The Decline and The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Fall of the Ottoman

EmpireEmpire

The Siege of Vienna The Siege of Vienna (1529) (1529)

Suleiman the Magnificent led Ottoman Suleiman the Magnificent led Ottoman army on Conquest of Central Europearmy on Conquest of Central Europe Attacks Vienna, an important city of the Attacks Vienna, an important city of the

Habsburg’s of Austria and the Holy Roman Habsburg’s of Austria and the Holy Roman EmpireEmpire

Because of heavy rains, which bogged down large Because of heavy rains, which bogged down large cannons, and the ferocity of the Viennese resistance, cannons, and the ferocity of the Viennese resistance, Suleiman abandoned the campaign.Suleiman abandoned the campaign.

"The failure of the first [siege of Vienna] brought to a "The failure of the first [siege of Vienna] brought to a standstill the tide of Ottoman conquest which had been standstill the tide of Ottoman conquest which had been flooding up the Danube Valley for a century past." flooding up the Danube Valley for a century past."

The failed Siege of Vienna marks the end of Ottoman The failed Siege of Vienna marks the end of Ottoman conquest in central Euopreconquest in central Euopre

1616thth century Painting of century Painting of Siege of ViennaSiege of Vienna

The Naval Battle of The Naval Battle of LepantoLepanto

Though Ottoman expansion does not Though Ottoman expansion does not completely end until 1683, the strength completely end until 1683, the strength of the Ottoman army declines after of the Ottoman army declines after ViennaVienna

In 1571, a combined Spanish and Italian In 1571, a combined Spanish and Italian fleet defeats the Ottoman navy at fleet defeats the Ottoman navy at Lepanto in the Mediterranean SeaLepanto in the Mediterranean Sea Ends of Ottoman dominance in the sea, they Ends of Ottoman dominance in the sea, they

are not as invincible as the had been feared are not as invincible as the had been feared to be earlierto be earlier

Battle of Lepanto (1571)Battle of Lepanto (1571)

Which ships are European? Which are Ottoman?

Other reasons for slow Other reasons for slow decline of the Ottoman decline of the Ottoman

EmpireEmpire Other than the loss of military dominance, Other than the loss of military dominance,

several other major factors contributed to several other major factors contributed to the gradual decline that lasted over 300 the gradual decline that lasted over 300 yearsyears Failure of conquests; once the fuel of the empireFailure of conquests; once the fuel of the empire Conservative (opposed to change) religious and Conservative (opposed to change) religious and

political views arisepolitical views arise Sultans after Suleiman tend to weak, corrupt, Sultans after Suleiman tend to weak, corrupt,

and/or ineffective and ignorantand/or ineffective and ignorant Increase in the power of the Janissary Corps; Increase in the power of the Janissary Corps;

assassinate sultans and revolt many timesassassinate sultans and revolt many times Nationalist feelings arise in the millets and Nationalist feelings arise in the millets and

other territories; creates domestic unrestother territories; creates domestic unrest Ex. Greek independence in 1830, Serbia gains self-ruleEx. Greek independence in 1830, Serbia gains self-rule

Ottoman relations with Ottoman relations with EuropeEurope

European imperialist interest in European imperialist interest in Ottoman territories begins to Ottoman territories begins to undermine Ottoman power in the late undermine Ottoman power in the late 1600’s-early 1700’s1600’s-early 1700’s Ottoman weakness leads Europe to try to Ottoman weakness leads Europe to try to

take their land for geopolitical reasonstake their land for geopolitical reasons Geopolitics – an interest in taking for its Geopolitics – an interest in taking for its

strategic location or resourcesstrategic location or resources Russia, Britain, and France interested in locations for Russia, Britain, and France interested in locations for

ports and shipping routesports and shipping routes C.1900, oil discovered in Persia (Iran, Iraq). After C.1900, oil discovered in Persia (Iran, Iraq). After

which industrial nations begin focus more which industrial nations begin focus more intensely on the region intensely on the region

