Hungary.  Serbia could count on Russia's support, and Austria-Hungary could count on Germany's.  Because of the high tensions in this area, the Balkans became known as the "Powder Keg of Europe."   All that was needed to ignite the world into war was a spark.

Read/ Review page 239•What role did nationalism and

imperialism play in causing WWI?

Page 240•How did ethnic diversity contribute to the

war?

The Spark: The Immediate Cause• Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of

Austria by Serbian Nationalist/ Terrorist Organization known as the Black Hand. In 1914, Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were visiting Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina.  Gavrilo Princip, of the Serbian nationalist group called the Black Hand, assassinated the Archduke and his wife.  Austria-Hungary made threats to Serbia, whom they blamed for the assassination.  Russia supported Serbia, and readied their military for war.  Germany declared war on Russia, and on France, Russia's ally. Germany then invaded Belgium as a prelude to invading France.  This resulted in Great Britain declaring war on Germany, which was the start of World War I.

Page 241•Study the graphic organizer and review

the chain reaction of events that occurred in 1914. Which nation or group do you think was most to blame for World War I? Explain.

Theaters of War•Western Front•Eastern Front•Middle East (Ottoman Empire)

CRW Nevinson, Returning to the Trenches

Trench Warfare

Source: wordpress.com

Source: http://www.diggerhistory.info/images/trenches/turks-trench-anzac.jpg

along Western front stalemate- see page 686. All Quiet on the Western Front

Eastern Front•Russia was

not industrialized not prepared for war Revolution

Middle East- The Arab Revolt• TE Lawrence, a British soldier who had studied

Arabia, was commissioned to unite Arab tribes to fight the Turks during WWI. In exchange, the Arabs were promised self-rule in Arabia, under of Prince Feisal, a direct descendant of the Prophet Mohammed. (Scenes…)

• The problem- the people of Arabia did not see themselves as Arabs, but instead as members of their own tribe, of which there were hundreds of Bedu tribes in Arabia tribalism. Lawrence had to get them to work together (Scenes…)

Middle East- The Arab Revolt• Lawrence realizes that he cannot expect to teach

the Arabs how to fight like the English, but that guerrilla warfare would work best (hit and run surprise attacks against the Turkish supply lines) (Scenes…)

Middle East- The Arab Revolt• Prince Feisal and Lawrence learn of the Sykes-Picot

Agreement Britain and France planned to take over the Ottoman lands after WWI, and not give the Arabs self-rule/ independence. (Scene…)

• Lawrence tries to get the Arabs to work together so the British cannot control them, but it is too late (Scene…)

• Prince Feisal secures land for his tribe, but The French take back Syria, the Heshemites get Iraq and Jordan, but the fate of the Middle East is sealed constant fighting for the last 80 years. (Scene…)

Technology and WWI•What new weapons were introduced?•What impact did they have on the way the

war was fought? •What impact did the use of these new

weapons have on the aftermath of the war?

Weapons of WWI•https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=PK-6QKc-r9o

•Sign out an i-pad•Open google classroom•Open today’s assignment•Review documents •Answer all questions in google doc to turn

in

Technology and WWI- Review•What new weapons were introduced?•What impact did they have on the way the

war was fought? •What impact did the use of these new

weapons have on the aftermath of the war?

Did you know….•Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite,

regretted that his invention was used for war…In his will he set up the Nobel Peace Prize to be awarded to those who worked for peace.

242-243•Review pages including chart. What

impact did innovations in science and technology have on WWI? Explain. Give example.

1917• Russia pulls out of

war because of Russian Revolution

• US enters war after Zimmerman Telegram and the Sinking of the Lusitania turns the tide of war

Zimmerman Telegram• In 1915, German

ambassador Zimmerman sent a secret telegram to Mexico asking them to attack the US keep them busy while the Germans win the war in Europe

Sinking of the Lusitania• The Germans sank a

British ship carrying American passengers, and weapons, to Great Britain US declares war on Germany turns tide of war

243•Summarize, in your own words, why the

US entered WWI.

Campaign to Victory•The US entered the war in late 1917 by

1918, 2 million US soldiers were in Europe fresh troops and American $ helped turn the tide

•As it became obvious the Allies were going to win, the Germans rose up against the kaiser, forcing him to abdicate his throne In Austria-Hungary, the multi-ethnic empire collapsed

Armistice Day• The new German

government sought an armistice at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918, the war came to an end. (Nov. 11, 1918) Armistice Day

• What do we call/ celebrate on November 11th?

The “Peace”•Peace Conference was held in Paris at the

Palace of Versailles. Treaty of Versailles•The “Big Four” (Britain, France, Italy, and

US)- drafted a peace treaty, the Treaty of Versailles.

•President Wilson of US had plan to keep the peace, The 14 Points:▫International peace organization: The

League of Nations▫Self Determination for colonies

The “Peace”•Pres. Wilson of US tried to ensure peace,

but Britain and France wanted revenge forced Germany to accept total responsibility for the war, pay huge reparations, and give up a large amount of land.

The Effects1. Communist Revolution in Russia2. Germany forced to take responsibility for war, give

up its colonies, and pay reparations Germany is angry and wants revenge.

3. Italy is angry because it didn’t get what it was promised by Britain and France.

4. Armenian Genocide in Ottoman Empire5. Arabs in Middle East are angry because they were

not granted independence. Mid East Peace Crisis which still continues today

6. Collapse of Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires7. Modern Republic of Turkey , Austria, Hungary, and

Yugoslavia established.

8.Totalitarian governments come to power in countries that were and angry over WWI weakened (Italy and Germany) 9. League of Nations is established, but is weak and ineffectual10. Great Depression11. WWII

Why WWI Still Matters May 4, 2009

Read and answer…1. How many people died in WWI?2. List three present day problems connected to WWI3. How did the harsh terms of the treaty of Versailles

lead to WWII?4. How did the British construction of Iraq lead to

future wars there, wars that are still going on today?

5. How is the conflict between Israelis and Palestinians connected to British imperialism (mandate)?

6. How did WWI lead to the Vietnam War?

Think about this…•Prince Clemens von Metternich (Congress

of Vienna) once said that “when Paris sneezes, Europe catches cold”… In other words, when France is upset, all of Europe has to go to war… France wanted WWI to start because they wanted revenge for their loss in the Franco-Prussian War. When WWI ended, the peace treaty is signed in Paris, at Versailles, where all the conflicts in modern history can be traced back to…

• If Louis XIV hadn’t built the palace…▫ Would France have been in debt?▫ Would the French Revolution have occurred?▫ Would Napoleon have come to power, unleashing

nationalism across Europe?▫ Would Prussia (Germany) have wanted revenge on

France?▫ Would the Franco-Prussian War have occurred?▫ Would France have wanted revenge against Germany?▫ Would WWI have happened?

• And where does it all end…back at the Palace of Versailles

Credits•Information adapted from

Regentsprep.org•Metcalf, Adam. "RegentsPrep: Global

History: Conflict: World Wars." Regents Prep. 2003. Oswego County School District. 11 Jan 2009 <http://regentsprep.org/Regents/global/themes/conflict/worldwars.cfm>.