the dead sea: mass and energy balances lensky (yechieli) 05.pdf · mass and energy balances salt...
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The Dead Sea: mass and energy balances
Nadav LenskyGeological Survey of Israel
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Suggested solutions:1. Leave as is2. Release freshwater3. Introduce seawater
Dead Sea level1800-2002
Current rate -1 m/yrCurrent level -417 m bsl
The consequences (environmental etc.) of these alternatives are not clear
The DS level drop –severe
environmental and ecomnomical
consequences
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Expected results of mixing seawater with the Dead Sea brine:
Change of the Dead Sea composition with time
Gypsum precipitation
Dilute upper water layer
Microbial blooming in the upper layer
Reduction conditions in the lower layer
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Examination of the consequences of the different alternatives usingcomputer simulations
Balances 0-D this lectureDynamic 1-D P.O.M
limnological 2-D W2 qualmodeling 3-D P.O.M
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Mass and Energy Balances
Salt precipitation Evaporation
Total mass balance
Water inflows
Measured data:(T, P & RH) - air, SW radiation
(T, P & salinity) - water, water level
Energy balanceSalt mass balanceHeat of evaporation
Measured data:(T, P & RH) - air, SW radiation
(T, P & salinity) - water, water level
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Dead Sea Level )1990-2001(
-416
-414
-412
-410
-408
-40690 92 94 96 98 99 01
Level bsl(m)
Year )1/1(
Hydrological service
Level drop ~ 1 m/yrArea ~ 650 km2
Deficit ~ 650 mcm/yr
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Hydro-meteorological buoy in the Dead Sea(Gertman I. from IOLR)
(T, P & RH) - air (T, P) - water SW radiation
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30 m
20 m
1 m
2224262830323436
0 100 200 300
T (C °)
J Day)after 1/1/1998(
Water temperature at different depths
Overturn Winter cooling
Warm upper water layer
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Hydrographycal profiles (T , salinity, ρρρρ)Every 2 months
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Bottom at ~300m
T(C)0
100
200
300
22 27 32
Winter Summer
Hydrographycal profiles (T , salinity, ρρρρ)Every 2 months
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From IOLR website
Measured annual changes:Surface level drop ~ 1 m / yr
Temperature increase ~ 0.2-0.3 °C / yrSalinity increase ~ 0.3 g/kg / yr
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Mass and Energy Balances
Salt precipitation Evaporation
Total mass balance
Water inflows
Measured data:(T, P & RH) - air, SW radiation
(T, P & salinity) - water, water level
Energy balanceSalt mass balanceHeat of evaporation
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Total mass balance
Salt precipitation
evaporationpumped
End brinesSubsurface inflows
DS worksSurface inflows
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tws Vmm ρ=+
At a given time:Mass of water + mass of salts = total mass of brine
After some time ∆t...
Total mass balance
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( )( )slt
rpseiws
VVVmmmmmmm
∆−∆−∆+=
=∆+∆−∆−∆−∆++
ρρ
Total mass balance change during ∆t in:Mass - ∆m
Volume – ∆V Density - ∆ρ
∆∆∆∆mi
∆∆∆∆me
∆∆∆∆ms
∆∆∆∆mr
∆∆∆∆mp
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( )( )slt
rpseiws
VVVmmmmmmm
∆−∆−∆+=
=∆+∆−∆−∆−∆++
ρρ
Salt precipitation
evaporation
Total mass balance
pumped
End brines inflows
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Salt mass balance Vt
ρS
volumedensitysalinity
( )( )ρρ
ρρρρρ
ns
prrrttls S
VSVSSVVVSSV
−
∆−∆+∆−∆−∆∆+=∆
2 unknowns remain:
Freshwater inflows ∆∆∆∆Vi
Evaporation ∆∆∆∆Ve
salt precipitation
~0.1 m/yr
After ∆∆∆∆t - a year∆Vs, ρs
∆Vl
Vt-∆Vl-∆Vsρ+∆ρSn=S+∆S
After a yearpresent
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Mass and Energy Balances
Salt precipitation Evaporation
Total mass balance
Water inflows
Measured data:(T, P & RH) - air, SW radiation
(T, P & salinity) - water, water level
Energy balanceSalt mass balanceHeat of evaporation
?
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Net LWEvaporative
heat fluxConductive
heat flux
Net solar
QSN -QLW -Qe -QCQn=Net heat flux
Energy balance
?
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e
ee L
Qthρ
∆=∆
From heat to rate of evaporation
AVh e
e∆
=∆
Le - latent heat
( ) ( )asasb
nLWSNe eeTTc
QQQQ−−+
−−=
1
Heat of evaporation (Bowen 1926)
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Evaporation rate vs. QLW
Stanhill (1994): 1.05 m/yrSalameh & El-Naser (2000): 2 m/yr
( ) ( )asasb
nLWSN
e
e
eeTTcQQQ
Lt
h
−−+−−∆
=∆
1ρ
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Mass and Energy Balances
Salt precipitation Evaporation
Total mass balance
Water inflows
Measured data:(T, P & RH) - air, SW radiation
(T, P & salinity) - water, water level
Energy balanceSalt mass balanceHeat of evaporation
?
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( ) ( ) XeeTTc
tThCQQLAtV
asasb
tpLWSN
ei +
−−+
∆∆−−∆=∆
1ρ
ρ
( ) rw
rt
wpl
ws
w
s VVVVVX ∆−∆
+∆−∆−∆−
=ρρ
ρρ
ρρ
ρρρ
Energy and mass balances
Min. observed
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Rate of evaporation and inflows vs. QLW
Min. observed
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Summary
Salt precipitation Evaporation
Total mass balance
Water inflows
Measured data:
Energy balanceSalt mass balance
Heat of evaporation
Total:265-330 mcm/yr
1.15 m/yr0.1 m/yr
Unobserved:0-60 mcm/yr
Total observed inflows >265 mcm/yr
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Thank you…