The Crimean WarThe Crimean WarOct. 1853 – Feb. 1856Oct. 1853 – Feb. 1856

Russia v. Ottomans Russia v. Ottomans Ottomans allied with Britain and France Ottomans allied with Britain and France

who wanted to stop Russia from taking who wanted to stop Russia from taking Ottoman lands they wanted (The Holy Ottoman lands they wanted (The Holy Land!)Land!) Alliance winsAlliance wins Perhaps the first modern warPerhaps the first modern war

First extensive use of telegraph and railroadsFirst extensive use of telegraph and railroads Women worked as army nurses (Florence Women worked as army nurses (Florence

Nightingale)Nightingale) First war to be covered by news correspondentsFirst war to be covered by news correspondents

Britain and France Britain and France Continue to Imperialize Continue to Imperialize

Ottoman LandsOttoman Lands Britain and France supply money to Britain and France supply money to

Egypt to build Suez Canal (1869)Egypt to build Suez Canal (1869)

Suez Crisis and European Suez Crisis and European Control over old Ottoman Control over old Ottoman

LandsLands Egypt, like many Middle Eastern Egypt, like many Middle Eastern

nations at the time (post 1800), was nations at the time (post 1800), was trying to modernizetrying to modernize They needed money, so they turn to They needed money, so they turn to

European bankersEuropean bankers Egypt in debt $450 million by 1882. Britain Egypt in debt $450 million by 1882. Britain

occupies Egypt to secure Suez Canal and occupies Egypt to secure Suez Canal and occupies Europe, though Egypt was occupies Europe, though Egypt was effectively under British control before thiseffectively under British control before this

Br. Also interested in AfghanistanBr. Also interested in Afghanistan Russia wants lands in E. EuopreRussia wants lands in E. Euopre

Ottoman debt leads to Ottoman debt leads to DownfallDownfall

Ottoman’s need money to secure Ottoman’s need money to secure empire, so they sell rights to certain empire, so they sell rights to certain resources to European corporationsresources to European corporations Anglo-Persian Oil Company, 1908Anglo-Persian Oil Company, 1908 Tobacco BoycottTobacco Boycott

Ottoman people don’t like that their leaders Ottoman people don’t like that their leaders are trying to make money for themselves by are trying to make money for themselves by selling the rights to their natural resources. selling the rights to their natural resources. This creates tension among the population This creates tension among the population and its leadersand its leaders

““The Great War”The Great War”WWI (1914-1918)WWI (1914-1918)

WWI breaks out in Europe 1914WWI breaks out in Europe 1914 Russia, Britain, and France vs. Russia, Britain, and France vs.

Germany, Austria, and the Ottoman Germany, Austria, and the Ottoman EmpireEmpire Why would the Ottomans choose to fight on Why would the Ottomans choose to fight on

the side of the Germans?the side of the Germans?

Reasons for Joining the Reasons for Joining the Central PowersCentral Powers

Germany had won early battles in Germany had won early battles in warwar

Russia badly wanted Ottoman landRussia badly wanted Ottoman land Ottomans owe money to Br and FrOttomans owe money to Br and Fr Br and Fr corporations have control Br and Fr corporations have control

over major Ottoman resourcesover major Ottoman resources Avoid imminent disintegration of the Avoid imminent disintegration of the

EmpireEmpire

Dissolution of Ottoman Dissolution of Ottoman EmpireEmpire

Germany loses and the Ottoman Germany loses and the Ottoman Empire is dissolved and partitioned Empire is dissolved and partitioned among the Allied Powersamong the Allied Powers The Holy Land is occupied by Britain The Holy Land is occupied by Britain

and Franceand France

The Sykes-Picot Agreement The Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916) Divides the Holy (1916) Divides the Holy

LandLand The Sykes-Picot agreement is a secret understanding concluded in May The Sykes-Picot agreement is a secret understanding concluded in May 1916, during World War I, between Great Britain and France, with the 1916, during World War I, between Great Britain and France, with the assent of Russia, for the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire.“assent of Russia, for the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire.“